Lubricants Storage & Handling Guidelines ....................................................................................

②
Sitting the lubricants store ..............................................................................................................②
Outdoor storage ..............................................................................................................................②
Stacking drums ...............................................................................................................................③
Bulk storage ....................................................................................................................................③
Handling drums ..............................................................................................................................③
Storage of grease.............................................................................................................................④
Sampling .........................................................................................................................................④
Health & Safety ..............................................................................................................................⑤
API Engine Oil Service Classifications ..........................................................................................⑥
Gasoline Engine Oils ..........................................................................................................................⑥
Summary of obsolete Gasoline Engine Oil Service Categories ..........................................................⑥
API Engine Oil Service Classifications ..............................................................................................⑦
Diesel Engine Oils ..........................................................................................................................⑦
Summary of obsolete Diesel Engine Oil Service Categories ..........................................................⑦
API Automotive Gear Lubricant Specifications .................................................................................⑧
API Service Classifications ............................................................................................................⑧
API GL-1 ............................................................................................................................................⑧
API GL-2 ............................................................................................................................................⑧
API GL-3 ............................................................................................................................................⑧
API GL-4 ............................................................................................................................................⑧
API GL-5 ............................................................................................................................................⑧
API GL-6 (Obsolete) ..........................................................................................................................⑧
API MT-1 ...........................................................................................................................................⑧
Summary of Some Commonly Used DIN Specifications ...............................................................⑨
DIN 51501 ..........................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51503 ..........................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51506 ..........................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51515 Part 1................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51517 Part 2................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51517 Part 3................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51522 ..........................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51524 Part 1................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51524 Part 2................................................................................................................................⑨
DIN 51593 ..........................................................................................................................................⑩
DIN 51534 Part 2................................................................................................................................⑩
Automotive Lubricant Viscosity Grades.............................................................................................⑩
a
SAE VISCOSITY GRADES FOR ENGINE OIL S – SAE J300 – APR 1997 ...........................⑩
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS...........................................................⑪
(Intended for Axle and Manual Transmission Applications)..............................................................⑪
AGMA Specifications for Gear Lubricants ........................................................................................⑪
AGMA Viscosity Grades for Enclosed Gearing .............................................................................⑪
Approximate Comparison of Different Viscosity Scales................................................................⑫
Viscosity System for Industrial Lubricants.........................................................................................⑬
ISO Viscosity Grade .......................................................................................................................⑬
Grease Classifications.....................................................................................................................⑬
A Guide to Grease Compatibility ...................................................................................................⑭
The SI System of Units .......................................................................................................................⑭
Basic SI units ......................................................................................................................................⑭
Some derived SI units .........................................................................................................................⑭
Some preferred SI terms derived from basic units ..............................................................................⑮
Conversion Factors .............................................................................................................................⑯
Exact values are printed in bold type ..................................................................................................⑯
API Gravities and Densities................................................................................................................⑰

①
 Temperature Conversion Chart...........................................................................................................⑰

Lubricants Storage & Handling Guidelines

The quality of Shell Lubricants leaving the refinery or blending plant is closely monitored and
controlled.
Stringent care is taken in manufacture, in packing and in transportation to ensure that the products are
free from contaminants, and fully meet or exceed their stated specifications.
However, once the lubricants leave the care of Shell or its agents, their continuing fitness for use may
depend on the quality of subsequent storage or handling procedures.
This section of the Shell Lubricants Handbook provides storage and handling guidelines for
maintaining Shell Lubricants in the good, clean condition essential for effective services.

Sitting the lubricants store

Ideally lubricants should be stored under cover at a reasonably constant, moderate temperature .In
practice, this may not be possible and the lubricant store may have to be at least partly outdoors.
However, whether it is outdoors or under cover, the store should be sited to provide:
Good access for delivery vehicles
Plenty of vehicle unloading room
Properly equipped unloading dock with direct access to the oil store
Clean dust-free conditions for unsealing and dispensing
Easy distribution to the principal points of use
Simple inventory control and at-a-glance check on the condition of containers and packs
Space for empty drums, packages and returnable containers

Outdoor storage
If protected from extremes of temperature and from ingress of water, most lubricants are unaffected by
climatic conditions and may be stored outdoors for limited periods.
However, if temperatures below zero are anticipated, protection should be given to lubricants, which
are sensitive to the effects of frost (e.g. oil/water emulsions or water extended fluids).
The following products should never be stored in the open:
Insulating oils
Refrigerator oils
While and medicinal oils
Aerosol oils and compounds
Greases
Neat cutting oils containing fatty oils or compounds, which can solidify and separate when very cold.
It is also preferable for packaged lubricants to be opened under cover. The risk of contamination is
greatly increased when lubricants are decanted or dispensed outdoors. Condensation or water ingress is
more likely when a drum is only part full.
Oil drums standing in the open suffer variations in temperature, and corresponding variations in
internal pressure. This leads to ‘breathing’ where there is a leaking seal, with moisture liable to be
drawn in –particularly if the drum is standing bung-up, for the top of the drum forms a rain trap.
Water on top of the drum can also cause rusting, and the obliteration of markings, which could result in
the wrong oil being used.
For these reasons, drums should be stored tilted, on their side, or bungs-down. The bungs of tilted or
horizontal drums should be at the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions, to help ensure the gaskets are kept
in contact with the oil in the drum. In every case, drums should be stored off the ground on stillages or
in racks, well clear of surface water. They must never stand directly on a surface containing corrosive
clinker.
Regular examination should be made for signs of corrosion, for obscuring of identification marks, and
for evidence of weakening seams or seals.

