The University of Goroka SMAC 005 Basic Numeracy Skills (Study Guide) 2 PDF

STUDENTS LEARNING & STUDY SUPPORT CENTRE
SMAC 005 BASIC NUMERACY SKILLS
STUDY GUIDE
YEAR: 2018
COMPILED BY: Mr Kawona
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre

Table of Contents page (s)
Types of numbers .............................................................................................................................. 1

Order of Arithmetic Operations ...................................................................................................... 1
Rounding off Numbers .................................................................................................................... 3
Rounding off Decimals Numbers ................................................................................................. 4
Significant Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4-6
Definitions ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
Indices ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 - 9
Factors …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-11
Multiples …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11-12
Highest Common Factors ………………………………………………………………………. 12
Lowest Common Multiple …………………………………………………………………….. 12 – 14
Negative Factor …………………………………………………………………………………. 14 - 15
Measurement ……………………………………………………………………………………..15 -23
Directed Numbers……………………………………………………………………………….. 24 - 30
Fractions ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 - 36
Ratio & Proportion ………………………………………………………………………………... 36 - 42
Decimals ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 - 48
Percentages ………………………………………………………………………………………. 49 - 56
Basic Algebra ……………………………………………………………………………………..56 - 62
References ………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre

REFACE
This is a study guide consists of self-taught notes and activities compiled to enhance the students’
competency level in numeracy whilst studying at the University of Goroka.
This study guide is written in a simple language (English) and it is user friendly which means the
students can use it to read and complete the activities in their own time. The answers to the activi-
ties are inserted at the back of this booklet so the students can always check their answers.
Students are required to complete the activities in this study guide before attempting their self-test 1
and 2 for submission for assessment. The self-test 1 & 2 should be collected from the students’
server and completed by the students.
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre i

TYPES OF NUMBERS
1. Counting Numbers or natural numbers – are numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc…
2. Whole numbers are numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc…

3. Positive number –are all numbers whose value is greater than zero. Example; 5, 6, 7,

256 etc… they are come without a sign or with a positive sign.
4. Negative numbers are numbers that have value less than zero. Example; -2, -4, -23. -25etc…
They come with negative sign.
5. Integers –are whole numbers including the negative and positive numbers. Example; -3, -2, - 1,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc..
6. Directed numbers –are numbers that have negative or positive sign attached to them. Example;
-15, -105, +205, +305 .etc…
ORDER OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Different numbers are always combined with various Maths operations ,,, as well as the
symbols. When this happens, a definite sequence must be followed when doing your calculations.
The sequence that must be followed is;
 If brackets are used in the sequence, the content of the bracket must be evaluate first be-
fore performing other operations
 The operation involving the powers should be after the brackets.
 Then Multiplication and Division should be performed.
 Lastly, addition and subtraction.
Use the acronym BODMAS as the order of operations.
B – Brackets
O – Of means multiplication (x)
D – Division
M –Multiplication
A – Addition
S - Subtraction
Example 1. 2  7  4  2  11  22
Example 2. 2  3  23  4  2  4
UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 1

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
1. Any number added with zero the result is that number.
Example 1. 24 + 0 = 24
Example 2. 670 + 0 = 670
2. When a number is multiply by 1, the result is always the number.
Example 1. 3  1  3
Example 2. 2500 1  2500
3. When a number is multiplied by zero the product is zero.
Example 1. 2  0  0
Example 2. 3400 0  0
4. Any number divide by zero is meaningless. There is no answer,
Example 1. 24  0 is meaningless. No answer.
5. When zero is divided by any numbers the quotient is zero.
Example 1. 0  24  0
Example 2. 0  2455  0
6. The basic order of operation in maths.
START
Computer inside the brackets
Multiply and divide from left to right
Add and subtract from left to right
STOP

Activity 1. Write down the next three terms of the following sequences
A) 2,10, 50, -------, -------, --------
B) 3, 9, 15, 21, --------, --------. --------
C) 3, 8, 18, 33, 53, --------,-------,---------
D) 4, -1, -6, -------, ---------, ----------
E) -5, -3, -1, 1, --------, ---------, ----------
Activity 2. Write down the terms denoted by the question marks in the following sequences:
A) 0, 2, 4, ?, ?, 10,12,14 …
B) 3, 8, ?, 18, ?, 28, 33 ….
C) 1, 4, 9, ?, 25, ?, 49, 64…
D) 243, 81, 27, ?, 3, ?.....
E) 1, -2, 4, ?, 16, -32…
F) 2, 6, ? , 54, 162, ….
G) 19, 16, ?, 10, 7, ?,
Activity 3. Evaluate the following using the order of operations.
A) 7  43 
B) 5  4  3  6  5 
C) 3  6  3  2 
D) 10  12  6  38  3 
E) 3   12   4  15   3 
F) 36  4  36   6 
G) 4  2  8   12    3 

