Professional Documents
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Zero
4 Which em waves are produced as a result of the bombardment of a
metal target by fast moving electrons?
X-rays, in studying crystal structure.
Infra red
7 The frequency of oscillations of electric field vector of a certain em
wave is 5 X 1014 Hz. What is the frequency of oscillations of
corresponding magnetic field vector and to which part of em
spectrum does it belong?
1
2 MARKS
1 When a ideal capacitor is charged by a dc battery no current flows,
how ever, when an ac source is used, current flows continuously.
How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement
current
Ans Displacement current establishes continuity of current between the
capacitor plates. Displacement current is caused by changing electric
flux with dc source there is no change in flux resulting no
displacement current.
3 MARKS
The electric field component of an em wave is given by
E = [3.1 cos{1.8(rad/m)x+(5.4 X 106 rad/s)t}]j N/C.
a).What is the direction of the wave?
b) What is wavelength of wave?
c) What is the frequency
d). what is the amplitude of magnetic field vector?
e).Write an expression for magnetic field part of the
wave?
Ans (a) –ve x direction
(b) λ=2π/k=2.49m,
(c) 𝜈=ω/2π=8.6x105 Hz,
(d) B= E/c=1.03x10−8T,
(e) ⃗ =1.03x10−8 cos(1.8x+5.4x106 t)𝑘̌ T
𝐵
2 Identify the part of em spectrum which is
i). suitable for RADAR system.
ii). Produced in nuclear reaction.
iii). widely used in remote switches of house hold electronic
devices.
iv). Used in preserving food.
Ans : i) microwave, ii) gamma rays, iii) infra red iv) ultra
violet
Ray Optics
1. A glass of refractive index 1.5 is placed in a trough of liquid. What must be the
refractive index of the liquid in order to make the lens disappear?
Ans : 1.5
2. The graph shows the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of incidence
for the two glass prisms A and B. Which glass prism has the larger refractive
index ?
2
Ans : B ( since angle of minimum deviation Dm for B > A )
3. A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 is kept in a liquid medium having same
refractive index. What would be the focal length of the lens in this medium ?
Ans: ( infinity)
4. How does the power of a convex lens vary , if the red light is replaced by violet
light ?
Ans: P α n ( n v>nR hence Power increases. )
5. An object is held at the principle focus of a concave lens of focal length f. Where
is the image formed ?
Ans: Infinity
6. A diverging lens of focal length f is cut into two identical parts each forming a
plano -concave lens. What is the focal length of each part?
Ans: 2 f.
7. Two thin lenses of power + 6 D and – 2 D are in contact. What is the focal
length of the combination?
Ans: P = + 4D f = ¼ = 0.25 m
8. A converging lens is kept coaxially in contact with a diverging lens – both lenses
being of same focal length. What is the focal length of the combination?
Ans: Infinity ( will behave as a glass slab )
9. When light ray travel from a rarer to denser medium, the speed decreases.
Does this decrease in speed imply a decrease in the energy carried by the
wave? Justify your answer.
Ans:No , E= hν and frequency ν does not change on refraction.
10. If critical angle of a prism is 30 degree, Find the velocity of light in the
Prism.
Ans: µ= 1/sinC = c/v or v = 1.5 x 108 m/s
11. A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn,
in (i) a medium of refractive index 1.6, (ii) medium of refractive index 1.3. Will
it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases ?
Ans= (i) Diverging and (ii) Converging
2 mark questions
1. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the image formation in a refracting type
astronomical telescope. Why should the diameter of the objective of a
telescope be large?
3
For large light gathering power and higher resolution, the diameter of the objective
should be large.
(i) Increase in the refractive index (n) of the medium increases resolving
power because R.P.∝ n On increasing the
wavelength of the radiation, resolving power decreases because RP ∝1/ 𝜆
4. In the figure given below, light rays of blue, green, red wavelengths are
incident on an isosceles
Rightangled prism. Explain with reason, which ray of light will be transmitted
through the faceAC.