Special care also is taken with the storage of smaller packages such as pails. These are not designed to
withstand severe weather .If outdoor storage is unavoidable; they should be placed under cover on
stillages, or protected from rain by tarpaulins while ensuring the free circulation of air.
Indoor storage

②
Indoor storage is always preferable .However, if space is limited, it should be reserved for small
packages, for lubricants, which can be affected by frost, for opened packages, and for the special
categories listed earlier under Outdoor Storage.
Rarely will indoor temperature fall as low as to affect a lubricant adversely. However, excessive local
heat from steam pipes, furnaces, etc. should be avoided to prevent thermal degradation or volatilization
of solvent containing grades.
(Note: In many cases, insurance requirements or local fire regulations necessitate separate storage
facilities for volatile products.)
If one part of the store is warm, it should be reserved for high viscosity (thick)oils to make dispensing
easier .The lubricants store should be kept dry at all times ,to prevent the corrosion of containers which
would occur in damp conditions .

Stacking drums
If space is insufficient to allow drums to be stored on horizontal spillages, they may be vertically
stacked on pallets or stored in horizontal or sloping racks.
Whichever method is adopted it should allow individual packages to be readily accessible with the
minimum of disturbance to those not immediately required .A system of stock rotation must be advised
to avoid the accumulation of old stock.' First-in, first-out’ is a good principle to establish.
When other packages are freely stacked on top of one another, the safe height varies according to the
stability of the stack and the weight which the lower packages can support .The use of pallets or slatted
frames stabilizes the stack and helps prevent damages to the lower layers.
Steel racks offer greater convenience for loading, retrieval, inventory control and stock rotation .The
sloping rack with one side for loading and the other (lower) side for retrieval, is an effective means of
ensuring ‘first-in, first-out’ drum movement.

Bulk storage
Bulk lubricants storage tanks should ideally be sited indoors, but they can be in the open if protected
from driving rain and snow and from extremes of temperature.
All tanks fill pipes and off take pipes must be labeled with the full grade mane of the product they
contain, to avoid crossovers when delivering or dispensing.
Mild steel tanks require special adoption types of products. Tanks for electrical and refrigerator oils are
generally lined with epoxy resin and their air vents protected with silica-gel breathers to remove
moisture.
White oils may require epoxy resin treated or stainless steel tankage to maintain quality and good color.
Tanks without silica-gel breathers can slowly accumulate water as atmospheric moisture condenses on
relatively cold tank walls, even when sited indoors. Water should be periodically drained from a
stopcock positioned so that it is at the lowest point on the tank. Normally tanks are erected such that a
1-in-10 slope towards the drain cock reduces the risk of contaminated oil being dispensed. With some
grades, excessive water ingress can result in full or partial emulsification of the product.

Handling drums
The standard 209-litre drum weighs about 185 kg when filled with oil .It is strong, being designed to be
re-used several times, but is readily damaged by bad handling.
Drums must never be dropped when being unloaded or moved .The impact can burst the seams,
causing subsequent leaking or contamination of the contents.
Incorrect manual handling of drums can result in accident and personal injury. Wherever possible,
avoid manual handling and use appropriate drum handling equipment. There are many suitable
methods of handling drums, but the most widely accepted are:
Forklift truck (either horizontally on the standard fork, or vertically with a single or four-drum handling
attachment)
Two-wheel hand truck

Triangular drum dolly

Manual elevator
Manual side-delivery stacker
Chain hoist and trolley on ‘I-Beam’ bridge
Rolling (by two workers)

③
Storage of grease
Drums containing soft grease should be stood upright .The standard 180-kg grease drum has a large
opening, the seal of which is readily damaged by careless handling. This may lead to the leaking of soft
grease from a horizontally stored barrel.
Once opened, all grease containers should be stored with lids in place to avoid contamination, which
may lead to operational difficulties.
Good storekeeping
New packages should be wiped clean around the bungs, the labeling checked, and any marked variation
from the product’s normal color, smell or consistency reported .If there is any reason to doubt the good
condition of a lubricant, the tank or packages concerned should be quarantined to isolate the problem
and your Shell Representative consulted for advice.
Lubricants must only be dispensed from clean, dedicated containers. Never be tempted to use ad-hoc
oil measures.
Covered receptacles should be provided for clean lint-free wipes and for dirty wipes.
A drip tray should be positioned beneath each drum top. Split oil can cause accidents and should be
cleaned up immediately. Sawdust is effective, but representatives a fire hazard and should be removed
as soon as it becomes oily. Crystalline materials are available as a substitute for sawdust, but can leave
gritty debris on the floor, which, while usefully antis lip, may provide a source of contamination.
Measuring cans with easy pour spouts allow the issue of oil to be recorded. Records should be accurate
and complete, with the full type and grade of each lubricant noted. Abnormalities in the amounts of a
particular lubricant issued should be investigated.
Grease guns should be filled cleanly and carefully, for grease acts as an abrasive when mixed with dust
or dirt.
When empty, lubricant containers should have their bungs or lids security replaced to prevent
contamination.
Never re-use empty lubricants packages. Cases have been known of waste oil, other lubricants,
chemicals, fuels and even water being stored in empty lubricant packages and being inadvertently used
in place of the service lubricant. Results can be dangerous, and sometimes catastrophic.
Empty drums should not be used for road barriers or for supporting scaffold poles or trestles. It is
especially important not to use barrels for brazing or welding trestles, or to cut them up with oxy-
acetylene equipment, because of the risk of explosion.

Sampling
Samples of lubricants are sometimes required for analysis .After the drum has been rolled to agitate the
content , a metal or glass sampling tube , or ‘thief’ is used to withdraw a sample .To obtain meaningful
data , samples must be fully representative and free from external contamination. It is also important to
ensure accurate and correct labeling .It is essential that both the ‘thief’ and the container into which the
lubricant samples is poured are absolutely clean, dry and odor free.
Whenever possible, use only properly designed sample bottles and labels available from your Shell
Representative.
Contamination in Use
Lubricants and cutting oils must periodically be drained from the machine and replaced by fresh oils or
coolant.
Some used oils. Particularly in less arduous applications, can be reclaimed for future use via settling,
centrifuging, water washing or filtration. Your Shell Representative will advise on the appropriate
treatment. Cutting oils are especially liable to contamination in use .For example; oil films on the
surface of an emulsion may indicate a leaking gearbox or hydraulic system.