H) 24  16  2  4  36  9  4  3 
I) 11  12  4  3  6  2 
J) 15  4  1  9  3  74  3 
K) 25  5  315  3  34  2  26 
L) 11  12  4  3  6  2 
M) 17  2  5  3 
N) 5  4  12  3  7 
O) 5  32  4  3  6  67  35 
ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS
Rounding off numbers is a mathematical process that helps us to make estimation of our exact re-
sult.
 A number between 10 and 100 to the nearest ten.

 A number 100 and 1000 to the nearest hundred.
 A number 1000 and 10 000 to the nearest thousand.
Example 1. Round off the number 67 to the nearest number of tens.
67 is roughly 7 tens, so 67 is rounded up to 70.
Example 2. Round off 362 to the nearest number of hundreds.
362 is roughly 4 hundreds, so 362 is rounded up to 400.
Activity 4. Round off the following numbers to the nearest ten.
1. 76 2. 34 3. 56 4. 96
5. 85
Activity 5. Round off the following numbers to the nearest number of hundred.
1. 703 2. 450 3. 680 4. 567
5. 349

Activity 6 Round off the following numbers to the nearest number of thousands.
1. 8500 2. 5378 3. 2631 4. 817 5. 3567
ROUNDING OFF DECIMIAL NUMBERS.
It is important to realise what is meant by an answer given to so many decimal places. It is the
numbers after the decimal points that give the number of decimal places.
For example;
The number 95. 14691 - 95.1 to one decimal place

- 95.15 to two decimal places
- 95.147 to three decimal places
- 95.1469 to four decimal places
- 95.14691 to five decimal places
0.0076821 - 0.008 – to three decimal places

- 0.01 – to two decimal places
7.601 = 7.60 – to two decimal places
Take note the zero are necessary therefore, they must be kept
Activity 7. Round off the following numbers to the number of decimal places as required.
A) 20.259957 to 1 decimal place
B) 2568.26891 to (i) 3 decimal place (ii) 4 decimal places
(iii) 2 decimal places
C) 0.008923 to: (i) 2 decimal places (ii) 3 decimal places

D) 250.05010 to : (i) 1 decimal place (ii) 3 decimal places

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
A second way to of doing estimation of a result is using significant figures.

In the number 2456, 2 is the most significant figure because it has the greatest value. The next sig-
nificant figure is 4 whilst 6 is the least significant figure with least value.

RULE FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. If the first figure to be move is 5 or more the previous figure is increased by 1.
Example: 7.19253 = 7.1925 to 5 significant figures

= 7.193 to 4 significant figures
2. Zero must be kept to show the position of the decimal point or to indicate that zero is signif-
icant figure.
Example 1. 35 291 = 35290 correct to 4 significant figures

= 35300 correct to 3 significant figures
= 35 000 correct to 2 significant figures
= 40 000 correct to 1 significant figure
Example 2. 0.0739 = 0.074 correct to 2 significant figures
= 0.07 correct to1 significant figures
Example 3. 18.403 = 18.40 correct to 4 significant figures

= 18.4 correct to 3 significant figures
Activity 8. Problems involving Decimal places and Significant figures.
A) The exchange rate at the overseas section of BSP was 0.445. If Peter wants to change
$ 2500 to Papua New Guinea Kina, what should be the amount he will get to the near-
est kina?
20
B) Convert the fraction into a decimal number correct to 3 significant figures.
24
C) Write down the number 0.070 408 correct to;

(i) 1 decimal place
(ii) 3 decimal places
(iii) 4 significant figures
(iv) 2 significant figures
D) Write down 0.075538 correct;

(i) 2 decimal places
(ii) 2 significant figures

E) Change 47 000mg into kilograms. Write your answer to the four decimal places.
F) The customer at the store bought a DVD player for K1525.00. She gave the amount
K1700.00.
What is her change?

(i) To nearest toea
(ii) To the nearest kina
(iii) To 1 significant figure
G) Write 0.0034567 to 3 significant figures.
DEFINITIONS
1. SUM OR TOTAL – is the result obtained by adding numbers. For example; 4+2+5 = 11. The
order of numbers placed with the addition sign is not important.
2. DIFFERENCE – is the result obtained by subtracting a smaller number from a bigger number.
Example; 15- 10 = 5. The order of number are very important because 10-15 = -5 is not the
same as 15-10 = 5.
3. PRODUCT – is the result obtained from multiplying two or more numbers. Example; 9 x 10 =
90 or 10 x 10 x1 = 100. The order of the numbers is not important.
4. QUOTIENT – is the result obtained from division of numbers. The quotient of 20  4 is 5.

