GERUND DAN INFINITIVE

1. GERUND
Kata kerja dalam bentuk V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund yang bisa digunakan
sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya. Gerund dapat difungsikan
sebagai berikut:
 As Subject
V-ing + V-s/es / is, was
Contoh : hearing makes me understand that person.
 As Object
S + Verb + V-Ing
Contoh : I like studying.
 As Complement
S + Tobe + V-ing
Contoh : My hobby is singing.
Her activities are studying.
 After Preposition & Possesive Pronoun
(on, by, without, before, after, with, dll)
Contoh : She goes without saying anything.
Before she is mad.
His traveling is so happy.
 After Apostroph S (‘S) : kepemilikan
 After Certain Verb
Seperti: admit, advise, forgive help, dll
Contoh : Sarah can’t continue playing violin.
 After this :
 It is no use
 Can’t stand/can’t help
 Let’s go
 It is no good
 Dedicate to
 Confess to
 Look forward to
 Be used to
 Object to
 Be accustomed to
 To take to
Contoh : It is no use speaking with you
I can’t stand/can’t help shopping
Let’s go studying
It is no good watching TV too long
Note : untuk list certain verb yang diikuti oleh gerund lainnya dapat dilihat di lampiran.

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2. INFINITIVE
Infinitive dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu infinitive dengan “to” atau infinitive tanpa “to” (bare infinitive).
Infinitives adalah bentuk “to” yang ditambahkan pada kata kerja.
A. INFINITIVE WITH “TO”
Penggunaannya :
 As Subject
Contoh : to read a book is good. (it is good to read a book)
 After kata The first, the second, the third, only, dll.
Contoh : I want to be the first woman to climb the mount Everest.
I am only to go with you.
 After WH Question
Contoh : I don’t know how to operate this machine.
She didn’t know what to do with her money.
 After Too + Enough
Contoh : It is good enough to start.
The water is too hot to drink.
 As Modifier (penjelas/pembatas)
 Kata benda : modifier of a noun
Contoh : I need a lot of food to eat.
I have something to do.
 Kata sifat : modifier of an adjective
Contoh : He was upset to hear that his grandfather passed away.
 Kata kerja (modifier with verb)
Contoh : The president was invited to open the conference.
 After this verb :
Expect, force, permit, warn, would like, etc.
Contoh : she was permitted to go home now.
Note: untuk list kata-kata yang diikuti oleh To-Infinitive dapat dilihat di lampiran.

B. INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (BARE INFINITIVE)

Penggunaannya:
 Setelah modal (can, could, may, might, shall, should, etc)
 Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better
(sebaiknya).
Contoh : We had better tell him the truth.
We would rather go swimming than go shopping.
 Setelah kata sensasi, persepsi (seluruhnya kegiatan dialami) dan causative-have, kecuali
dalam bentuk passive.
feel see help
Hear taste make
Look have let
Contoh : I saw the boy steal his wallet.
I heard him cry alot in his the room.

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  Dalam department clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting. Misal :
important, necessary, essential, etc
Contoh: it is important that she reply my message.

CONTOH SOAL
1. Indonesia agree … $2 Billion fud to International Monetary Fud for the recovery of crises in
Europe.
A. To lend (“agree” = infinitive with to)
B. Lending
C. Borrow
D. Borrowing
E. Lend

2. What a borring Sunday! Let’s go … near the city garden.

A. Walk
B. To walk
C. Walking (“go” with gerund)
D. Walks
E. Walked

3. John hasn’t got home since his going hiking. His mother … him when she watched news
broadcasted on TV.
A. Worried about to think
B. Worried about thinking
C. Is worried about to think
D. Is worried about thinking (gerund after preposition)
E. Is worried about thinks

4. I saw a boy and a girl was lying on the grass … each other.
A. Chating (after “lie”)
B. To chat
C. Chat
D. Chatted
E. Chats