The refractive index of the prism for red, green, blue light is 1.39, 1.424, and
1.476 respectively.
4
A
Red
Green
Blue
B C
Ans.The critical angle for green light Cg is, sin Cg= 1/n g=1/1. 424 = 0.7022
∴ Cg = sin- 1 (0.7022) = 44.6°
The critical angle for red light, sin Cr =1/nr = 1/1.39
∴ Cr= sin- 1 (0.7194) = 46°
The critical angle for blue light, sinCb=1/ nb=1/1.476= 0.6775
∴ Cb= sin- 1 (0. 6775) = 42.6°
As angle of incidence at face AC is 45°,which is smaller than critical angle for
red ray but greater
than critical angles, for green and bluerays, therefore, red-ray will be
transmitted through the face AC.
7. (i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
Ans:(i) The working of optical fiber is based on total internal reflection.
Statement: When a light ray goes from denser to rarer medium at an angle
greater thancritical
5
angle, the ray is totally reflected in first (denser) medium.This phenomenon is
called total
internal reflection.
(ii) Conditions:
(a) Ray of light must go from denser medium to rarer medium.
(b) Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle (i. e., i >C).
8. (i) What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material?
(ii) Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain.
Ans:(i) Relation between refractive index (n) and critical angle (C) isn= 1 / sin
C
(ii) Yes, critical angle depends on wavelength or colour of light; it increases with
increase of
wavelength being maximum for red and minimum for violet.
B C F
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half
of the mirror’s
reflecting surface is painted black?
C F P
10. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two
advantages over the refracting telescope.
Ans:Ray diagram
6
Newtonian Telescope: (Reflecting Type)
Plane Mirror
Light from star
Eyepiece
Concave Mirror
Eye
Advantages:
(i) It is free from chromatic and spherical aberrations.
(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger
aperture of mirror.
11. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal
length f2. Find the focal length of the combination.
Ans: For a thin convex lens of focal lengthf1 in contact with another thin
concave lens of focal length
f2: let ‘u’ denote distance of object from f1.
1 1 1
Then, for L1 , =𝑣 −𝑢 …………. (i)
𝑓1 1
I
If 'f ' is focal length of the combination, we get
1 1 1
=𝑣−𝑢 ………………. (iv)v1
𝑓
From (iii) and (iv), we get
1 1 1 𝑓1 𝑓2
= 𝑓 − 𝑓 or f=
𝑓 1 2 𝑓2 −𝑓1
12.You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as
an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?
Lens Power (P) Aperture (A)
7
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10D 1 cm
13. A concave mirror held in water. What would be the change in focal length of
mirror?
Ans: There would no change in concave mirror held in water ,focal length does not
depend upon the external medium in which mirror is held.
14. A convex lens forms the image of the sun at the distance of 10 cm.Where will be
the image, when
(a). another lens of same power but double the aperture is used.
(b). another lens of same aperture but double the power is used .
Ans. (a). 10 cm because aperture does not affect f. (b). 5 cm when power is
doubled, f is halved.
15. A diverging lens of focal length F is cut into two identical parts, each forming a
Plano concave lens. What is the focal length of each part?
1 1 1
Ans: = (𝑛 − 1) (𝑅 − )
𝐹 1 𝑅2
F1= F2=2F
3 mark questions
1. Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact
with each other coaxially. Deduce an expression for the effective focal
length of the combination.
Ans. Let a point object ‘O’ is placed on the common principal axis.f1 and f2 be
the focal lengths of lenses L1 and L2 .
In the absence of L2, the image formed by L1 will be at I1.
8
1 1 1
So,f = v − u… (1) L1
1 1
L2
Ans. Definition: -When the final image is formed by the telescope at infinity,
then the telescope is said to be in normal adjustment
9
.
β tan β h/fe f
Magnifying power = = = = fo which is the required relation.