The order in which we divide is important because 20  4 is not the same as 4  20 .
5. SEQUENCES – is a set of numbers connected by some definite law. Each number in the se-
quence is called a term in the sequence.
6. ROUNDING OFF – method of making estimation of the exact answer.
7. SIGNIFICANT FIGURE – is a method of making estimation of the exact answer.
INDICES
Index means power. In maths we can use power or indices to represent multiplication of certain
base.

Index (or power)
23  8
Base Basic Numeral (or number)

 2 is called the base.
 3 is called the index or power (or exponent) because it indicates the power to which the
base 2 is raised.
 8 is the basic numerical ( or number)
 23 is read as “ 2 to the power 3” or simply “ 2 cube
BASIC RULES FOR INDICES

1. When multiplying powers with the same base add the indices.
a m  a n  a mn
33  3 4  35  33 4  5  312
2. To divide powers of the same base subtract the indices.
a m  a n  a mn
24  22  22
3. When raising the power of a quantity to a power multiply the indices.
b  3 4
 b 34  b 12
5 2 2
 5 22  5 4  625
4. A negative index indicates the reciprocal of the quantity.
1 1
2 2  
22 4

4
4 x 2 
x2
5. To find the nth root of a quantity divide the index of the quantity by
n.
m
n
bm  b n
2
5
a2  a 5
6. Any quantity raised to the power of 0 equals 1.
x0 1
12 0  1
3950  1
Example 1. Find the value of 2 2 .
1 1 1
2 4   
2 4
2  2  2  2 16
1
4
Example 2. What is the value of 81 ?
 
1 1 1 1
4
81  4 81  3 or 814  34
4 4 3 4
 31  3
Example 3. Express 8 4 as a power of 2.
84  23   4
 2 34  212
Example 4. If 5 2 x 3  125x 5 , find x.

SOLUTION
2 x  3  3 x  15
125  5 , 3
2 x  3 x  15  3
2 x 3 3 x 5
5  (5 ) then equate the power because of same base  x  12
5 2 x 3  5 3 x 15  x 12

1 1
x  12
Activity 1. Simplify each of the following
C) a 2 
m7 3
A) C 2  C 5  B) 
m4
3
a2  a4  a5  b2 
D)  E)  4   F) 5a bc 
3 4 2

a3  a6 c 
G) p 3 q 2 as fraction.
Activity 2. Find the value of each of the following.

1
A) 23  25  B) 8 3  C) 3
64 
D) 1250  E) 5 3 F) 122  3 2 
FACTORS
A number is a factor of another number if it divides that number exactly without any reminder.
For example; 45 is divisible by 9, therefore 9 is a factor of 45. Other factors of 45 are 1, 5, 9, and 45
since all these numbers divides 45 without leaving any reminders.
Prime numbers are numbers that have only two factors, 1 and the number itself.
Example of prime numbers
2, 3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29, etc..
(You will notice that all the prime numbers are odd numbers
With the exception of 2 which is an even number)
It is important that one should learn all the prime numbers up to 100.
A factor which is a prime number is called a prime factor.
In a statement 63  3  21, 3 is a prime factor of 63 but 21 is not a prime factor of 63 since it equals
3 7
Therefore the prime factors of 63,  3  3  7  32  7
Methods of finding Prime factors
1. Tree diagram
Example 1. Find the Prime factors of 54.
54
2 x 27
3 x 9
3 x 3
3
Hence the prime factor of 54 = 2  3  3  3  2  3
2. Use successive division using a table format.
Example 1. Find the prime factors of 420.
2 420
2 210
3 105
5 35
7 7
1
2
Hence the prime factors of 420 = 2  2  3  5  7  2  3  5  7

Activity 1. Find the factor of the following.
A) 9 is the factor of some of the following numbers. Which of the following numbers are
divisable by 9.
(i) 27
(ii) 35
(iii) 36
(iv) 16
(v) 81
B) Which of the following numbers are factors of 42?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
C) Which of the following numbers are factors of 72?
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14
D) Find the factors of the following numbers.
(i) 24 (ii) 56 (iii) 42
E) Express as a product of prime factors
(i) 24 (ii) 36 (iii) 56

(iv) 132
F) Using the table method wok out the prime Factors of 720.
G) Using the tree method find the prime factors of 60 and write them in product form.
I) Find the prime factors of 49.
MULTIPLES
Numbers which are divisible by a second number are said to be the multiples of this second num-
ber.
For example, 63 is said to be a multiple of 3, 7, 9 and 21 because each of these numbers can divide
63 exactly with leaving any reminders. In addition, 20, 28, 60, 64 and 100 are all multiple of 2
because 2 can divide these numbers exactly.