When a soluble oil is prepared for use, the oil must be added to the water in the recommended amount,
with consistent stirring to form a stable emulsion .Water must never be added to the oil, as unstable or
invert emulsion may result .The water must be clean, and mixing should take place in a clean separate
tank rather than in the machines sump.
It should be noted that a new emulsion rapidly deteriorates if added to one already contaminated,
bacteria-infected or unstable. Unpleasant odors or rusting is indicators of bacteriological or chemical
degradation .Clean coolant must be used in a clean sump and circulation system for efficient operation.
Fire precautions
Packaged lubricating oil and grease does not represent a serious fire hazard. However, most lubricants
have the potential for combustion and explosion in certain circumstances .The hazard is mainly related
to the flash point of the product.

④
Lubricants with a flash point less than 55 C should be stored in closed containers away from heat in a
well-ventilated place. When the product is used in an open tank, the latter should be well hooded, well
ventilated and earthed to prevent static sparks .When not in use, the tank should be lightly covered.
Products with a flash point of 55 C or greater, generally require no special fire precaution, but should
be stored away from heat whenever possible.
Lubricating oil is potentially dangerous in conjunction with more flammable materials. Oil-soaked
sawdust, rags or cleaning paper must not be allowed to accumulate .if soaked with fatty oils they can
ignite simply by, for example, coming into contact with a high temperature steam pipe.
Oil stores must be equipped with CO 2, dry chemical or foam type extinguishers, and with sand filled
fire buckets .Water should not be used for suppressing fires, as the burning lubricant may float on the
surface and spread the fire .Staff should be well trained on selection and use of the correct types of
extinguishers.
Lubricants stores should be designated ‘No Smoking’ areas
Waste oil disposal
Waste oils are subjected to re-use or destruction largely according to economic factors and operational
needs.
Re-use may follow re-refining, laundering (e.g. by filtering or centrifuging) or downgrading (e.g. for
use as a bitumen flux oil); or in certain cases as a fuel oil.
When waste oil is too heavily contaminated to allow re-use, the only courses are incineration after
suitable pre-treatment or disposal by controlled dumping on an approved site in accordance with
environmental legislation.
Used cutting oils, both neat and soluble, are often affected by additional disposal factors, and special
procedures should be followed after consultation with your Shell Representative.
Deliveries
All deliveries should be surprised by a responsible person to ensure that the correct quantity and grade
of lubricant is off-loaded or discharged .With bulk lubricants, it is essential that the correct grade is
stored in the right tank ,so supervision and tank age labeling are essential.
Deliveries ticket should be signed by customers to verify that the correct grade and quantity have been
received.

Health & Safety

Shell lubricants present little or no health hazard provided. They are used correctly in the
recommended applications, and reasonable. Care is taken to keep them off the skin and away from the
eyes, and to avoid ingestion on inhalation of vapors or mists. Specific health and safety instructions for
each Shell grade are given on a covering Product Safety Data Sheet, available from your Shell
Representative.
Frequent and prolonged contact with mineral oils can give rise to skin ailments, and Operatives are
advised to follow the basic general Health & Safety precautions listed below:
Wear working overalls, impermeable aprons and gloves, etc. to eliminate unnecessary contact with oil.
Wear protective gloves and safety shoes or boots when handling drums and packages.
Avoid using dirty rags to wipe skin.
Seek first-aid treatment immediately for any injury, however slight and report any skin compliant
immediately.
Know where to obtain first-aid advice and medical attention.
Wash regularly and use non-hazardous cleaners, barrier and conditioning creams.

Change and dry-clean work clothes regularly.

Never keep oily in overall pockets.
Use, if possible, separate lockers for outdoor and working clothes.
Ensure the arrangements for the extraction of fine mists and sprays are in proper working order, and
used correctly.
Ensure that metal particles and swarf are removed from machines with suitable implements rather than
by hand.
Ensure machine splash guards and machine protection devices are properly adjusted at all times.
Never keep oily wipes in overall pockets.
Use, if possible, separate lockers for outdoor and working clothes.
Ensure the arrangements for the extraction of fine mists and sprays are in proper working order, and
used correctly.
Ensure that metal particles and swarf are removed from machines with suitable implements rather than
by hand.
Ensure machine splash guards and machine protection devices are properly adjusted at all times.

⑤
Ensure that the hazardous substance markings on packages which identify toxic, harmful or
inflammable products are understood and obeyed when storing, transporting or using the product.
Be fully familiar with emergency measures.
Clear up spillage immediately using appropriate means.
Observe all safety, hygiene and ‘good house-keeping ‘rules at all times.
API Engine Oil Service Classifications
Gasoline Engine Oils
API Letter
API Engine Service Description
Designation
SH 1994 Gasoline Engine Warranty Maintenance Service
API Service Category SH was adopted in 1992 for use in describing engine oil first
mandated in 1993.
This oil was for use in service typical of gasoline in current and earlier passenger
car, van, and light-truck operation under vehicle manufacturers ‘recommended
maintenance procedures.
Engine oils developed for this Category provide performance exceeding the
minimum requirements for API Service Category SG, which Service Category SH
was intended to replace ,in the areas of deposit control ,oil oxidation ,wear, rust ,and
corrosion and must meet the engine protection sequence test requirements of DOD
CID –A-A-52039 and ILSAC GF-1.
Engine oils that meet the API Service Category SH designation have been tested in
accordance with the SMA Code, and may be used where API Service Category SG
and earlier Categories have been recommended.
Engine oils that meet these requirements may display API Service Category SH in
the upper portion of the API Service Symbol.