α tan α h/fo e
Ans. Assumptions:
Let a thin lens ‘XY’ of negligible thickness and made up of material of refractive
index µ2 is placed in a medium of refractive index µ1. Let a point object ‘O’ is
kept at a distance ‘u’ from the first surface of the lens xp1y. Assuming that
there is no second surface then first surface will form image I’ at a distance v’
from the P1. For the refraction at the face XP1Y
Image I’ serves as the object for the second surface and it forms its real image
at a distance v from it. So
10
µ1/v - µ1/u = (µ2 - µ1)/R1 + (µ1 - µ2)/R2
If u →∞ then v = f
5. Write the conditions for minimum deviation for a prism. Also derive an for
refractive index of the material of prism in terms of angle of prism (A) angle of
minimum deviation (Dm)
d = (i1+i2 )+(r1+r2 )
I1=i2=I so I = A+Dm/2
6. A point source of light is placed at the bottom of a lake with refractive index
4/3. Show that only 17% light can emerge out of the water surface.
Ans. The fraction of light energy that can escape is the fraction
of the solid angle which allows it to pass without total
internal reflection.
1
Let the critical angle be C, so that, sin C = where ‘n’ is
𝑛
the refractive index of water.
2𝜋 1 1
Fraction of solid angle = (1 − cosC) =2 − 2 √1 − sin2 C
4𝜋
1 1 1 1×3 4 2
= 2 − 2𝑛 √n2 − 1 = 2 − 2×4 √( 3 ) − 1 = 0.17= 17%
9. Draw ray diagram for astronomical telescope with image at near point. Write
the expression for angular magnification in this situation.
𝑓 𝑓𝑒
Angular magnification M = − 𝑓𝑜 (1 + )
𝑒 𝐷
1
Also, n = sin C r
sin 70° 1 sin C 1
∴ = sin Corcos C = sin 70°C
cos C B
1
Or tan C = = 1.0642
0.9397
Or C = tan-1(1.0642) = 46°47'
1 1 1
Also n = sin C = sin 46°47′ = 0.7288 = 1.372
11. A man with normal near point (25 cm)reads a book with small print using a
magnifying glass: a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
What is the closest and the farthest distance at which he should keep the lens from
the pageso that he can read the book when viewing
through the magnifying glass?
Ans -
(a)Focal length of the magnifying glass,f =
5 cm Least distance of distance vision,d =
25 cm Closes to object distance= u
Hence,the farthest distance at which the person can read the book is 5cm.
12. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm ,is placed co-axially with a convex mirror of
radius of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm apart from each other. A point
object is placed 60 cm in front of the convex lens. Find the position of the image
formed by this combination.
Ans: For convex lens
1 1 1
=𝑣 − 𝑢
𝑓 1 1
1 1 1
= − ; v1 = 30 cm
𝑣1 20 60
Distane of virtual object =30 -15=15 cm
13
Hence for convex mirror
2 1 1
=𝑣 + 𝑢
𝑅 2 2
2 1 1
= + ; v2 = 30 cm
20 𝑣2 15
Hence the final image formed is a virtual image formed at a distance of 30 cm
behind the convex mirror.
1. Rahul was driving a car and suddenly became aware of a loud sound
coming from behind. He looked through his rear-view mirror and saw
an ambulance. He recalled reading that such emergency vehicles often
have their name written in the mirror writing(i.e He quickly made way for the
ambulance, murmuring a quick prayer for the speedy recovery of the patient
inside the ambulance.
i)What type of mirroris as a rear view mirror and why?
ii)what values did Rahul exhibit ?
Answers
i) Convex mirror ,to get a wide view of traffic behind
ii) Compassion, courtesy, concern for others, knowledgeable.
2. Rekha and Preethi were classmates. Preethi was a bright girl and had
a quick grasping power. However Rekha noticed that Preethi was not
her usual self for the past few days. Rekha found out that Preethi was
not able to see the letters on the board properly and also complained
of frequent headaches. Rekha suggested to Preethi to get her eye
checked .Preethi followed Rekha’s suggestion and thanked her saying
she felt very comfortable after wearing the spectacles.
i)What was the eye defect that Preethi had?
ii)How can it be corrected?
iii)Rekha was a true friend. Justify.
