You are on page 1of 38

Thermal Analysis and Design

• Fundamentals of heat transfer


• Radiative equilibrium
• Surface properties
• Non-ideal effects
– Internal power generation
– Environmental temperatures
• Conduction
• Thermal system components

© 2013 David L. Akin - All rights reserved


http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 1
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Classical Methods of Heat Transfer
• Convection
– Heat transferred to cooler surrounding gas, which
creates currents to remove hot gas and supply new cool
gas
– Don’t (in general) have surrounding gas or gravity for
convective currents
• Conduction
– Direct heat transfer between touching components
– Primary heat flow mechanism internal to vehicle
• Radiation
– Heat transferred by infrared radiation
– Only mechanism for dumping heat external to vehicle
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 2
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
Planck’s equation gives energy emitted in a
specific frequency by a black body as a function
of temperature
2
2πhC 0 (Don’t worry, we won’t
eλb = ⎡
5
⎛ −hC0 ⎞ ⎤ actually use this equation for
anything…)
λ ⎢exp⎜ ⎟ −1⎥
⎣ ⎝ λkT ⎠ ⎦

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 3
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
The Solar Spectrum

Ref: V. L. Pisacane and R. C. Moore, Fundamentals of Space Systems Oxford University Press, 1994

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
4
Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
Planck’s equation gives energy emitted in a
specific frequency by a black body as a function
of temperature
2πhC02
eλb = ⎡
5
⎛ −hC0 ⎞ ⎤
λ ⎢exp⎜ ⎟ −1⎥
⎣ ⎝ λkT ⎠ ⎦
• Stefan-Boltzmann equation integrates Planck’s
equation over entire spectrum
4 −8 W (“Stefan-Boltzmann
Prad = σT σ = 5.67x10 2 4 Constant”)
m °K
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 5
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• First Law of Thermodynamics
dU
Q −W =
dt
heat in -heat out = work done internally
• Heat in = incident energy absorbed
• Heat out = radiated energy
• Work done internally = internal power used
(negative work in this sense - adds to total heat in
the system)

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 6
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Radiative Equilibrium Temperature
• Assume a spherical black body of radius r
• Heat in due to intercepted solar flux
2
Qin = Isπ r
• Heat out due to radiation (from total surface area)
2 4
Qout = 4π r σT
• For equilibrium, set equal
2 2 4 4
Isπ r = 4π r σ T ⇒ Is = 4σT
• 1 AU: Is=1394 W/m2; Teq=280°K
1
⎛ Is ⎞ 4
Teq = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4σ ⎠
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 7
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Effect of Distance on Equilibrium Temp

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 8
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Effect of Distance on Equilibrium Temp

Mercury

Venus
Earth
Mars

Asteroids
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus Neptune
Pluto

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 8
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Shape and Radiative Equilibrium
• A shape absorbs energy only via illuminated faces
• A shape radiates energy via all surface area
• Basic assumption made is that black bodies are
intrinsically isothermal (perfect and instantaneous
conduction of heat internally to all faces)

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 9
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Effect of Shape on Black Body Temps

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 10
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Incident Radiation on Non-Ideal Bodies
Kirchkoff ’s Law for total incident energy flux on solid bodies:

QIncident = Qabsorbed + Qreflected + Qtransmitted


Qabsorbed Qreflected Qtransmitted
+ + =1
QIncident QIncident QIncident
Qabsorbed Qreflected Qtransmitted
where
α≡ ; ρ≡ ; τ≡
QIncident (or absorptivity)
– α =absorptance QIncident QIncident
– ρ =reflectance (or reflectivity)
– τ =transmittance (or transmissivity)

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 11
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Non-Ideal Radiative Equilibrium Temp
• Assume a spherical body of radius r
• Heat in due to intercepted solar flux
2
Qin = Isαπ r
• Heat out due to radiation (from total surface area)
2 4
Qout = 4π r εσT (ε = “emissivity” -
• For equilibrium, set equal efficiency of surface
at radiating heat)
1
ε ⎛ α Is ⎞ 4
Isαπ r = 4 π r εσT ⇒ Is = 4 σT 4
2 2 4
Teq = ⎜ ⎟
α ⎝ ε 4σ ⎠

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 12
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Effect of Surface Coating on Temperature
= absorptivity
α

ε = emissivity
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 13
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Non-Ideal Radiative Heat Transfer
• Full form of the Stefan-Boltzmann equation
Prad = εσ A(T − Tenv )
4 4

where Tenv=environmental temperature (=4°K


for space)
• Also take into account power used internally
Isα As + Pint = εσArad (T 4 − Tenv )
4

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 14
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Example: AERCam/SPRINT
• 30 cm diameter sphere
• α=0.2; ε=0.8
• Pint=200W
• Tenv=280°K (cargo bay
below; Earth above)
• Analysis cases:
– Free space w/o sun
– Free space w/sun
– Earth orbit w/o sun
– Earth orbit w/sun
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 15
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
AERCam/SPRINT Analysis (Free Space)
• As=0.0707 m2; Arad=0.2827 m2
• Free space, no sun
1
⎛ ⎞ 4
⎜ 200W ⎟
Pint = εσArad T 4 ⇒ T = ⎜ ⎟ = 354°K
⎜ 0.8⎛⎜5.67 ×10−8 W ⎞⎟ 0.2827m 2 ⎟
⎜ 2 4 ( ) ⎟
⎝ ⎝ m °K ⎠ ⎠