Example 1. Write down all the multiples of 4 between 10 and 30.
12, 16, 20, 24, and 28.
Activity 2. Answer the following questions
A) Given these numbers 49, 55, 60, 63, 81 and 122.

(i) Write the multiples of 5
(ii) Write the multiples 3
(iii) Write the even numbers.
B) List down the multiples of 6 less 55.
C) List down the multiples of 5 greater than 50 but less than 100.
D) Write down the missing multiples of 6 below
6, ____, ______, 24, ______, ______, _______, ______, 54
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
Highest common factor (HCF) is used when making comparison of factors of two or more numbers.
It must be the only factor that is highest and it must be common for both numbers.
Example 1. Find the HCF of 10 and 25.
List down all the factors of both numbers

10 = 1, 2, 5, 10
25 = 1, 5, 25
The common factors for both numbers are 1 and 5. However, the highest factor is 5 for both num-
bers.
Example 2. Find the HCF of 42, 98 and 112. Work out the prime factors for each numbers
42 = 2  3  7
98 = 2  7  7  2  7 2
112 = 2  2  2  2  7  2 4  7
We see that only 2 and 7 are factors of all the three numbers. Hence HCF of 42, 98, 122 = 2  7  14
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)
The lowest common multiple is used to compare the multiples of two or more numbers.
The LCM of two or more numbers is a common multiple and must be the lowest multiple.
Example 1. Find the LCM of 3 and 4 .
List down all the multiples of 3 and 4.
The multiples of 3 are; 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, etc…
The multiples of 4 are; 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, etc…
The common multiples are; 12, 24, and 36. However, the lowest number is 12. Hence, the
LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.
Example 2. Find the LCM of 4, 10 and 12.List down all the prime factors of the numbers
4  2  2  22
10  2  5
12  2  2  3  2 2  3
The LCM is the product of the highest power of each prime factor. Therefore; LCM
2 2  3  5  60
The LCM for 4, 10 and 12 is 60.
Activity 3. Answer the following questions
A) Find the HCF of the following
(i) 24 and 36
(ii) 8 and 12
(iii) 2, 8 and 10
(iv) 10, 15 and 40
(v) 12, 42, 60 and 70
(vi) 18, 30, 42 and 48
B) Find the LCM of the following numbers
(i) 8 and 12

(ii) 3, 6 and 8
(ii) 20 and 32
(iv) 10, 15 and 40
(v) 12, 42, 60 and 70
(vi) 18, 30, 42 and 48
C) Write down all the factors of 35 and 60. Hence find the common factors and write down the
HCF of 35 and 60.
D) Write down all the multiples of 6 and 10 less than 61. Find the common multiples and hence
write down the LCM of 6 and 10.
E) Find the sum of the following by finding the LCM of the denominators.
1 2 2
  
4 5 8
NEGATIVE FACTORS
Negative factors are also considered when finding prime factors of a number. If we consider the
number 10. Since 10 = 2 × 5, 2 and 5 are the prime factors of 10. However, -2 and -5 are also
prime factor of 10 because when we multiply them we still have our product as 10.
For brevity we can write; the prime factors of 10 are ±2 and ±5.
Example: Find the prime factors of 36.
We use the method of tree diagram.
36
2 18
2 9
3 3
2 2
Therefore the prime factors are 2  3
With negative factors; (-2) × (-2) × (-3) × (-3) = (-2)2× (-3)2

Activity 4: Practical Problems
Q.1 Write down all the positive and negative prime factors.
A) -18 D) -124
B) 12
C) 64
Q.2 Two neon lights are turned on at the same time. One blinks every 4 seconds and the other blink
every 6 seconds, how many times will they blink at the same time?
Q.3 The table below shows the number of students in a school choir.
Students Number
Girls 48
Boys 64
The choir teacher plans to arrange the students in equal rows. Only girls or boys will be in each
row. What is the greatest number of students that could be in each row?
Q.4 Explain the difference between listing the factors of a number and listing the multiples of a
number?
Q.5 Boxes that are 12 metres tall are being stacked next to that are 18 metres tall. What is the
shortest height at which the two stacks will be the same height?
Q.6 Hot dogs come in packages of 8. Hot dog buns come in packages of 12. If Grace wants to have
enough to serve 24 people and have none left over, how many packages of hot dogs and hot dog
buns should she purchase?
Measurement
“Measurement” is the act of identifying or determining the size, length, mass, area, volume, ca-
pacity, time etc … of certain items.
When measuring the above quantities, standard units are used from the metric system. The table
indicate each quantity and the standard unit that used to measure it.
COMMON UNITS USED IN MEASUREMENT
Quantity Base unit Symbol