Answers
i)Myopia
ii) wearing spectacles made of concave lens
iii) sympathy ,kind, helpful and caring nature, concern
3. Nitin wanted to buy a gift for his sister and so entered a gift shop. The
gift shop had many glass items. On looking closely, he found many of
the beverage glasses used for cool drinks had big thick glass walls. He
decided not to buy these glasses because he knew that this gives a
false impression that there is more amount of liquid inside the glass.
i) As a physics student, light rays from inside the glass bend away
from the normal and appear to diverge, why are the beverage
glasses made with very thick glass walls?Which physical quantity remains
constant when light travelsfrom one medium to another?
14
ii) What values can you associate with Nitin decision?
Answers
i) Light rays from inside the glass bend away from the normal and
appear to diverge
ii) affection, patience, knowledge about refraction.
4. The whole class was excited as they were on their way to Kavalur in
TamilNadu, an observatory, housing the largest telescope in India. The
teacher was explaining type of telescope, the diameter of the objective
(2.34m) and other details. The children were looking forward to see
through the telescope.
i) What type of telescope is the teacher referring to?
ii) Mention any two advantageous of this telescope
iii) Why iare such a field trips important?
Answers
i)Reflecting telescope
ii)No chromatic aberration, mirrors are relatively lighter and cheaper
compared to the lens
iii)Firsthand experience ,inculcating a scientific temper, team work,
enthusiasm, kindling curiosity.
15
Answer
i)Total internal reflection
ii)two conditions
iii)Taking up responsibility, affectionate, timely action, knowledgeable,caring.
7. Selvi, a student of class XI, came across her servant maid on way to her house
after visiting a friend. Selvi noticed that the servant maid was finding it difficult
to read the bus number and on nearing she helped her to get in to the bus..
She enquired and found that the servant maid had defects in her eyesight and
had difficulty in viewing far away objects and was not in a position to afford for
a check- up with an eye specialist. She immediately took her to a nearby
ophthalmologist. She arranged for eye check-up of her servant maid and paid
the doctor’s fee from her pocket money/savings and also purchased her
medicines prescribed by the doctor. The doctor after checking advised the
servant maid to wear spectacles and gave her the power of spectacles to be
worn by her.
a) What values do you see in Selvi?
b) Explain the eye defect of the servant maid using Physics term and also
give the rectification to be adopted with ray diagram.
(ANS: helping the poor and needy, taking prompt and timely action; spending
money for a good deed; b) Refer NCERT Text book)
12. (a) Sate two main considerations taken into account while choosing the
objective in optical telescopes with large diameters.
(b) Draw the ray diagram for the formation of image by a reflecting type
telescope. What is its magnifying power.
(c ) What are the advantages of reflecting type telescope over the refracting
type telescope ?
Ans: (a) Light gathering power and resolving power
(b) refer page no 342 figure 9.33 NCERT book part 2.
© No spherical and chromatic aberration, High resolving power , Less
mechanical support required, polishing and grinding is required from one side
hence economical.
13. (a) Derive lens maker's formula for a double convex lens. State the
assumptions used and the convention of signs used.
OR
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 − 𝑛
Obtain lens maker’s formula using 𝑣2 − 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1
Here the ray of light is propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index
n1 to a denser medium of refractive index n2 is incident on the convex side of a
spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
(b) A light from a point sourcein air falls on a spherical glass surface ( n = 1.5
and radius of curvature = 20 cm ) . The distance of the light source from the
glass surface is 100 cm. At what position the image is formed ?
Ans: (a)Refer article9.5.2 and figure 9.18 page no 325 & 326 of NCERT Text
Book.
16
𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1
(b) Use − = :putting u = -100 cm, R = + 20 cm , n1= 1 , n2 =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
1.5, we get v = + 100 cm
14. With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a point
object by refraction of light at a convex spherical (convex) surface separating
two media of refractive indices n1 and n2(n2> n1) respectively. Using this
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
diagram, derive the relation 𝑣2 − 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1 . Also write the sign conventions
used and assumptions.