SJ 1997 Gasoline Engine Warranty Maintenance Service

API Service Category SJ was adopted for use in describing engine oils available in
1996.These oils are for use in service typical of gasoline engines in current and
earlier passenger car ,sport utility vehicle , van ,and light truck operations under
vehicle manufacturers ‘ recommended maintenance procedures .
Engine oils that meet these requirements may display API Service Category SH in
the upper portion of the API Service Symbol.
Note: ILSAC GF-2 and API SJ differs from GF-1 and API SH in that it has additional foam inhibition
and water compatibility requirements ,lighter volatility requirements, a lower maximum phosphorus
limit and SAE Viscosity Grade tiered fuel efficiency requirement.

Summary of obsolete Gasoline Engine Oil Service Categories

API Service Categories Previous API Service Categories
SA ML
SB MM
SC MS(1964)
SD MS(1968)
SE NONE
SF NONE
SG NONE

⑥
API Engine Oil Service Classifications
Diesel Engine Oils
API Letter API Engine Service Description
Designation
CF-4 Diesel Engine Service
API Service Category CF-4 describes oils for use in high-speed ,four-stroke cycle
diesel engines.CF-4 oils exceed the requirement of Service Category CE and are
designed to replace CE oils, and provide improved control of consumption and
piston deposits.CF-4 oils may be used in place of CC and CD oils .They are
particularly suited for on-highway, heavy-duty truck applications.
CF-2 Two-Stroke Diesel Engine Service
API Service Category CF-2 denotes service typical of two-stroke cycle engines
requiring highly effective control over cylinder and ring-face scuffing and deposit.
CF For Off-Road Indirect Injected Diesel Engine Service
API Service Category CF denotes service typical of off-road indirect injected diesel
engines and other diesel engines that use a broad range of fuel types including those
using fuel with higher sulphur contents ,for example over 0.5% weight .Effective
control of piston deposits ,wear ,and corrosion of copper-containing bearings is
essential for these engines , which may be naturally-aspirated ,turbocharged ,or
supercharged .Engines oils that meet the API Service Category CF designation have
been tested in accordance with the CMA Codes .
CG-4 For Severe Duty Diesel Engine Service
API Service Category CG-4 describes oils for use in high-speed ,four-stroke cycle
diesel engines used in highway and off-road applications where the fuel sulphur
content may vary from less than 0.05 % weight to less than 0.5% weight . CG-4 oils
provide effective control over high temperature piston deposits, wear, corrosion,
foaming, oxidation, and soat accumulation. These oils are especially effective in
engines requiring API Service Categories CD, CE and CF-4.Engine oils that meet
the API Service Category CG-4 designation have been tested in accordance with the
CMA Code.

Summary of obsolete Diesel Engine Oil Service Categories

API Service Categories Previous API Service Categories
CA DG
CB DM
CC DM
CD DS
CD-II NONE
CE NONE

⑦
API Automotive Gear Lubricant Specifications
API Service Classifications
The most important internationally accepted system defining automotive gear oil performance
characteristics is laid down by the American Petroleum Institute (API).

API GL-1
Designates the type of service characteristics of automotive spiral-bevel and worm gear axle more
manually operated transmissions operating under such mild conditions of low unit pressures and sliding
velocities that a non-additive mineral oil can be used satisfactorily .Oxidation and rust inhibitors, anti-
foam additives and pour point depressants may be utilized to improve the characteristics of lubricant
for this service .Does not contain friction modifiers and extreme-pressure agents.

API GL-2
Designates the type of service characteristics of automotive-type worm gear axles operating under such
conditions of load, temperatures, and sliding velocities that lubricants satisfying API GL-1 service will
not suffice .Products suited for this type of service contain anti-wear or very mild extreme-pressure
agents which provide protection for worm gears.

API GL-3
Designates the type of service characteristics of manual transmission and spiral-bevel axles operating
under moderately severe conditions of speed and load .These service conditions require a lubricant
having load carrying capacity greater than that which will satisfy API GL-1 service ,but below the
requirements of lubricants satisfying API GL-4 service.
Lubricants designated for this service typically contain additives which are active at the tooth surface at
the temperatures resulting from high-speed or load.

API GL-4
Designates the type of service characteristics of gears in manual transmissions and spiral bevel and
hypoid gears in moderate service, in passenger cars and other automotive-type equipment operated
under high-speed /low-torque and low-speed/high-torque condition.

API GL-5
Designates the type of service characteristics of gears particularly hypoid, in passenger cars and other
automotive equipment operated under high-speed/shock-load ,high-speed/low-torque , and low-speed
/high-torque conditions .Equivalent to MIL-L-2105D ,this category is mainly applicable to axles but
may also be used for certain manual transmissions.

API GL-6 (Obsolete)

This is obsolete classification .The equipment required for the test procedure to verify lubricant
performance is no longer available.
The type of service designated by API GL-6 is characteristic of gears, specifically high offset hypoid
gears in passenger cars and other automotive equipment operated under high-speed high-performance
conditions.

API MT-1
This category defines a gear lubricant for heavy-duty manual transmissions which has thermal stability,
high temperature cyclic durability and a copper compatibility level exceeding API GL 1 through GL-
5.Gear lubricants in this category typically meet the service requirements of non-synchronized manual
transmissions in heavy-duty trucks and in buses.

⑧
Summary of Some Commonly Used DIN Specifications
DIN 51501
This standard describes straight oils intended for total loss lubrication systems and other non-critical
applications. The range covers 11 oils with viscosities from 5 to 680 mm2/s at 40C.The oils meeting
this standard are classified L-AN.

DIN 51503
DIN 51503 sets out requirements for refrigerator oils in refrigerator compressors which use ammonia
or halogenated hydrocarbons e.g.R12, R22 and R14 as the refrigerant .Oils referred to in this standard
are used for cooling and lubricating refrigerator compressors and are exposed to liquid and gaseous
refrigerants .The oils are classified into 2 groups depending on the refrigerants .KA oils are used for
compressors with ammonia and are oils with viscosities from 15 to 68 mm2/s at 40 C. For compressors
using halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant oils are classified KC and have a viscosity range from 22 to
100 mm2/s at 40 C.