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 16
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
AERCam/SPRINT Analysis (Free Space)
• As=0.0707 m2; Arad=0.2827 m2
• Free space with sun
1
4
⎛ Isα As + Pint ⎞ 4
Isα As + Pint = εσArad T ⇒ T = ⎜ ⎟ = 362°K
⎝ εσArad ⎠

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 17
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
AERCam/SPRINT (LEO Cargo Bay)
• Tenv=280°K
• LEO cargo bay, no sun

⎛ ⎞ 1 4
⎜ ⎟
200W
Pint = εσArad (T 4 − Tenv
4
) ⇒ T = ⎜⎜ ⎛ W ⎞ + (280°K) 4 ⎟
⎟ = 384°K
4 ⎟(
⎜⎜ 0.8⎜ 5.67 ×10−8
2
0.2827m )
2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ m °K ⎠ ⎠
• LEO cargo bay with sun

1
⎛ I α A + P ⎞ 4
Isα As + Pint = εσArad (T − T ) ⇒ T = ⎜⎜
4 4s
env
s int 4
+ Tenv ⎟⎟ = 391°K
⎝ εσArad ⎠

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 18
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Radiative Insulation
• Thin sheet (mylar/kapton with
surface coatings) used to isolate
panel from solar flux
• Panel reaches equilibrium with
radiation from sheet and from
itself reflected from sheet
• Sheet reaches equilibrium with
Is
radiation from sun and panel,
and from itself reflected off
Tinsulation Twall panel

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 19
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI)
• Multiple insulation layers
to cut down on radiative
transfer
• Gets computationally
intensive quickly
• Highly effective means of
insulation
• Biggest problem is
existence of conductive
leak paths (physical
connections to insulated
Is components)

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 20
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Emissivity Variation with MLI Layers

Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002


UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 21
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Finer Detail on Effective Emissivity

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 22
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Estimating Function for MLI
✓ ◆
2n 1 1
✏ef f = n 1+ +
✏mylar ✏1 ✏2

✏mylar = 0.03

n = number of MLI layers

✏1 = emissivity of coating on side 1

✏2 = emissivity of coating on side 2

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 23
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
MLI Thermal Conductivity

Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002


UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 24
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Effect of Ambient Pressure on MLI

Ref: D. G. Gilmore, ed., Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook AIAA, 2002


UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 25
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
1D Conduction
• Basic law of one-dimensional heat conduction
(Fourier 1822)
dT
Q = −KA
dx
where
K=thermal conductivity (W/m°K)
A=area
dT/dx=thermal gradient

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 26
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
3D Conduction
General differential equation for heat flow in a solid
r r
2 r g(r,t) ρc ∂T (r,t )
∇ T (r ,t) + =
K K ∂t
where
g(r,t)=internally generated heat
ρ=density (kg/m3)
c=specific heat (J/kg°K)
K/ρc=thermal diffusivity

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 27
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Simple Analytical Conduction Model
• Heat flowing from (i-1) into (i)
… T T Ti+1 …
i-1 i Ti − Ti−1
Qin = −KA
Δx
• Heat flowing from (i) into (i+1)
Ti+1 − Ti
Qout = −KA
Δx
• Heat remaining in cell
ρc Ti( j + 1) − Ti ( j)
Qout − Qin =
K Δt
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 28
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Finite Difference Formulation
• Time-marching solution

Tin+1 = Tin + d(Ti+1


n
− 2Tin + Ti−1
n
)

where
α∆t k
d= α= = thermal diffusivity
∆x2 ρCv
• For solution stability,
∆x2
∆t <

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 29
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Heat Pipe Schematic

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 30
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Shuttle Thermal Control Components

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 31
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Shuttle Thermal Control System Schematic

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 32
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
ISS Radiator Assembly

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 33
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Case Study: ECLIPSE Thermal Analysis
• Developed by
UMd SSL for
NASA ESMD
• Minimum
functional habitat
element for lunar
outpost
• Radiator area -
upper dome and
six upper
cylindrical panels
UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design
MARYLAND 34
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
ECLIPSE Heat Sources
• Solar heat load (modeling habitat as right circular
cylinder)
1 2
Ailluminated = ⌅d sin + ⇥d cos
4
Qsolar = Ailluminated Is
• Electrical power load = 4191 W
• Metabolic work load (4 crew) = 464 W

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 35
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
Thermal Modeling for Lunar Surface
• Assume upper dome radiates only to deep space
• Assume side panels radiate half to deep space and
half to lunar surface
• Assume (conservatively) that lunar surface radiates
as a black body
⇤ ⇥⌅
1 4
Qinternal + Qsolar = ⇥ Adome Trad
4
+ nrad Apanel Trad
4
Tmoon
2

⇤ ⇥⌅ 14
1 Qinternal + Qsolar 1
Trad = + nrad Awall Tmoon
4
Adome + nrad Apanel ⇥ 2

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 36
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design
ECLIPSE Thermal Results

UNIVERSITY OF Thermal Analysis and Design


MARYLAND 37
ENAE 483/788D - Principles of Space Systems Design

You might also like