Ans:
Sign Convention used:-
a) All the distances are measured from the pole.
b) The distances measured in the direction of incident light are taken as
positive.
c) The distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of light are
taken as negative.
Assumptions:-
a) The aperture of the spherical refracting surface is small.
b) The object is a point object and lies on the principal axis.
c) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the spherical surface
make small angles with the principal axis.
Let XPY = convex spherical refracting surface
O = point object in rarer medium
I = real image in denser medium
N X
A
i
n1 r
α γ β
O P M C I
n2 denser medium
Y
From ray diagram, from ΔAOC, i = α + γ
From ΔAIC, γ = r + β ⇒ r = γ – β
17
sin 𝑖 𝑛2
According to Snell’s law, = ⇒𝑛1 sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝑟
sin 𝑟 𝑛1
Since the angles are small, ∴𝑛1 𝑖 = 𝑛2 𝑟 or, 𝑛1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑛2 tan 𝑟
Substituting for 𝑖& 𝑟, in the above equation, we get
𝑛1 tan(α + γ) = 𝑛2 tan(γ – β)
Or, 𝑛1 {tan α + tanγ} = 𝑛2 {tan γ + tanβ}
𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑀
Or, 𝑛1 { 𝑃𝑂 + 𝑀𝐶 } = 𝑛2 { 𝑀𝐶 − }
𝑀𝐼
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of videosignals using optical fibres.
n2 sin C = n1 sin 90
18
n2 1
=
n1 sin 𝐶
1
n21 =sin 𝐶
(b) As shown in diagram ( figure 9.16 page 322 NCERT text book ), When a video
signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fiber at a suitable angle, it
undergoes repeated total internal reflection along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end.
WAVE OPTICS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1 What happens to the fringe pattern when YDS experiment is performed in water
instead of air?
Ans Shrinks
2 How is a wavefront different from a ray?
Ans wavefront is a surface obtained by joining all points vibrating in the same phase.
A ray is a line drawn perpendicular to the wavefront in the direction of
propagation of light wave.
3 When the light is polarized by reflection, what is the angle between reflected
and refracted rays.
450
Ans 90
4 4 No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely
close to each other. Why?
Ans X-rays and radio waves can be polarized because they are transverse waves.
11 How does the resolving power of a telescope change when the aperture of the
objective is increased?
2 Marks Questions
Q.1 Obtain an expression for the ratio of intensities at maxima and minima in an
interference pattern.
Ans. Suppose a1 and a2 be the amplitudes and I1 and I2 the intensities of light
waves which interfere each other
Intensity (Amplitude)2
I1=K a12
I2 =K a22
After interference (applying superposition principle)
Amplitude at maxima = a1+ a2
Amplitude at minima = a1- a2
Imax = (a1+ a2)2
Imin = (a1- a2)2
Q.2 State Huygens’s principle for constructing wave fronts?
Ans According to hygen’s principle
(i) each point on the wave front is a source of secondary wavelets, which spread
out with the
Speed of light in the medium
(ii ) The new wave front at nay later time is given by the forward envelope of
the secondary
Wavelets at that time.
Q.3 Can white light produce interference? What is the nature?
Ans. White light produces interference but due to different colour present in white
light interference pattern overlaps the central bright fringe for all the colours is at the
position, so its colour is white. The white central bright fringe is
Q.4 How is the width of central maxima affected on increasing the
(i ) Wavelength of light used
(ii ) width of the slit
Ans. Width of the central maxima is given by
2𝐷𝜆
ß = 𝑑
20
(i) When wavelength increases ß increases due to direct proportionality
(ii) When d increases ß decreases due to inverse proportionality
Q.5 How does the (i) magnifying power and (ii) resolving power of a telescope change
on increasing the diameter of its objective? Give reason for your answer.