5. Toni wasted a big part of his live time … books.

A. Read
B. To read
C. Reads
D. Readed
E. Reading (after “waste”)

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6. Don’t intrude the problem we are solving or we …
A. Instructed the emloyees to workharder than before
B. Instruct the employees to work harder than before (present, instruct _to)
C. Instructed the employees working harder than before
D. Instructs the employees working harder than before
E. Instruct the employees working harder than before

7. She is happy … as the best teacher of Enormous College.

A. To choose
B. To be choose
C. To chosen
D. To be chosen (after adjective “happy”)
E. To be choose

8. The team of new program … the best until the end of all.
A. Must committed on doing
B. Must committed on to do
C. Must be committed to do
D. Must be committed to doing (commit to + gerund)
E. Must be committed on doing

9. Vincent looks so sad, the friends of hers said that she … her final exam two days ago.
A. Got hard time to do
B. Got hard time doing
C. Had difficult time doing (gerund as complement)
D. Had difficult time to do
E. Had difficult time do

10. The candidate of next president should be able … people in Indonesia … in next public choice
A. To convince, to choose (able to, convince = infinitive with to)
B. To convinces, choosing
C. Convincing, to choosing
D. To convenience, to choose
E. To convenience, choose

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LATIHAN SOAL-SOAL
1. After … an investigation for alleged tax 7. The patient should avoid ... cosmetics
violation, Spiro Agnew resigned the vice during the skin recovery
pesidency in 1973. A. To wear
A. undergoing B. Wearing
B. underwent C. To wearing
C. to undergo D. Wear
D. been undergone
8. Susan decides ... that she has committed a
2. Jim said that he wouldn’t mind … for an crime.
hour. A. Confess
A. to wait for her B. Confessing
B. wait for her C. Confessed
C. waiting for her D. To confess
D. for waiting he
9. Would you mind …, please?
3. I am now … tea without sugar A. a.to pass the sugar
A. accustomed to drink B. b.passing the sugar
B. accustomed to drinking C. to pass me the sugar
C. have the custem to drink D. d.pass me the sugar
D. accustoming in drinking
10. The environtmental group hopes … the
4. Lisa seems _____the point you were forest to its original condition by the end
making of the decade.
A. having misunderstood A. having restored
B. to have misunderstood B. to restore
C. misunderstood C. to be restored
D. misunderstanding D. to have been restored

5. She said that she would rather not … it 11. It is only recently that ballets have been
right now. based on themes ________ American life.
A. discussing A. reflecting
B. to discuss B. reflects
C. discuss C. is reflecting
D. discussion D. reflected

12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-

6. The government will make the
blues singer rests on her ability
businessman … his loan
__________ emotional depth to her songs.
A. pays
A. be giving
B. pay
B. are given
C. would pay
C. being given
D. to pay
D. to give

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13. Loggers killed the trees by girdle them at the base, and they left them to season for a couple of
A B C
years before felling them.
D

14. To boost your self-belief, you need to learn tolerating frustration and disappointment, which are
A B C
the two major causes of low self-esteem and poor self-belief.
D

15. Laws passed in 1992 require owners and operators of public places and vehicles arrange for non-
A B C D
smoking section and to provide proper ventilation in smoking areas.

16. The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
A B C D

17. The scientific revolution of the early 1900’s affected education by change the nature of
A B C
technology.
D

18. The Statue of Liberty was originally proposed in 1865 to commemoration the alliance of France
A B C D
with the American colonies during the American Revolution.