DIN 51506
This standard covers a range of 5 classes of straight mineral and oxidation inhibited additive type oils
for use in reciprocating air compressors operating at different air discharge temperatures. The oils are
classified VB and VB-L (maximum compression temperatures up to 140 C); VC and VC-L (maximum
compression temperatures up to 220 C or 160 C in systems including a reservoir) and VD-L (maximum
compression temperature up to 220 C).

DIN 51515 Part 1

Lubricating oils for which this standard sets minimum requirements are used in steam turbines, gas
turbines, electrical machines and in steam turbine driven machines such as generators, compressors and
pumps. Oils in this standard are classified TD and range in viscosity from 32 to 100 mm2/s at 40 C.

DIN 51517 Part 2

DIN 51517 Part 2 sets minimum requirements for lubricating oils utilized as machine and bearing oils
and as gear lubricants, which contain additives for improving corrosion protection and resistance to
oxidation .These oils are given the classification CL and the viscosities encompassed by this standard
range from 5 to 460 mm2/s at 40 C.

DIN 51517 Part 3

The DIN 51517 Part 3 type CLP classification covers a range of 8 high performance extreme-pressure
(EP) gear oils having an FZG performance level of 12 stages passed in the DIN 51354 Part 2 method.
The viscosities encompassed by this standard range from 46 to 680 mm2/s at 40 C.

DIN 51522
This standard lays down requirements and testing procedures for unused mineral oils and related
hydrocarbon based heat transfer oils used as heat transfer media. These oils are given the designation
Q.
DIN 51524 Part 1
DIN 51524 Part 1 is a standard, which lays down minimum requirements for hydraulic oils, which are
able to withstand high thermal stress and contain ingredients, which improve corrosion protection and
resistance to oxidation. Oils described by this standard have a viscosity range from 10 to 100 mm2/s at
40 C and are given the designation HL.

DIN 51524 Part 2

Minimum requirements are laid down in this standard for hydraulic oils which meet all the
requirements of DIN 51524 Part 1 and in addition contain additives to meet a high level of anti-wear
performance in specified tests. These oils are given the designation HLP and have a viscosity range
from 10 to 100 mm2/s at 40C.

⑨
DIN 51593
This standard describes a test method for determining the stability of refrigerator oils in the presence of
refrigerators. Refrigerators such as halogenated hydrocarbons and sulphur dioxide may react with oil
and this can lead to the formation of acid reaction products. Using this standard to determine the
refrigerant resistance sets criteria for judging the chemical behavior of oils in refrigerators .The
refrigerant resistance of oil is measured as the time elapsing under the test conditions before the
formation of the first reaction products. This test is also known as the Philips Test.

DIN 51534 Part 2

This method is intended to assess the relative load carrying abilities of oils used to lubricate gear sets
with steel-on-steel contact .The FZG gear test rig is used ,in which special gear wheels are lubricated
by the oil under test at a constant speed for a predetermined period in a dip lubrication system. The
initial oil temperature is controlled and the loading of the gear teeth increased in stages .During the
running time of each load stage, the gear teeth flanks are inspected for damage and compared against
standard ratings.

Automotive Lubricant Viscosity Grades

SAE VISCOSITY GRADES FOR ENGINE OIL S a – SAE J300 – APR 1997
0C High Temperature Viscosities
Low Temperature
d e
Kinematic High-Shear
SAE Pumping
c Approximate
Cranking
b Viscosity Viscosity (cP)
Viscosity Viscosity Equivalent
Viscosity (cSt) at 150
0C
Grade cP Max. with 0C
ISO Rating
cP Max. at 100 and 10 s
6 1
No Yield Stress
Min. Max. Min.
0W 3250 at – 30C 60,000 at-40C 3.8 - - 15-22
5W 3500 at – 25C 60,000 at-35C 3.8 - - 22
10W 3500 at – 20C 60,000 at-30C 4.1 - - 22-32
15W 3500 at – 15C 60,000 at-25C 5.6 - - 32-46
20W 4500 at – 10C 60,000 at-20C 5.6 - - 46-68
25W 6000 at - 5C 60,000 at-15C 9.3 - - 100
20 - - 5.6 <9.3 2.6 46-68
30 - - 9.3 <12.5 2.9 100
2.9
- - 12.5 <16.3
40 0W-40,5W-40, 150
10W-40
3.7
40 - - 12.5 <16.3
15w-40,20w-40, 150
- -
25w-40, 40
50 - - 16.3 <21.9 3.7 220
60 - - 21.9 <26.1 3.7 320
Some Oil Companies market 70 grade motor oils. This is a non –SAE grade use to denote
70
oils with a viscosity higher than SAE60

Note: 1 cP = 1 mPa-s; 1cSt = 1 mm2/s

a All above values are critical specifications as defined by ASTM D 3244
b ASTM D 5293
c ASTM D 4684
Note that all the presence of any yield stress detectable by this method constitute a failure regardless of
viscosity.
d ASTM D 445
e ASTM D 4683 , ASTM D 4741 , CEC L-36-A-90

⑩
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS
(Intended for Axle and Manual Transmission Applications)

SAE J306
70W 75W 80W 85W 80 85 90 140 250
Viscosity Grade
Viscosity Min.
4.1 4.1 7 11.0 7 11 13.5 24.0 41.0
@ (cSt)
1000 C a Max.
NR NR NR NR <11 <13.5 <24 <41 NR
(cSt)
Max. Temp. for
Vis. of -55 -40 -26 -22 NR NR NR NR NR
150,000 cP, C(b)
Approximately
100- 46- 150- 320-
Equivalent ISO 22-32 22-46 46-100 100 1000
150 100 320 680
Grading

Notes:
NR: No Requirement
(a) Viscosities determined by ASTM D 445 procedure
(b) Viscosities determined by ASTM D 2983 procedure
Limit must be met after testing in CEC L -45-T-93 (20 hours)

AGMA Specifications for Gear Lubricants

The American Gear Manufacturers Association ( AGMA ) have issued specifications and
recommendations for gear lubricants used in various types of gear application.AGMA Standard 250.04
details specifications for rust and oxidation inhibited (R and O ) and extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants
used in enclosed gear drives.
The viscosity brackets correspond to those given in ASTM D 2422 ‘Standard Recommended Practice
for Viscosity System for Industrial Fluid Lubricants.’