𝑓𝑜
Ans. (i) Magnifying power of = . clearly it does not change on
𝑓𝑒
Increasing the diameter of the objective
𝐷
(ii) Resolving power of telescope = , clearly resolving power of the
1.22𝜆
telescope increases on increasing the diameter of its objective
Q.6 State the Brewster’s Law .Write the expression for Brewster’s angle in term of
refractive index of denser medium.
Ans. Brewster’s law states that tangent of the polarising angle of the incidence of a
transparent medium is equal to the refractive index
µ = tanip
Q.7 State Malus Law. Draw the graph showing the dependence of intensity of transmitted light on the angle between polariser
and analyser
Q. 8 O n what factors does the (i) magnifying power and (ii) resolving power of a
compound microscope depend?
Ans. (i) Magnifying power of a compound microscope
𝐿 𝐷
m = (1 + )
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
Clearly the magnifying power of a compound microscope depends on the focal
lengths of its objective and eyepiece.
2µ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ
(ii) Resolving power of compound microscope = , clearly resolving
𝜆
power of compound microscopes depends on
(i ) wavelength of light used to illuminate the object
(ii) Refractive index of the medium between the object and objective
(iii) Semi vertical angle of the cone of light from the object to the objective
Q.9 How will the intensity of maxima and minima in the young’s double slit
experiment change if one of two slits is covered by a transparent paper which
transmits only half of the light intensity ?
Ans. Intensity of maxima decrease and intensity of minima increases.
21
Q.10 Find the ratio of intensities of two points P and Q on a screen in a Young’s
Double slit experiment when waves from sources S1 and S2 have phase difference of
𝜋 𝜋
(i) (ii) respectively.
3 2
Ans As I = 2 I0(1+cos∅)
I 𝛼 (1+cos∅)
𝜋
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 3
Hence IP /IQ = 3
𝜋 = = 3:2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2
3 Marks Questions
Q.1 What is polarization of light? What type of waves show the property of
polarization?
Name any two methods to produce plane polarized light?
Ans.
The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of a light vector in a particular
direction
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called
polarisation
of light.
Transverse waves show the property of polarization. Two
methods to produce plane polarised light
Polarisation by Reflection
Polarization by scattering
Q.2 State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes
place. Derive an expression for the width of central maximum due to diffraction of
light at a single slit. A slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated by a monochromatic light of
wavelength 700 nm at normal incidence. Calculate the value of ‘a’ for position of
(i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30°
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30°
Ans. It is a common observation with the waves of all kind that they bend round the
edge of an obstacle
Light like other waves also bends round corners but in comparison to sound waves
small bending of light is due to very short wavelength of light which is of the
order of 10-5
a = λ/a sinƟ =700/sin 300 =1400 nm
a = 3λ/2a sinƟ =3x700/2 sin30 =2100 nm
Q.3 In a single slit experiment, how is the angular width of central bright fringe
Maximum changed when
1)The slit width increased
2)The distance between the slit and the screen is increased.
3)Light of smaller wavelength is used.
Ans. In single slit diffraction
λ D/ d
22
(1) When slit widths is increased. decreases
(2) When ‘D’ is increased, width of central bright fringe will become
maximum i.e increase.
When light of smaller wavelength is used, the width of central bright maximum
decrease
Q.4 In a young’s double slit experiment, the slit are repeated by 0.24mm.
The screen is 1.2m away from the slits. The fringe width is 0.3cm calculate
the wavelength of light used in the experiment?
Q.5 Draw the curve depicting, variation of intensity in the interference pattern in
young’s double slit experiment. State conditions for obtaining sustained interference
of light?
Ans Conditions for sustained interference of light
(1) Two sources must be coherent sources of light.
(2)Two sources should exist light waves continuously. Intensity
monochromatic light from a single source is the requirement.
Q.6 Derive expression for the fringe width in young’s double slit
experiment?