19. I am absolutely sure you are capable of pass the examination.

A B C D

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 CLAUSES

A. Definition
Clauses adalah sekelompok kata yang telah mengandung subjek dan predikat, tetapi
belummengungkapkan gagasan yang lengkap.
B. Kinds
1. Noun Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
Introductory conjunction :
That
Whether
If
Who
What S + P + O/C
Which P + O/C
When
Where
Why
How
a. The use of Noun Clause
1) Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat (subject of a sentence)
Example :
- What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
(Apa yang kamu katakan tidak meyakinkan aku sama sekali)
- How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
(Bagaimana dia menjadi begitu kaya membuat orang-orang menjadi penasaran)
2) Noun clause sebagai object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
Example :
- I know what you mean.
(Saya tahu apa yang kamu maksud)
- I don’t understand what he is talking about.
(Saya tidak mengerti apa yang sedang dia bicarakan)
- He said that his son would study in Australia.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa puteranya akan belajar di Australi)
3) Noun clause sebagai pelengkap (complement)
Example :
- The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.
(Kabar baiknya adalah pelaku kejahatannya sudah dimasukkan ke penjara)
- This is what I want.
(Ini adalah apa yang aku inginkan)
- That is what you need.
(Itu adalah apa yang kamu butuhkan)

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 4) Noun clause sebagai pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)
Contoh kalimat:
- The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.
(Ide/ gagasan bahwa orang dapat hidup tanpa oksigen itu tidak masuk akal)
NOTE:
Klausa yang dicetak tebal pada contoh kalimat di atas adalah noun clause yang
dimana fungsinya adalah sebagai nomina/ noun (kata benda).

Function :
No. Type Introductory Function of Examples
Conjunction Clause
1. A statement that Subject  That Gayus is a corruptor
“Gayus is a corruptor” is well known to all.
Object  I know that Gayus is a
corruptor.
2. A question
a. Expecting yes or Whether (or not), Subject  Whether Gayus is a
now anwer. “is If corruptor doesn’t
Gayus a corruptor?” concern me.
Object  Do you know whether
b. Interrogative word Who, what, Gayus is a corruptor?
question “why which, when, Subject  Why Gayus becomes a
Gayus becomes a where, why, how. corruptor is his aown
corruptor?” affair.
Object  I know why Gayus
becomes a corruptor.
3. An exclamation “What a What, Object  I can’t imagine what a
clever student he is!” how clever student he is.

2. Adjective Clause
Anak kalimat yang menjelaskan Noun. Biasanya dihubungkan dengan relative pronoun ( kata
ganti penghubung untuk membentuk adjective clause)
Function:
Position Person/ Examples Thing / Examples
orang Benda
Subject Who The man who calls me Which The book which gives
works in my father’s inspiration for me is wriiten by
company. J.K. Rowling.
Object Whom The man whom I call works Which The books which I give to you is
in my father’s company. written by J.K. Rowling.
Possessive Whose The woman whose pocket Of The cat of which long tail is my
stolen by a thief is crying. Which cat.

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  Quantitas + Relative Pronoun
One
Two
Some whom (person)
Many of which (thing)
Several whose (possesive)
Most
Etc.

Ex : - The teachers, some of whom teach in Ens, are brilliant.

- The man, one of whose son is my friend, sits with black shirt.

3. Adverbial Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan.
Function:
Kinds Conjunction
Adverb Clause of Reason Because, since, for, as.
Adverb Clause of Result *So/hence/thus/therefore/
consequently
*So+ adj/ adv+ that (sangat,..  This is an ugly chair that I am
sehingga)
*Such+ noun phrase+that
(…sehingga)
Adverb Clause of Purpose So that,
In the hope that,
In order that,
In order to + V1
Adverb Clause of Contrast *although, even though
*however, whereas, still,
S+P nevertheless, while
*on the other hand, but, yet
Adverb Clause of Place Where, in which
Adverb Clause of Time When, while, since, before,
after, until, till, as soon as, as ready.
long as etc
Example
They had to move because their
building was to be torn down.
 She is so emotional that every
little thing upsets her.
going to give it away.
He decided to take a trip around
the world in order that
he might learn about different
people and their costums.
We couldn’t meet the deadline,
although we worked day and
night.
I want to visit the city in which I
was born.
You may begin it when you are

CONTOH SOAL
1. Stalin was the Soviet leader … people of Russian considered as dictator.
A. Who
B. Of which
C. Whom (object, person)
D. Whose
E. Which
(UPKP Tingkat V 2010:17)

