By: Rommel A.

Saavedra
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

MATERIALS

Non-Metals Metals

Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Pure Iron Steel Cast Iron

 Pure Iron

• Superior malleability

Ferrous • Excellent Weldability

• Corrosion resistant
Pure Iron
• Holds heat about 40% longer
Steel than mild steel

Cast Iron
 Classification and Basic
Metallurgy of Cast Iron
Historically, the first classification of cast iron was based on its fracture.
Ferrous Two types of iron were initially recognized:
· White iron: Exhibits a white, crystalline fracture surface because
fracture occurs along the iron carbide plates; it is the
Pure Iron result of metastable solidification (Fe3C eutectic)
· Gray iron : Exhibits a gray fracture surface because fracture occurs
along the graphite plates (flakes); it is the result of stable
solidification (Gr eutectic)
Steel
With the advent of metallography, and as the body of knowledge
pertinent to cast iron increased, other classifications based on
Cast Iron microstructural features became possible:

· Graphite shape: Lamellar (flake) graphite (FG), spheroidal (nodular)

graphite (SG), compacted (vermicular) graphite (CG),
and temper graphite (TG); temper graphite results
from a solid-state reaction (malleabilization)
· Matrix: Ferritic, pearlitic, austenitic, martensitic, bainitic
(austempered)
 TYPES OF CAST IRON

Gray Cast Iron

Ferrous

Pure Iron
Ductile Cast Iron
Steel

Cast Iron White Cast Iron

Malleable Cast Iron

 Typical cast iron composition

Ferrous
%C %Mn %Si %Ni %Mg
Pure Iron
Gray 3.4 0.5 1.8 - -
Steel Ductile 3.4 0.4 - 1.0 0.06
White 3.4 0.6 0.7 - -
Cast Iron Malleable 2.5 0.55 1.0 - -
 CAST IRON PRODUCTS

Ferrous

Pure Iron

Steel

Cast Iron
 What is steel?

Ferrous Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a

carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by
Pure Iron weight, depending on grade.

Steel is one of the most important and widely used

Steel structural materials in the world, and has always
been an ideal choice for those who demand
strength and long life for their products.
Cast Iron
 Iron/Steelmaking Process

Ferrous

Pure Iron

Steel

Cast Iron
 Iron/Steelmaking Process

Rolling

Forging

Extrusion

Drawing
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

MATERIALS

Non-Metals Metals

Ferrous Non-Ferrous

Pure Iron Steel Cast Iron

 Steel

Ferrous
Plain Carbon Steel Alloyed Steel
Pure Iron

Steel LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW ALLOY HIGH ALLOY

Cast Iron
Low Medium High
Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Carbon Steel
(< 0.30%C) (0.30%-0.55%C) (> 0.55%C)

10XX Plain Carbon Steel Designation

 LOW CARBON Steel
Plain Carbon Structural Material
Example:
Low Re-bar, Angle bar,
Bolts, Nuts, Beams,
Medium Plates,Sheets.
Typical Properties:
High
Good Weldability
Non-Hardenable
Good Machinability
 MEDIUM CARBON Steel
Plain Carbon
Machinery Steel
Low Example:
Gears, Axles,Shafts, etc.
Medium
Typical Properties:
High Hardenable
Higher Strength than low
carbon steels
 HIGH CARBON Steel
Plain Carbon Steels used as Tools
Example:
Low Chisel, Hacksaw Blade,File,
Drillbit, Cutting tools, etc.
Medium
Typical Properties :
High
Hardenable
Wear Resistant

MAIN
 ALLOY
is a substance that has metallic
Alloy Steel properties and is composed of
two or more chemical elements of
Low
which at least one is metal.

High ALLOYING ELEMENTS

Nickel (Ni)
Chromium (Cr)

Silicon (Si)
Tungsten (W)

Aluminum (Al)
Molybdenum (Mo)

Copper (Cu)
Vanadium (V)

Manganese (Mn)
Titanium (Ti)

 STANDARDS USED IN
CLASSIFYING ALLOYS
AISI/SAE American Iron & Steel
Alloy Steel Institute/Society of Automotive
Engineers
Low JIS Japan Industrial Standard

High BS British Standard

EN European Norm

ASTM American Standard For Testing and

Materials

DIN Deutsche Industrie Normen

(Deutsche Industrial Norm)
 AISI/SAE
Low Alloy Steel Nomenclature

13XX - Manganese Steel (1.75% Mn)

Alloy Steel
31XX - Nickel – Chromium Steel (1.25% Ni; 0.65% Cr)
Low 40XX - Molybdenum Steel (0.25% Mo)

41XX - Chromium – Molybdenum (0.70% Cr; 0.15% Mo)

High
43xx - Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%

5XXX - Chromium Steel

Low alloy steel can be regarded as alloy steels (by the ISO
definition) containing between 1% and less than 5% of
elements deliberately added for the purpose of modifying
properties.
 HIGH ALLOY STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL
Alloy Steel Are alloys of iron, chromium and other elements
that resist corrosion from environments
Low
Should have at least 10.5% chromium that exhibit
passivity in oxidizing environments
High

TOOL STEEL

refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that

are particularly well-suited to be made into tools
 STAINLESS STEEL

FERRITIC STAINLESS
Classification
Ferritic stainless steels
are highly corrosion-
Ferritic resistant, but less
durable than austenitic
grades. They contain
Austenitic between 10.5% and
27% chromium and
very little nickel, if any,
Martensitic but some types can
contain lead. Most
compositions include
molybdenum; some,
aluminum or titanium
 STAINLESS STEEL