Ans
23
Equation (21) gives the condition for bright fringes or constructive interference
ii) Condition for dark fringes (destructive interference)
If the path difference is an odd multiple of λ/2,the Point P is dark. So,
Equation (22) gives the condition for dark fringes or destructive interference
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From equations (21) and (22) ,we can get position of alternate bright and dark
fringes respectively
Distance between two consecutive bright fringes is given by
Thus the distance between two successive dark and bright fringes is same. This
distance is known as fringe width and is denoted by β. Thus
Q.8 Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised light. How are these
represented?
Ans. Unpolarised light: Alight which has vibrations in all directions in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation is said to be unpolarised light. e. g . The
light from the Sun and Sodium lamp and incandescent bulb or a candle is unpolarised
light.
Plane polarised light: If the electric field vector of a light wave vibrates just in one
direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation then it is said to be plane
polarised
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Value base Questions ( 4 Marks )
Q.1 Sita was watching her favourite programme KBC on TV. Suddenly the picture
started shacking on the TV screen. She asked her elder brother to check the dish
antenna. Her brother found nothing wrong with the dish. A little later Sita again
noticed the same problem on the TV screen at the same time she heard a sound of
the low flying an aircraft passing over their house, she asked her brother again. He
then explained her cause of shacking picture on TV screen when aircraft passes over
head.
(i) What are the values shown by Sita’s brother?
(ii) Why do we observe shaking of the picture when a low lying aircraft passes
overhead?
Ans
(a) Critical thinking and problem solving.
(b) The low lying aircraft reflects the TV signals. Due to interference between direct
signals received by antenna and the weak reflected signal, slight shaking of the
picture is seen on the screen.
Q.2 Nitin observed that when a sheet of transparent plastic is placed between two
crossed polarisers no light is transmitted. When the sheet is stretched in one
direction, some light passes through by the crossed polariser. He was surprised to see
that out of shear enthusiasm he went to his physics teacher for knowing the reason
behind it. The teacher explained him that the stretched plastics sheet turns into a
Polaroid and allows a fraction of light pass through it.
(a) What are the values being displayed by Nitin here?
(b) When the plastic sheet is stretched in one direction, some light
Passes through the crossed polarizer. What is happening?
Ans.
(a) Power of observation and curiosity.
(b) When the sheet is stretched the polymer molecules in it make it
Polaroid having its axis between the axes of the two outer Polaroid. That
is why some light is transmitted in this case.
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FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
(b)Consider tow light wave of same amplitude ‘a’, same frequency and
same velocity traveling with same velocity ‘c’ in same direction with phase
difference .
The electric field vector of the waves can be represent as
y1 = a sin t -- -- -- (1) & y2 = a sin (t ) -- -- -- -- (2)
According to principle of superposition of waves-“When two wave
superimpose at a point then the resultant displacement ( y ) of the new
wave is equal to vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves “.So
magnitude of the electric field of the resultant wave at any instant
y = y1 + y2 from (1) and (2)
y = a sin t + a (sin t cos cos t sin)
y = a sin t (1 + cos ) – a cos t sin
[sin (A B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB]
y = [a (1 + cos )] sin wt [a sin] cos wt
Let a (1+ cos ) = A cos -- -- -- (3) & a Sin = A Sin
-- -- -- (4)
Then y = A cos sin t - A sin cos t
y = A [sin t cos cos t sin ] Hence A = a sin
(t ) -------- (5)
This eq. represents electric field vector of new at any instant, where A is
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amplitude of the wave.
Squaring and adding eq. (3) and (4) a2(1+ cos )2 + a2 sin2 = A2 cos2
+ A2 sin2
a2[(12 + 2 cos + cos2 ) + sin2 ] = A2 [cos2 + sin2 ]
a2[ 1 + 2 cos +1 ] = A2 [1 ] Hence A2 = 2 a2[ 1 + cos ]
- - - (6)
Intensity of light I = k (amplitude) 2 where K is constant
I = 2 k a (1+ cos ) - -- -- - -- (7)
2
Consider tow light wave of same amplitude ‘a’, same frequency and same
velocity traveling with same velocity ‘c’ in same direction with phase
difference .