Length metre m
Mass gram g

Area metre square m2
Volume metre cube m3
Capacity litre L
Time seconds s
ᵒ
Temperature degrees Celsius C
CONVERSION OF UNITS
1. Length
 1 centimetre (cm) = 10 millimetres (mm)

 1 meter(m) =100 centimetres(cm)
 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimetres (mm)
 1kilometer (km) = 1000 meters
2. Mass
 1 gram (g) =1000 milligrams (mg)

 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
 1 tonne (t) = 1000 kilograms (kg)
3. Area
 1 square centimetre (cm2) = 1000 square millimetres (mm2)

 1 square metre (m2) = 10,000 square centimetres (cm2)
 1 hectare (hec) = 10, 000 square metres (m2)
4. Volume
 1 cube centimetre (cm3) = 1,000 cubic millimetres (mm3)

 1 cubic metre (m3) = 1,000,000 cubic centimetres (cm3)

5. Capacity
 1 litre (l) = 1,000 millilitres (ml)
6. Time
 1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s)

 1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (mins)
 1 day (da) =24 hours (hrs)
 1 year (y) = 365 days (da)
7. Temperature
 1°c = 1 degree Celsius
GENERAL RULE FOR CONVERSION OF UNITS
 To convert a smaller to a bigger unit, we move the decimal point to the left. In other words we
divide.
 To convert a bigger unit to smaller unit, we move the decimal point to right. In other words we
multiply.
Example 1. Convert 2.5 km to metres
2.5km 1000  2500m
Example 2. Convert 879 cm into metres.
879
879cm   8.79m
100
Example 3. How many centilitres are there in 2.7 litres?
2.7l  2.7  100  270 centilitres

Example 4. Change 47000 mg into kilogram
47000mg  47000  1000g  47g  47  1000  0.047kg
Example 5. How many minutes are there in 24hrs?
24hrs  24  60  1440 minutes.
Activity 1 Convert the following measurements to the required unit.
A) 28.1 km to millimetres B) 520mm to kilometre
C) 567,900 mg to kilogram D) 197 000g to tonnes
E) 36.31 m to cm F) 318.84 to ml
G) 250 mins to hours H) 20, 000 cubic metres to hectares
2 . Match the following with correct weight.
i. 2000 gram A) 0.2kg
ii. 200 gram B) 0.02kg
iii. 2 grams C) 2kg
iv. 20000milligrams D) 0.002kg
3. How many doses of 5 millilitres can be obtained from a medicine bottle holding half a
litre?
4. How many packets of tea each containing 120g can be made up from a tea chest con-
taining 60kg of tea?
5. Subtract 50 mm from 8 cm, stating your answer in millimetres.
6. Express 45 cm as a fraction of 1 metre. Express the fraction in its lowest terms.
It is a good idea to understand some basic equivalents between the U.S customary system and the
metric system.

For example: 1. One inch = 2.54cm (about 2 and a half cm.)
2. 1mile =1.6 km (so 1km =0.6 mile a little over half a mile.)
3. 1 pound = 0.45 kg (about half a kilogram.)
Activity 3. 1. Answer the following questions
A) 10 miles to ___________ km B) 250 kg to _____________ pound
C) 20 inches to _________ cm D) 200 m to _____________ inches
E) 6 inches to ___________ cm
2. A woman buys 2 kg of tomatoes. Calculate the number of pounds (lb) she

bought.
3. A consignment of steel weighing 5 tonnes is delivered to an engineering factory.

Using the table below, calculate the weight of the steel in pounds.
4. If 1 fl oz =30 millilitres approximately. Approximately how many centilitres are

equivalent to 600 fl oz?

CONVERSIONS OF OTHER UNITS.

Some formulas for area and volume.