AGMA Viscosity Grades for Enclosed Gearing

Viscosity Limits of Corresponding ISO
AGMA Lubricant No.
Former AGMA Classifications SUS at 100 F Viscosity Grade
1 193 – 235 46
2,2 EP 284 – 347 68
3,3 EP 417 – 510 100
4,4 EP 626 – 765 150
5,5 EP 918 – 1122 220
6,6 EP 1335 – 1632 320
7 Comp, 7 EP 1919 – 2346 460
8 Comp, 8 EP 2837 – 3467 680
8A Comp 4171 – 5098 1000
Oils marked ‘comp’ are compounded with 3 to 10% fatty material.
The AGMA Standard 251.02 details specifications for three types of open gear lubricants-rust and
oxidation inhibited (R and 0), extreme-pressure (EP) and residual type gear oils. In this case, the
viscosity brackets for the higher viscosity grades are measured at 100 C.

⑪
Approximate Comparison of Different Viscosity Scales
The following table is for the conversation of viscosities in one system to those in another system at the
same temperature.

Kinematic Redwood Saybolt Kinematic Redwood Saybolt

Engler Engler
Viscosity No.1 Universal Viscosity No.1 Universal
Degrees Degrees
cSt seconds seconds cSt seconds seconds

1.0 1.0 28.5 - 20.0 2.9 86 97.5

1.5 1.06 30 - 20.5 2.95 88 99.6
2.0 1.12 31 32.6 21.0 3.0 90 101.7
2.5 1.17 32 34.4 21.5 3.05 92 103.9
3.0 1.22 33 36.0 22.0 3.1 93 106.0
3.5 1.16 34.5 37.6 22.5 3.15 95 108.2
4.0 1.30 35.5 39.1 23.0 3.2 97 110.3
4.5 1.35 37 40.7 23.5 3.3 99 112.4
5.0 1.40 38 42.3 24.0 3.35 101 114.6
*5.5 1.44 39.5 43.9 24.5 3.4 103 116.8
*6.0 1.48 41 45.5 25.0 3.45 105 118.9
*6.5 1.52 42 47.1 26.0 3.6 109 123.2
*7.0 1.56 43.5 48.7 27.0 3.7 113 127.7
*7.5 1.60 45 50.3 28.0 3.85 117 132.1
*8.0 1.65 46 52.0 29.0 3.95 121 136.5
*8.5 1.70 47.5 53.7 30.0 4.1 125 140.9
*9.0 1.75 49 55.4 31.0 4.2 129 145.3
*9.5 1.79 50.5 57.1 32.0 4.35 133 140.7
10.0 1.83 52 58.8 33.0 4.45 136 154.2
10.2 1.85 52.5 59.5 34.0 4.6 140 158.7
10.4 1.87 53 60.2 35.0 4.7 144 163.2
10.6 1.89 53.5 60.9 36.0 4.85 148 167.7
10.8 1.91 54.5 61.6 37.0 4.95 152 172.2
11.0 1.93 55 62.3 38.0 5.1 156 176.7
11.4 1.97 56 63.7 39.0 5.2 160 181.2
11.8 2.00 57.5 65.2 40.0 5.35 164 185.7
12.2 2.04 59 66.6 41.0 5.45 168 190.2
12.6 2.08 60 68.1 42.0 5.6 172 194.7
13.0 2.12 61 69.6 43.0 5.75 177 199.2
13.5 2.17 63 71.5 44.0 5.85 181 203.8
14.0 2.22 64.5 73.4 45.0 6.0 185 208.4
14.5 2.27 66 75.3 46.0 6.1 189 213.0
15.0 2.32 68 77.2 47.0 6.25 193 217.6
15.5 2.38 70 79.2 48.0 6.45 197 222.2
16.0 2.43 71.5 81.1 49.0 6.5 201 226.8
16.5 2.5 73 83.1 50.0 6.65 205 231.4
17.0 2.55 75 85.1 52.0 6.9 213 240.6
17.5 2.6 77 87.1 54.0 7.1 221 249.6
18.0 2.65 78.5 89.2 56.0 7.4 229 259.0
18.5 2.7 80 91.2 58.0 7.65 237 268.2
19.0 2.75 82 93.3 60.0 7.9 245 277.4
19.5 2.8 84 95.4 70.0 9.2 285 323.4
For higher viscosities, the following factors should be used.
Kinematic = 0.247 Redwood Saybolt = 35.11 Engler
Engler = 0.132 Kinematic Engler = 0.0326 Redwood
Redwood = 4.05 Kinematc Saybolt = 1.14 Redwood
Saybolt = 4.62 Kinematic Kinemaic = 0.216 Saybolt
Kinematic = 7.58 Engler Engler = 0.0285 Saybolt
Redwood = 30.7 Engler Redwood = 0.887 Saybolt

⑫
Note: The first part of the table mark with an * should only be used for the conversation of
Kinematic viscosities into Engler, Redwood .They should not be used for conversation of Engler,
Redwood or Saybolt into Kinematic viscosities.

