Mengenal Reaktor Nuklir

Dr. Eng. Pribadi Mumpuni Adhi

Politeknik Negeri Jakarta

2018 1
Perbedaan Thermal PP dan NPP

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 History of nuclear power

1938– Scientists study Uranium nucleus

1941 – Manhattan Project begins
1942 – Controlled nuclear chain reaction
1945 – U.S. uses two atomic bombs on Japan
1949 – Soviets develop atomic bomb
1952 – U.S. tests hydrogen bomb
1955 – First U.S. nuclear submarine
Reaksi Fisi Berantai

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Contoh reaksi fisi
Neutron induced fission
Inti berat dapat pecah jika
ditumbuk
• Tumbukan menyebabkan nucleon
kehilangan keadaan setimbangannya
• Tumbukan yang keras merupakan
kondisi terbaik untuk menginduksi fisi
• Neutrons merupakan proyektil ideal
untuk menginduksi fisi
 Perbandingan Energi Nuklir dengan Energi Kimia

• C + O2 ➔ CO2 + 4 ev

• U-235 + n ➔ FP1 + FP2 + (2 atau 3) n + 200 Mev

• 1 eV = 1,6 x 10-19J
• 1 gram U-235 = 1/235x6,02x1023x200Mev
= 8,197x1010 Joule
= 8,197x1010/24/3600=0,949x106 watt day
~ 1 MWday

Note : Untuk 100% U-235 7

Mini Quiz (1)

Jika diasumsikan energi yang dihasilkan oleh batu bara

berasal dari pembakaran karbon. Maka untuk
menghasilkan energi sebesar 1 MWd dibutuhkan
berapa ton batu bara?

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Answer
C + O2 ➔ CO2 + 4 ev

1 gram C = 1/12 x 6,02x1023 x 4ev = 3.81 x 104J

1 MWd = 1 x 106 x (24x3600) = 8.64 x 1010 J

Sehingga untuk menghasilkan energi setara 1g U-235

dibutuhkan batu bara sebanyak 2,27 x 106 g atau 2,27 ton

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Evolusi Reaktor Daya

http://www.whitehouse.gov/ 10
Evolusi Reaktor Daya (Generasi Reaktor)

• Gen I • Gen III+

• Prototypes in 50’s & 60’s • Current Advanced Designs in
the Approval Process
• Gen II • Pebble Bed Reactor
• 70’s & 80’s
• Today’s Operational Reactors • Gen IV
• BWR, PWR, CANDU, … • Deploy in 2030
• Economical
• Gen III • Safe
• ABWR, APWR
• Minimize Waste
• Approved 90’s
• Reduce Proliferation
• Some Built around the World

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Klasifikasi Reaktor Nuklir Fisi
• Berdasarkan perbedaan spektrum energi neutron
• Fast reactor
• Thermal reactor

• Berdasarkan jenis material yang digunakan sebagai moderator

dan pendingin
• Gas (Magnox, AGR, HTGR)
• Air (LWR → BWR dan PWR, SCWR)
• Air berat (CANDU)
• Logam cair (SFR, LFR)
• Garam cair (MSR)

• Bardasarkan fungsi
• Reaktor riset (di BATAN)
• Transmutasi (ADS),
• Reaktor daya (LWR dll)
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 Klasifikasi Reaktor Daya
Reactor types Reactor names Moderator Coolant
Magnox GCR Graphite CO2
AGR Graphite CO2
PWR H2O H2O
BWR H2O H2O
Thermal
BLWR(FUGEN) D2O H2O
reactors
PHWR(CANDU) D2O D2O
HTR Graphite He
THTR Graphite He
RBMK Graphite H2O
Fast reactor LMFBRs None Na or
Pb/Pb-Bi
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 Komponen Utama Reaktor Nuklir

1. Fuel (Bahan Bakar)

2. Moderator
3. Control Rods (Batang kendali)
4. Coolant (Pendingin)
5. Steam Generator
6. Turbine/Generator
7. Pumps
8. Heat Exchanger
9. Condenser
Reactor cooling tower
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Bahan Bakar
Properties of Uranium Oxide (UO2)
Melting point 2865 0C (5189 0F)
Density (x-ray measur.) 10.97 g/cc
Thermal conductivity 4.777 x 10-3 W/m.K at 20 0C
1.91 x 10-3 W/m.K at 1000 0C
Thermal expansion coef. (per ~1x10-5/ 0C (0 – 1000 0C)
0C)