Activity 4
1. Calculate the perimeters and area of a rectangle field with the length of 500m and a width of
250m. Express your answers in hectares?
2.
Calculate the total area of the shape shown. Round off your
answer in centimetres to 3 significant figures.
8m
4m

3. Calculate the volume of a carton of tin fish with the length of 50cm, width of 30cm and the
height of 60cm.
4.
5. The perimeter of a rectangular park is 2500m. If the length is 10 times more than the width;
A) calculate the length and the width of the rectangular park.
B) calculate the area of the park.
6. Complete the table below by using the US measurement and metric system.
Items Estimate Actual (US) Estimate (Metric) Actual (Metric )

(US)
Length of the A4 paper
Width of the Exercise
book
Weight of a water bottle
Weight of backpack
Distance from Lae to
Goroka

DIRECTED NUMBERS
Directed Numbers are number with the + (positive) and – (negative) signs in front of them, exam-
ples +3, -4, +4, -5 etc…
NUMBER LINE
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +3 +4 +5 +6
+2
 The numbers towards the left of the  The numbers towards the right of
number line are negative numbers the number are positive num-
ADDITION OF DIRECT NUMBERS bers.
RULE 1. To add two numbers with the same Direction add their numerical values and
give the answer the common sign.
Example1. a) +3 + +5 = +8 b) ˉ 4 + ˉ 2 = ˉ 6
RULE 2. To add two numbers with the opposite signs or directions, subtract the smaller
number from the larger number (ignoring the signs) and the answer the direction
or the sign of the larger number.
Example 1. a) ˉ10 + +5 = 10- 5 = ˉ 5 c) +15 + ˉ 10 = 15-10 = + 5
Activity 1.
Question 1. Using the concept of number line do the following additions (show your work us-
ing the number line.)
a) 3 + 4 = b) -2 + 7 =
c) 10 + -9 = d) -4 + -6 =
e) -4 + - 6 =

Question 2. Using the rule 1, add the following Directed Numbers.
a) +4 + +3 = b) ˉ3 + ˉ7 =
c) ˉ5 + ˉ1 = d) + 6 + + 2 =
e) ˉ 2.6 + ˉ 3.8 = f) + 7.2 + + 3.5 =
g) ˉ 10 + ˉ 22 h) + 54 + + 32 =
i) ˉ27 + ˉ67 = j) + 20 + + 34 =
Question 3 Use Rule 2, calculate the sum of the following Directed Numbers.
a) ˉ3 + +4 = b) ˉ8 + +5 =
c) 12 + ˉ19 d) +27 + ˉ 11 =
e) 12 + ˉ 19 = f) ˉ23 + 11.8 =
g) ˉ5 + 25 = h) +4.1 + ˉ18.64 =
SUBTRACTION OF DIRECTED NUMBER
RULE 3. To subtract a Directed Number, add it’s opposite.
STEPS:
 Change the second number to its opposite

 Change the subtraction sign to an addition
sign
 First number stays the same.
Example 1. a) 6- ˉ9 = 6+9 = 15 b) 11-20 = 11+ˉ20 =
c) ˉ6-5 = ˉ6+ˉ5 =ˉ11

Activity 2
Question1. Calculate the difference for the directed numbers below;
a) ˉ6- +3 = b) +8 - 12 =
c) ˉ14 - 18 = d) ˉ 16 – 5 =
e) 9 - ˉ16 = f) +24 - ˉ26 =
g) ˉ14.3 - ˉ20 = h) 18 - ˉ18 =
i) ˉ 29 - ˉ 14 = j) 33 – 18 =
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISON OF DIRECTED NUMBER
RULE 4. The product of the Direct Numbers with the same sign of the same Direction is POS-
TIVE.
+ × + = + answer
- × - = + answer
The product of two Directed Numbers with opposite signs or Direction is NEGA-
TIVE.
- × + = - answer
+ × - = - answer
Example 1. a) +2 × +3 = +6 b) ˉ3 × ˉ6 = +18
c) ˉ2 × 3 = ˉ6 d) ˉ3 × +6 = -18

RULE 5. The quotient of the Directed Numbers with the same signs or direction is POSITIVE.
+ ÷ + = + answer
- ÷ - = + answer
The quotient of two Directed Numbers with the opposite signs or direction is NEGA-
TIVE
- ÷ + = - answer
+ ÷ - = - answer
Activity 3
Question 1. Find the product of the following Directed numbers.
a) +4 × +3 = b) ˉ5 × ˉ 4 =
c) ˉ24 × ˉ3 = d) +12 × + 2 =
e) ˉ16 × ˉ3 = f) + 20 × +6 =
g) ˉ30 × ˉ3 = h) + 15 ÷ +3 =
i) ˉ50 ÷ ˉ 10 = j) +24 ÷ + 3 =
k) ˉ 100 ÷ ˉ 20 l) +240 ÷ +24 =
Order of Operations and Positive and Negative Numbers