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2. Mr. Sam possesses many cattles in his farm which situated in the countryside.
A. Possesses
B. Cattles
C. Which (which is)
D. in
E. countryside

3. Agung needs to think about how … Stress to avert potentially fatal heart problem.
A. Can he manages
B. The management
C. To him manage
D. He manages (noun clause WH question)
E. Managing

4. There are many delicious cuisines in Kalimantan, ……. I have never tasted before.
A. Most of which
B. Most which
C. Which most
D. Which most of
E. Which is the most

5. ... its popularity, eBooks have a lot of disadvantages.

A. Despite (contrastive + noun)
B. Because
C. Although
D. In spite
E. Since
(UPKP Tingkat V 2010:9)

6. Clouds represent vital steps in the water cycle, which includes evaporation, condensation, yet
precipitation.
A. Represent
B. Which
C. Includes

D. Condensation
E. Yet (it should be “and”)

7. Lombok is not as famous as Bali, … It has the same beautiful beaches.

A. For
B. While
C. because
D. Yet (contrastive, melainkan)

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 E. And

8. Our flight from Medan to Jakarta was delayed ... the heavy fog.
A. Because of (reason conj. + noun)
B. Because
C. on account
D. as result
E. on the contrary

9. I have no idea …
A. What does this word mean
B. What this word means (noun clause as object)
C. What the meaning of this word
D. What to mean this word
E. What kind of meaning of this word

10. … Mr. Kenly was unhappy with the inventory report, he patiently listened to the accountant’s
explanation.
A. But
B. Whatever
C. Except
D. despite
E. Although (contrastive + clause)

LATIHAN SOAL-SOAL
1. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ….. he or she want.
A. whatever is it
B. whatever
C. that
D. whatever that

2. The problem is that e-mails, … method for communicating, are not really optimal for making
unsolicited approach.
A. what an extremely useful
B. which an extremely useful
C. when an extremely useful
D. while an extremely useful

3. … is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth.

A. It is calcium
B. That calcium
C. Calcium
D. Although calcium

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4. After seeing the movie Jurrasic Park, …
A. the book was read by many people
B. the book made many people wnt to read it
C. many people wanted to read the book
D. the reading of the book interested many people

5. The artificial flower ... from paper was sold in the market
A. Which made
B. Was made
C. Made
D. It was made

6. .... to buy a house, she rented a small room near her office.
A. Being unable
B. Be unable
C. Having unable
D. Because unable

7. Children _____go to school wear the compulsory school uniform most of the day.
A. What
B. Whose
C. Who
D. Whom

8. They planted longans, lychees and baby corn,_____are harvested locally but at different periods.
A. All of them
B. All of which
C. All of it
D. All of whom

9. The knee is the joint __________the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
A. when
B. where
C. why
D. which

10. The year 1732 saw the first appearance of Poor Richard's Almanac, ________ Benjamin Franklin
created the character of Poor Richard.
A. there
B. in which
C. in it
D. which in

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11. Genes control all of the physical …… we inherit.
A. that traits
B. that are traits
C. traits that
D. traits are that

12. Prior to the discovery of anesthetics in 1846, surgery was done _____ was still conscious.
A. while the patient
B. the patient felt
C. during the patient’s
D. while patiently

13. A yacht is steered with a rudder, … the flow of water that passes the hull.
A. which deflecting
B. deflects
C. it deflects
D. which deflects

14. The drastic decline of the beaver helps to illustrate what _____ to the ecosystems of the North
American continent.
A. happening
B. the happening
C. has happened
D. about happening

15. Yeast is an organic catalyst _____ known to prehistoric humanity.

A. was
B. which was
C. which it
D. which

16. In 1934, chemist Wallace Carothers produced a plastic which _____ nylon.
A. his call
B. he called
C. to call him
D. calling

17. The main competition comes from China and the Philippine, who’s products are cheaper
A B C
although they are of lower quality.
D

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