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
Classification
Austenitic, or 300 series,
stainless steels comprise
Ferritic over 70% of total
stainless steel production.
They contain a maximum
Austenitic of 0.15% carbon, a
minimum of 16%
chromium and sufficient
nickel and/or manganese
Martensitic to retain an austenitic
structure at all
temperatures from the
cryogenic region to the
melting point of the alloy
 STAINLESS STEEL

MARTENSITIC STAINLESS
Classification
Martensitic stainless steels
are not as corrosion-
Ferritic resistant as the other two
classes but are extremely
strong and tough, as well
Austenitic as highly machineable, and
can be hardened by heat
treatment. Martensitic
stainless steel contains
Martensitic chromium (12-14%),
molybdenum (0.2-1%),
nickel (0-<2%), and
carbon (about 0.1-1%)
(giving it more hardness
but making the material a
bit more brittle). It is
quenched and magnetic.
TOOL STEEL
 TOOL STEEL
Tool Steel Type Prefix Specific Types
Cold Work W = Water W1, W2, W5
Hardening O1, O2, O6, O7
O = Oil Hardening A2, A4, A6, A7, A8,
A = Medium alloy A9, A10, A11
Air Hardening D2, D3, D4, D5, D7
D = High Carbon,
High Chromium
Shock Resisting S S1, S2, S4, S5, S6,
S7
Hot Work H H10-H19 Chromium
types
H20-H39 Tungsten
types
H40-H59
Molybdenum types
High Speed M Molybdenum types
(M1, M2, M3-1, M3-
T 2, M4, M6, M7, M10,
M33, M34, M36,
M41, M42, M46,
M50
Tungsten types (T1,
T4, T5, T6, T8, T15)
Mold Steels P P6, P20, P21
Special Purpose L and F series L2, L6
HOW DO WE IDENTIFY METALS

IDENTIFICATION OF METALS
CAN BE BASED ON:

1.Chemical Property
2. Mechanical Property
3. Physical Property
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS
Often dictate the over-all properties of
metals including mechanical and
physical properties.

Can be determined by:

Chemical Analysis (Wet and Dry Method)
Spark Test
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS
Equipment Used:

VES –Vacuum Emission Spectrometer

OES – Optical Emission Spectrometer
GDS – Glow Discharge Spectrophotmeter
AAS – Atomic Adsorption Spectrometer
XRF - X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
SPARK TEST
 SPARK TEST

CHARACTERISTIC
S OF
CARBON
STEEL SPARK
(Carbon Bursts)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS

Yield Strength
Tensile Strength
Ductility
Hardness
Fatigue Strength
Impact Strength
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS

Can be determined by:

Tensile Testing
Hardness Testing
Impact Testing
Fatigue Testing
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS

An approximate relationship between

the hardness and tensile strength (of
steel) is

TS(Mpa) = 3.55HB (HB≤175)

3.38HB (HB>175)
TS(psi) = 515HB (HB≤175)
490HB (HB>175)
Where HB is the Brinnell Hardness of the material, as
measured with a standard indenter and a 3000 kgf load
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS

Density
Thermal/Electrical Conductivity
Microstructure
Atomic Structure
Physical Appearance
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS

Can be determined by:

Volume displacement
Electrical Cell Circuit
SEM/XRD
Metallography
 OTHER METALS IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES

In maintenance welding, it is very important to accurately

identify base metals in order to minimize downtime and
have confidence of a strong, high quality weld every time.
For example, the carbon content of steel must be
determined as those containing over 0.25% carbon will
require special considerations when welding. The higher
the carbon content, the higher the probability is that the
weld will be sensitive to hot-cracking and hardening,
resulting in poor ductility. This is why it is so important to
use high quality welding rods.

File Test

Chipping Test

Color Test
 OTHER METALS IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES

File Test

The fastest & easiest method of testing the carbon

content of an unknown type steel without the use of
chemicals or special equipment is by using any workshop
file.

Steel Type Carbon Content File Reaction

Mild less than 0.15% Bites metal easily
Medium Carbon 0.15% to 0.25% Bites with pressure
Low Alloy 0.26 to 0.35 % Bites only with force
Tool 0.36 to 0.45% Bites with difficulty
Hardened Tool Over 0.45% Slides over metal
 OTHER METALS IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES

Chipping Test

Another method of finding an unknown metal's composition is to

use a chisel to remove a small piece of the metal.

Grey Cast Iron

Chips are smooth and brittle
Cast Steel
Easily chipped, can be continuous if desired
Aluminum
Chips are continuous but leave a saw edge
White Cast Iron
Metal is brittle and breaks into small fragments
Malleable Iron
Rough chips
High Carbon Steel
Lighter color at edges than mild steel, chips can be continuous
 OTHER METALS IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES

Color Test

Some metals can be easily identified by color

Copper -Reddish Brown

Manganese Steel -Bluish in service; copper-color in storage
Zinc, Magnesium, Aluminum, Tin & Lead - Whitish
Brass -Yellow if high zinc content, otherwise reddish
White Cast Iron -White and silvery
Grey Cast Iron -In a fractured state, grey Will deposit grey
graphite streak on contact