When a number of mathematical operations are to be performed in a problem, you must follow a
specific order for solving the problem
Step 1 – Do anything that is inside parentheses
Step 2 - Solve anything that contains an exponent (a power – 52 – the 2 is the exponent and it
means the base number is to be multiplied by itself that number of times, so
52 = 5 ×5 = 25
Step 3 – Solve any multiplication or division within the problem, moving from left to right
Step 4 – Solve any addition or subtraction within the problem, moving from left to right

Example 1. -2(12 – 8) + -33 + 4 • -6
-2(4) + -33 + 4 • -6
-2(4) + -27 + 4 • -6
-8 + -27 + -24
-35 + -24
-59
Example 2. -3 + 4(2 - 6)2 ÷ -2
-3 + 4(-4)2 ÷ -2
-3 + 4(16) ÷ -2
-3 + 64 ÷ -2
-3 + -32
-35
If the operations to be performed are in fractional form, solve the numerator first, then the denom-
inator, then reduce.
7 4   2  28   2  26
Example 1.    2
8   5 13 13
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INTEGERS
Activity 4.
Question 1. Solve the following problems.
1. -2 + (+3) = 11. -3(-4) = 21. 45 - (-27) =
2. -5 + (+4) = 12. 24 ÷ (-6) = 22. 19(-4) =
3. 5 - (-3) = 13. 5(-18) = 23. -42 ÷ (-6) =
4. -7 - (-3) = 14. -8 ÷ (-4) = 24. -21 + -19 =
5. -14 - 6 = 15. 17(-4) = 25. 32 ÷ (-4) =
6. 6 + (-8) = 16. 81 ÷ (-9) = 26. 14 - (-7) + (-2) =

7. 12 + (+7) = 17. -21 ÷ (-7) = 27. -8 • -4 ÷ -2 =
8. -8 + (-1) = 18. -7(9) = 28. -24 ÷ 4 + -17 =
9. -9 - (+6) = 19. 8(7) = 29. 7 - (-3) + (-2) - 4 =
10. 11 + (-2) = 20. 56 ÷ (-14) = 30. 12 + (-7) - (-28) =
Question 2. Use order of operations to solve the following problems
1. 18 - (-12 - 3) = 7. -19 + (7 + 4)3 =
2. 18 + (-7) • (32 – 6) = 8. -19 - (-3) + -2(8 + -4) =
3. 20 + -4(32 - 6) = 9. -3 + 2(-6 ÷ 3)2
4. 3 • (-4) + (52 + -4 • 2) - (-9.82) = 10. 23 + (-16) ÷ 42 • 5 - (-3) =
4 4  8   2
5. -6(12 - 15) + 23 = 11. 
15  7  2
1.44.7  4.9  12.8   0.2

6. -50 ÷ (-10) + (5 - 3)4 = 12.
 4.5   0.53   1
Question 3. Solve the following word problems using positive and negative numbers.
a) Steve has overdrawn his checking account by K27. His bank charged him K15 for an
overdraft fee. Then he quickly deposited K100. What is his current balance?
b) Joe played golf with Sam on a special par 3 course. They played nine holes. The ex-
pected number of strokes on each hole was 3. A birdie is 1 below par. An eagle is 2 be-
low par. A bogie is one above par. A double bogie is 2 above par. On nine holes
Frank made par on 1 hole, got 2 birdies, one eagle, four bogies, and one double bogie.
How many points above or below par was Franks score?
c) Find the difference in height between the top of a hill 973 feet high and a crack caused
by an earthquake 79 feet below sea level.
d) In Detroit the high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for five days in January were -
12°, -8°, -3°, 6°, and -15°. What was the average temperature for these five days?

e) High-top Roofing was $3765 in the “red” (owed creditors this amount) at the end of
June. At the end of December they were $8765 in the “red.” Did they make or lose
money between June and December? How much?
f) To establish the location of a hole relative to a fixed zero point, a machinist must make
the following calculation:
y = 5 - (3.750 - 0.500) - 2.375. Find y.
FRACTION
Fraction is described as a part of a whole number. It is consist of two parts, the numerator and the
denominator.
A fraction is expressed as;
a Numerator
b Denominator
Types of Fractions
1) EQUAVALIENT FRACTIONS
Two or more fractions are said to be equivalent if they have the same value after simplify-
ing.
1 5
Example: and
2 10
2) PROPER FRACTION
Proper fraction is fraction with the numerator is less than the denominator.
1
Example:
4
3) IMPROPER FRACTION
Improper fraction is a fraction with the numerator greater than the denominator.
20
Example:
9