Viscosity System for Industrial Lubricants

ISO Viscosity Grade

ISO Viscosity Grade Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity CSt Dynamic Viscosity

as in DIN 51519 Grade number at 20 0 C at 40 0 C at 50 0 C CSt @ 40 0 C
ISO VG 2 2 3.3 2.2 1.3 2
ISO VG 3 3 5 3.2 2.7 2.9
ISO VG 5 5 8 4.6 3.7 4.1
ISO VG 7 7 13 6.8 5.2 6.2
ISO VG 10 10 21 10 7 9.1
ISO VG 15 15 34 15 11 13.5
ISO VG 22 22 - 22 15 18
ISO VG 32 32 - 32 20 29
ISO VG 46 46 - 46 30 42
ISO VG 68 68 - 68 40 61
ISO VG 100 100 - 100 60 90
ISO VG 150 150 - 150 90 135
ISO VG 220 220 - 220 130 200
ISO VG 320 320 - 320 180 290
ISO VG 460 460 - 460 250 415
ISO VG 680 680 - 680 360 620
ISO VG 1000 1000 - 1000 510 900
ISO VG 1500 1500 - 1500 740 1350

Grease Classifications
NLGI GREASE CONSISTENCY CLASSIFICATIN
The commonly used grease consistency classification is that established in the USA many years ago by
the National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI).This classifies greases solely in terms of their
hardness or softness; no other property or performance level is taken into consideration.
The classification consists of a series of consistency ranges, each of which is defined by a number (or
numbers) 000 to 6.The consistency ,is defined by the distance in tenth of a millimeter ,that a standard
cone penetrates a sample of the grease under standard conditions of 25 C .This system is used to
classify Shell industrial grease .

NLGL Consistency number (as in Worked Penetration measured as described in ISO2137

DIN51818) expressed in 0.1 mm units
000 445-475
00 400-430
0 355-385
1 310-340
2 265-295
3 220-250
4 175-205
5 130-160
6 85-115

⑬
A Guide to Grease Compatibility
Al.Co Ba Ca Ca12 Cl.Co Clay Na Li 12 Li Co Poly
Aluminum
X I I I I I I B B B
Complex
Barium I X I I I I I I I I

Calcium I I X C B I I C B I
Calcium12
I I C X B I I C B I
Hydroxy
Calcium
I I B B X I I B B B
Complex
Clay
I I I I I X I I I I
(Benton)
Sodium I I I I I I X I I I
Lithium12
B I C C B I I X C B
Hydroxy
Lithium
B I B B B I I C X B
Complex
Polyurea B I I I B I I B B X

B Borderline Compatibility
C Compatible 
I Incompatible
The above is provided as a guide only and does not in anyway indicate comparable performance if
different grease technologies. Please contact your Shell Representative for further advice on grease
compatibility and selection.

The SI System of Units

Basic SI units
Quantity Name of unit Unit symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electrical current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature* Kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
*Use is also made of Celsius temperature, ° C Temperature °C = K-273-15

Some derived SI units

Physical quantity SI unit Unit symbol
force Newton N=kg m/s2
Pressure, stress Pascal Pa=N/m2
Work, energy Joule J=Nm
Power Watt W=J/s
Electric charge Coulomb C=A/s
Electric potential Volt V=J/C
Electric Capacitance Farad F=C/V
Electric resistance Ohm Ω=V/A
Frequency Hertz Hz=s-1

⑭
 Electric conductance Siemens S=V -1
Magnetic flux Weber Wb=Vs

Some preferred SI terms derived from basic units

Physical quantity SI unit Unit symbol

Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3
Density(mass density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Velocity meter per second m/s
Angular velocity radian per second rad/s
Acceleration meter per second squared m/s2
Surface tension Newton per meter N/m
Dynamic viscosity Pascal second Pa.s
Kinematic viscosity meter squared per second* m2/s
Thermal conductivity Watt per meter Kelvin W/(mK)
*formally Strokes (1 centistoke=1mm2/s=10-6m2/s)

⑮
Conversion Factors
Exact values are printed in bold type
To convert To multiply by
Length
Miles km(kilometer) 1.609
Yards m(meter) 0.9144
Feet m(meter) 0.3048
Inches cm(centimeter) 2.540
Area
Sq miles km2 2.590
Sq Yards m2 0.8361
Sq feet m2 0.0929
Sq inches cm2 6.4516
Volume
Cubic yards m3 0.7646
Cubic feet m3 0.02832
Cubic inch cm3 16.387
Barrel liter 158.99
Gallon(Imperial) liter 4.546
Gallon(US) liter 3.785
Mass
Ton(long) ton 1.016
Ton(short) ton 0.9072
1 Ib (pound) kg(kilogram) 0.4536
oz(ounce) g(gram) 28.35
Density
Ib/ft3 kg/m3 16.02
Ib/US gallon kg/m3 119.8
Force
Ibf(pound force) N(Newton) 4.448
Pressure
Atm kPa(kilopascal) 101.3
Bar kPa 100.0
Ibf/inch2 kPa 6.895
Inches of H2O(4°C) kPa 0.249
Inches of Hg(0° C ) kPa 3.386
Mm of Hg(0°C ) kPa 0.1333
Ib/ft2 Pa 47.88
Velocity
Ft/s(feet/second) m/s(metres/seconds0 0.3048
Ft/minute m/s 0.00508
Miles/hour(mph) km/h 1.609
Knot(International) km/h 1.852

Work, energy , heat

erg J(Joule)(Nm) 10-7
ft Ibf J 1.356
hp h MJ (mega Joules)2.685
K Wh MJ 3.6
therm MJ 105.5
Btu kJ 1.005
kcal kJ 4.184
Power
hp (horsepower) W(Watts) 745.7
hp (metric) W 735.5
erg/s W 10-7
ft.Ibf/s W 1.356
Btu/h W 0.2931