The electric field vector of the waves can be represent as
y1 = a sin t -- -- -- (1) & y2 = a sin (t ) -- -- -- -- (2)
According to principle of superposition of waves-“When two wave
superimpose at a point then the resultant displacement ( y ) of the new
wave is equal to vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves “.So
magnitude of the electric field of the resultant wave at any instant
y = y1 + y2 from (1) and (2)
y = a sin t + a (sin t cos cos t sin)
y = a sin t (1 + cos ) – a cos t sin
[sin (A B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB]
y = [a (1 + cos )] sin wt [a sin] cos wt
Let a (1+ cos ) = A cos -- -- -- (3) & a Sin = A Sin
-- -- -- (4)
Then y = A cos sin t - A sin cos t
y = A [sin t cos cos t sin ] Hence A = a sin
(t ) -------- (5)
This eq. represents electric field vector of new at any instant, where A is
amplitude of the wave.
Squaring and adding eq. (3) and (4) a2(1+ cos )2 + a2 sin2 = A2 cos2
+ A2 sin2
a2[(12 + 2 cos + cos2 ) + sin2 ] = A2 [cos2 + sin2 ]
a2[ 1 + 2 cos +1 ] = A2 [1 ] Hence A2 = 2 a2[ 1 + cos ]
- - - (6)
Intensity of light I = k (amplitude) 2 where K is constant
I = 2 k a (1+ cos ) - -- -- - -- (7)
2
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I K a12 a22 2 a1 a2 cos So Imax = K (a1 + a2)2
For Destructive Interference: - Interference fringes are dark so intensity
I = 2 K a2 (1+ cos ) = minimum
It is possible only when cos = minimum = - 1 So Imin = 0.
It is possible only when = =, 3, 5 - - - (2n – 1)
OR path difference x = /2, 3/2, 5/2, - - - (2n – 1)/2 Here
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 - - -.
Hence interference will be destructive when the phase difference between the
waves should be equal odd integral multiple of or path difference
between them should be equal to odd integral multiple of half the
wavelength.
Imin = K (a1 a2)2
( c ) The two bright fringes will coincide at the least distance x from the
central maximum if
𝐷 𝐷
X=n1 𝑑 = (𝑛 + 1)2𝑑
n1 = (𝑛 + 1)2
n x800 = (n+1) 600
4n=3n+3
n=3
𝐷1 3𝑋3.14𝑋800𝑋10−9
X=3 = m
𝑑 0.28𝑋10−3
=12x10−3=12mm
2 2 State the principle which helps us to determine the shape of the wavefront
at a later time from its given shape at any time. Apply this principle to-
(i) show that spherical/ plane wave front continues to propagate forward as a
spherical / plane wavefront
(ii) Derive Snell’s law of refraction by drawing the refracted wavefront
corresponding to a plane wavefront incidence on the boundary separating a
rarer medium from denser medium.
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The surface A2 B2 touching tangentially all the secondary wavelets in
backward flow direction called backward secondary wave front. Huygens
assumed that Voigt and Kirchoff explained no backward wave front as such
ex\is\t .The absence of balanced secondary wave front by mathematical
treatment.
By superposition of wave the amplitude of the particles in a back wave front
is zero and there is no backward flow of energy. The effective part of
secondary wavelet is the portion, which lies on the forward secondary wave
front.If radius of spherical wave front is large then it appears as a plane wave
front
In , ...(iii) &
In , ...(iv)
Dividing equation (iii) by (iv)
or ...(v)
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Equation (v) is the Snell’s’ law of refraction.
From the figure, it is evident that the incident ray, the normal and the
refracted ray lie in the same plane. This proves the second law of refraction.
Thus, the laws of refraction have been proved on the basis of wave theory.
3 a) State the essential condition for the diffraction of light to take place.
Explain the formation of secondary maximum and minimum on
diffraction at a single slit. .
(b) “Diffraction defines the limit of ray optics”. Give brief explanation of
the statement.
Ans (a) The essential condition for the diffraction of light to take place is that size
of the aperture or the
obstacle must be comparable to the wave length of light used.
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