13 Mathematical Reasoning

Paper 2 (d) False

(Cube root of 27 is 3.)
1. (a) It is a statement.
(Because it is true.) (e) False
(−5 , 4)
(b) It is a statement.
(Because it is false.) (f) True

(c) It is a statement. (g) False

(Because it is true.) (−1 − 3 = −4)

(d) It is not a statement. (h) True

(Because it is neither true nor false.)
4. (a) True
(e) It is a statement.
(Because it is false.) (b) False
(2 is not divisible by 4.)
(f) It is not a statement.
(Because it is neither true nor false.) (c) True

(g) It is not a statement. (d) True

(Because it is neither true nor false.)
5. (a) All prime numbers are odd numbers.
(h) It is not a statement.
No (2 is a prime number but not an odd
(Because it is neither true nor false.)
number.)

2. (a) It is not a statement. (b) All sets have elements.

No (Empty set has no element.)
(b) It is a statement.
(c) All acute angles are less than 90°.
(c) It is a statement. Yes
(d) It is a statement. (d) a2 0 for all values of a.
(e) It is a statement. Yes

(f) It is not a statement. 6. (a) Some rectangles are square.

(g) It is not a statement. Yes

(h) It is a statement. (b) Some prime numbers are even numbers.

Yes

3. (a) False (c) Some hexagons are regular hexagons.

(−3 , 3) Yes

(b) True (d) Some trapeziums have a pair of parallel sides.

No (All trapeziums have a pair of parallel
(c) True sides.)

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 13

7. (a) True 15. (a) Antecedent : a , 0

Consequence : a2 . 0
(b) True
(b) Antecedent : x is a prime number.
(c) True Consequence : 2x is an even number.
(d) False
16. (a) If k + 4 = 10, then k = 6.
8. (b) If ABCDE is a pentagon, then ABCDE has
Statement Truth
5 sides.
n 2.1 True
∼n 2,1 False 17. (a) If m + 3 = 5, then m = 2. (True)
(b) If x , 4, then x , 1. (False)
9. (a) 1 m3 = 104 cm2
1° = 60′ (c) If x2 = 4, then x = −2. (False)

1 1 (d) If 2a is an even number, then a is an even number.

(b) — . — (False)
3 2
4 > 3
18. Implication 1: If m . n, then m + 1 . n + 1.
(c) 2 is a factor of 3.
Implication 2: If m + 1 . n + 1, then m . n.
3 is a factor of 5.

1 19. Implication 1: If ab , 0, then a , 0 or b , 0.

10. (a)
a2 = a × a and — = 0.5. Implication 2: If a , 0 or b , 0, then ab , 0.
2
(b) The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
20. P is divisible by itself and number one.
and a trapezium is a four-sided figure.

21. 3 is a factor of 24.

11. (a) 82 = 16
1
— = 0.2 22. x ≠ 9°
5
(b) A square has two lines of symmetry.
Sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 90°. 23. A hexagon is a polygon.

12. (a) 50 = 1 or −2 − 4 = 6. 24. y is an obtuse angle.

(b) A parallelogram has no line of symmetry or all

25. 2m is not negative.
the angles of a square are 90°.

26. Cube A with sides 2 cm has a volume of 8 cm3.

13. (a) True
(b) False 27. Circle Q with radius 6 cm has an area of 36π cm2.
(c) False
28. 2n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
(d) False
29. 2n − 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
14. (a) True
(b) True 30. 12 − 5n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

(c) True
(d) False

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  Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 13 

7. (a) (i) All rhombuses have a total interior angles

of 360°.
(ii) Some hexagons are regular.
Paper 2
(b) If 3m . n, then m . n. (False)
1. (a) (i)  3 is a factor of 15 and 3 is divisible by 6. Example: If m = 2, n = 5
(ii) False 3(2) . 5
(b) n ≠ –1 2 . 5 (False)
(c) Implication 1: If (–2)n is a positive number, then (c) p < 3
n is an even number.
Implication 2: If n is an even number, then (–2)n
is a positive number.

2. (a) False
(Because (–2)(–3) ≠ –5)
Paper 2
(b) Implication 1: If 3x = 3, then x = 1.
Implication 2: If x = 1, then 3x = 3. 1. (a) (i) False
(Because both statements are false)
(c) Sum of the first 10 positive integers (ii) True
= 10(1 + 10) m
2 (b) Implication 1: If — , 1, then n . m.
= 55 n
m
Implication 2: If n . m, then — , 1.
n
3. (a) True (c) A rhombus has a sum of interior angles of 360°.
(Because 4 × 2 = 8)
(b) Some numbers divisible by 2 are divisible by 4.
2. (a) (i) True
1
(c) Implication 1: If h = 3, then h = 6. (ii) False
2
1 (Because 64 ≠ 42)
Implication 2: If h = 6, then h = 3.
2 (b) x = 2

4. (a) False (c) 3n2 − 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …

(b) If x is a factor of 10, then x is a factor of 5. (False)
(c) The perimeter of the square is not 12 cm. 3. (a) (i) Not a statement
(ii) A statement
5. (a) (i) False (b) Implication 1: If −4a is positive, then a is
(Because 32 ≠ 6) negative.
(ii) True Implication 2: If a is negative, then −4a is
(b) −3 is a negative number. positive.

(c) Implication 1: If 2p . 10, then p . 5. (c) p is not an even number.

Implication 2: If p . 5, then 2p . 10.

4. (a) (i) 4 − 6 ≠ 2 (A true statement)

6. (a) (i) True
(ii) False (ii) 2a × b = 2a + b (A false statement)

(b) Implication 1: If ABC is an equilateral triangle, (b) All regular polygons have equal sides.
then all the sides of ABC are
(c) 3n + 2, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
equal.
Implication 2: If all the sides of ABC are equal,
then ABC is an equilateral triangle.
(c) tan x ≠ 1

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   Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 13

5. (a) (i) True 9. (a) It is false.

(ii) False (b) {2, 4} ⊂ {1, 2, 4} and 3 ∈ {2, 4}
(2 is a prime number and divisible by 2.)
(c) If b = 7, then b − 3 = 4. (True)
(b) If 2 is a factor of y, then 4 is a factor of y. (False)
Example: 2 is a factor of 6 but 4 is not a factor (d) If h = 0, then 2h = 0.
of 6.
(c) ∆A and ∆B are congruent.
10. (a) It is not a statement.

6. (a) 15 is a prime number or 102 = 100. (b) (b + 1) is an even number.

(b) {1, 2} < {2, 3} = {2} (c) 2n(n + 1), n = 1, 2, 3, …

(c) 3a is not a positive number.

11. (a) (i) Some elements in {2, 3, 4, 6} are even
7. (a) (i) 16 is an even number or −3 . −2. (True) numbers.
(ii) 16 is an even number and −3 . −2. (False) (ii) All pentagons are 5-sided figures.
(b) Implication 1: If a + b + c = 180°, then a, b and (b) a ≠ 0
c are interior angles of a triangle.
Implication 2: If a, b and c are interior angles of (c) Set P has 5 elements.
a triangle, then a + b + c = 180°.
(c) All heptagons have 7 sides. 12. (a) (i) Every square root of a number is positive.
(ii) Several triangles are isosceles triangles.
8. (a) −5 . −7 , 1 (b) B is not a subset of A.

(b) The perimeter of ∆PQR is 15 cm. (c) 14 − 5n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

(c) Implication 1: If P ⊂ Q, then P ∩ Q = P.

Implication 2: If P ∩ Q = P, then P ⊂ Q.

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