⑯
 kcal/h W 1.163
Calorific Value
Btu/Ib kJ/kg(mass bae) 2.326
Btu/gallon kJ/m3(volume base) 37.26
cal/ml J/cm3 4.184
Heat flow rate
kcal/h W 1.162
Btu/h W 0.2931
Thermal conductivity
Btu/ft.h °F W/mK 1.731
Viscosity (dynamic)
Centpoise(cP) Pa.s(Pascal second) 0.001
Viscosity (Kinematic)
Centistokes(cSt) m2/s 10-6

API Gravities and Densities

Note : All conversions are at 15.6 °C

API Gravity° Density Kg/l API Gravity° Density kg/l

0 1.074 21 0.926
1 1.066 22 0.920
2 1.058 23 0.914
3 1.050 24 0.908
4 1.042 25 0.902
5 1.034 26 0.896
6 1.027 27 0.891
7 1.020 28 0.885
8 1.012 29 0.880
9 1.005 30 0.874
10 0.998 31 0.869
11 0.991 32 0.864
12 0.984 33 0.858
13 0.977 34 0.853
14 0.970 35 0.848
15 0.964 36 0.843
16 0.957 37 0.838
17 0.951 38 0.833
18 0.944 39 0.828
19 0.938 40 0.823
20 0.932 41 0.818

Temperature Conversion Chart

°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
-70 -94.0 -46 -50.8 -22 -7.6 2 35.6
-69 -92.2 -45 -49.0 -21 -5.8 3 37.4
-68 -90.4 -44 -47.2 -20 -4.0 4 39.2
-67 -88.6 -43 -45.4 -19 -2.2 5 41.0
-66 86.8 -42 -43.6 -18 -0.4 6 42.8
-65 -85.0 -41 -41.8 -17 1.4 7 44.6
-64 -83.2 -40 -40.0 -16 3.2 8 46.4
-63 -81.4 -39 -38.2 -15 5.0 9 48.2
-62 -79.6 -38 -36.4 -14 6.8 10 50.0
-61 -77.8 -37 -34.6 -13 8.6 11 51.8
-60 -76.0 -36 -32.8 -12 10.4 12 53.6
-59 -74.2 -35 -31.0 -11 12.2 13 55.4
-58 -72.4 -34 -29.2 -10 14.0 14 57.2

⑰
-57 -70.6 -33 -27.4 -9 15.8 15 59.0
-56 -68.8 -32 -25.6 -8 17.6 16 60.8
-55 -67.0 -31 -23.8 -7 19.4 17 62.6
-54 -65.2 -30 -22.0 -6 21.2 18 64.4
-53 -63.4 -29 -20.2 -5 23.0 19 66.2
-52 -61.6 -28 -18.4 -4 24.8 20 68.0
-51 -59.8 -27 -16.6 -3 26.6 21 69.8
-50 -58.0 -26 -14.8 -2 28.4 22 71.6
-49 -56.2 -25 -13.0 -1 30.2 23 73.4
-48 -54.4 -24 -11.2 0 32.0 24 75.2
-47 -52.6 -23 -9.4 1 33.8 25 77.
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
26 78.8 50 122.0 74 165.2 98 208.4
27 80.6 51 123.8 75 167.0 99 210.2
28 82.4 52 125.6 76 168.8 100 212.0
29 84.2 53 127.4 77 170.6 101 213.8
30 86.0 54 129.2 78 172.4 102 215.6
31 87.8 55 131.0 79 174.2 103 217.4
32 89.6 56 132.8 80 176.0 104 219.2
33 91.4 57 134.6 81 177.8 105 221.0
34 93.2 58 136.4 82 179.6 106 222.8
35 95.0 59 138.2 83 181.4 107 224.6
36 96.8 60 140.0 84 183.2 108 226.4
37 98.6 61 141.8 85 185.0 109 228.2
38 100.4 62 143.6 86 186.8 110 230.0
39 102.2 63 145.4 87 188.6 111 231.8
40 104.0 64 147.2 88 190.4 112 233.6
41 105.8 65 149.0 89 192.2 113 235.4
42 107.6 66 150.8 90 194.0 114 237.2
43 109.4 67 152.6 91 195.8 115 239.0
44 111.2 68 154.4 92 197.6 116 240.8
45 113.0 69 156.2 93 199.4 117 242.6
46 114.8 70 158.0 94 201.2 118 244.4
47 116.6 71 159.8 95 203.0 119 246.2
48 118.4 72 161.6 96 204.8 120 248.0
49 120.2 73 163.4 97 206.6 121 249.8

°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
122 251.6 146 294.8 170 338.0 194 381.2
123 253.4 147 296.6 171 339.8 195 383.0
124 255.2 148 298.4 172 341.6 196 384.8
125 257.0 149 300.2 173 343.4 197 386.6
126 258.8 150 302.0 174 345.2 198 388.4
127 260.6 151 303.8 175 347.0 199 390.2
128 262.4 152 305.6 176 348.8 200 392.0
129 264.2 153 307.4 177 350.6 201 393.8
130 266.0 154 309.2 178 352.4 202 395.6
131 267.8 155 311.0 179 354.2 203 397.4
132 269.6 156 312.8 180 356.0 204 399.2
133 271.4 157 314.6 181 357.8 205 401.0
134 273.2 158 316.4 182 359.6 206 402.8
135 275.0 159 318.2 183 361.4 207 404.6
136 276.8 160 320.0 184 363.2 208 406.4
137 278.6 161 321.8 185 365.0 209 408.2
138 280.4 162 323.6 186 366.8 210 410.0
139 282.2 163 325.4 187 368.6 211 411.8
140 284.0 164 327.2 188 370.4 212 413.6
141 285.8 165 329.0 189 372.2 213 415.4
142 287.6 166 330.8 190 374.0 214 417.2

⑱
143 289.4 167 332.6 191 375.8 215 419.0
144 291.2 168 334.4 192 377.6 216 420.8
145 293.0 169 336.2 193 379.4 217 422.6