Tensile strength 6.9 x 107 Pa (10,000 psi)

Modulus elasticity 1.72 x 1011 Pa (25x106 psi)
Cell type Face-centered cubic

Uranium-235 enrichment: 3 – 5%
Max enrichment (allowed): 20%
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Enriched Fuel pellet
Bahan Bakar
Zircaloy

UO2

Radial fuel element geometry

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Mini Quiz (2)
Mengapa ada gap antara clad material dan fuel
material?

Answer
1. Agar mudah dalam proses fabrikasi
(memasukan fuel pellet ke cladding)
2. Untuk mencegah cladding rusak
apabila terjadi fuel swelling

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Pressurized Water
Reactor (PWR)

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Schematic Diagram PLTN
1. PWR

Steam

Circulation pump

Sea water
Water
To sea

Water supply pump http://www.nrc.gov/

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Mini Quiz (3)

1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan saturation temperature

(temperature jenuh) air dan berapa Tsat air pada
tekanan 0.1 Mpa?
2. Mengapa tidak terjadi aliran dua fasa (two phase
flow) pada primary loop PWR sedangkan pada
secondary loop terjadi?

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PWR Coolant Circuits

• Siklus tidak langsung : Primer dan Sekunder coolant

loop
• Aliran fluida satu fasa pada reactor coolant
Tin = 287,7oC; Tout = 324oC; P=15.2 Mpa; Tsat = 343.2oC
• Aliran fluida dua fasa pada power conversion cycle
loop
TS,G = 227oC; TSG,out = 285oC; P=6.9 Mpa,Tsat=285oC
Tcondenser=37,8oC; 6,6kPa

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Diagram Fasa Air

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Aliran pada reactor vessel

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PWR

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Structure Fuel
Assembly PWR

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Typical 4-Loop Core

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Control rod pada PWR

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Control rod pada PWR
(Westinghouse)

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Susunan Primer 4-Loop pada PWR Westinghouse

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PWR Pressurizer
Pressurizer (Saturated Liquid-Steam system: P=15,5 MPa; T=344,7oC)
Control pressure in the primary system

- Pressure can be raised by heating

water (electrically)

- Pressure can be lowered by

condensing steam (on sprayed
droplets)

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Steam Generator (Westinghouse)

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Steam Generator

Primary side,, Hot (Tin = 324˚C,, Tout = 288˚C)): High

Pressure Liquid
Secondary side, Cold (Tsat = 285˚C): Lower Pressure
Steam and Liquid

• Water boils on Shell Side of Heat Exchanger

• Steam Passes through Liquid Separators, Steam
Dryers
• Liquid Water Naturally Recirculates via Downcomer
• Level controlled via steam and feedwater flowrates

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Reactor Coolant Pump
to provide forced primary coolant flow to
remove the amount of heat being generated
by the fission process

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Summary PWR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UwexvaCMWA

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Boiling Water Reactor
(BWR)

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Schematic Diagram PLTN
2. BWR

Circulation pump
Sea water

To sea

Water supply pump

http://www.nrc.gov/
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BWR Coolant Circuit
• Siklus langsung
• Aliran Fluida dua fasa

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BWR Vessel

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Structure Fuel
Assembly BWR

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Reactor Core (Teras Reaktor) BWR

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BWR Control Rod

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Mini Quiz (5)

Mengapa control rod pada BWR dimasukkan dari

bawah bukan dari atas?

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Steam Separator

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Steam Dryer

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References
• Abdul Waris, Kuliah Topik Khusus Fisika Reaktor, ITB
• Jacopo Buongiorno, MIT OCW
• J.J. Duderstadt, 1976, Nuclear Reactor Analysis,
John Wiley and Son
• Minoru Takahashi, Nuclear Energy System Course,
Tokyo Tech
• USNRC Technical Training Center, Pressurized Water
Reactor (PWR)
• USNRC Technical Training Center, Boiling Water
Reactor (PWR)

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