4. MIXED NUMBERS
Mixed number is the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction.

7 7
Example: 5 + usually written as 5 .
8 8
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
When simplifying fractions it is important to find a number which will divide exactly into both the
numerator and the denominator.
21 21  7 3
Example1: Simplify to its lowest term.  (7 is the number that can divide exactly
35 35  7 5
the numerator and the denominator)
20 20  5 4
Example 2: Reduce to its lowest term.  (5 is the number that can divide exactly
25 25  5 5
the numerator and denominator)
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
Rules:
1. When adding or subtracting the fractions with the same Denominator, add or subtract the nu-
merators.
1 2 3
Example 1.  
4 4 4
3 1 2
Example 2.  
5 5 5
2. When adding or subtracting the fractions with two different denominators, express the fractions
with the same denominator, then go back to rule number 1.
1 1 2 1 3
Example 1.    (Common denominator is 4)
2 4 4 4

5 1 10  7 3
Example 2.    (Common denominator is14)
7 2 14 14
3. To add or subtract the mixed numbers, change them to improper fractions and then go back to
rule 1 and 2.
1 1 4 9 16  27 43 7
Example 1. 1  2      3 . Do the same for subtraction…
3 4 3 4 12 12 12
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
Basic Rules:
1. To multiply fractions, multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the se-
cond fraction and denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of second fraction.
3 2 6
Example 1.  
5 3 15
(Always simplify your answers to the simplest fractions where it is possible!!!!!!!!!)
2. Where necessary, simplify the fractions and then go back to rule number one.
6 24 3 4 12
Example 1.    
10 30 5 5 25
3. To divide two fractions take the reciprocal of the second fraction and change division to multi-
plication, then apply rule(s) number 2 and 1.
12 24 12 40 6 5 10
Example 1.      
26 40 26 24 13 3 13
4. To multiply or divide mixed number, change it to improper fraction than follow rule number 1-
3.
1 1 5 16 1 8 8
Example 1. 2 3      8
2 5 2 5 1 1 1
1 1 7 11 7 5 35 13
Example 2. 3 2      1
2 5 2 5 2 11 22 22

Activity 1. Add or Subtraction the following
1 2 3 1
1.   2.  
2 3 4 2
3 2 4 2
3.   4.  
6 5 13 13
2 1 1 3
5.   6.  
3 5 4 8
5 1 1 2 3
7.   8.   
8 9 2 3 4
3 2 1 2 1
9.    10.  
8 5 3 3 4
5 1 3 2
11.   12.  
8 3 4 5
Activity 2. Addition and subtraction of Mixed Numbers
2 3 3 3
1. 3 4  2. 3  2 
3 5 4 8
3 2 3 7 1
3. 2 4 1  4. 5 3 
8 7 4 16 3
1 2 3 3 1
5. 1 42  6.   
3 3 8 4 2
2 1 8 2
   
E) 5 2 F) 9 3
2 2

G) 3 7

Activity 4. Mixed numbers
1 1 20 15
2 2  5 2 
A) 5 3 B) 45 20
16 4 1 1
3 3  3 6
C) 24 20 D) 12 12
ORDER OF OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS
The sequence of operations when dealing with the fractions is the same as those used with whole
numbers.
1. Work out brackets

2. Multiply and divide
3. Add and subtract
Activity 5. Evaluate and express the following in the simplest term.
3  1 7  2 2 4
1. 3  1   2. 3   
14  49 10  3 3 5
1 1 2 2 3 9 
3.     4. 1    
4 8 5 3  5 10 
2 1
2 1
 7 2 2
5.  1  2   3  6. 3 5
 8 5 3 5
4
5
3 1 2
5 3 
5 2 3 2 2 1 1
7.  8.     
1 5 3 4 2
2
3

Activity 6. Problems involving fraction.
1 2
1. I bought 2 grams of the paint but I only used grams of the paint. How much paint do I
2 4
left?
2 1
2. I need to drink 8 cups of water and 2 cups of milk every day. How much fluid do I
4 5
have to drink?
2 1
3. My recipe calls for cups of white flour and 2 cups of whole wheat flour. How
3 5
much flour do I need in total for my recipe?
4. Peter started saving at the bank. His saving was K2500 so the Bank said to pay a fraction of
1
as an interest to the amount. How much interest will the bank pay?
5
3
5. Lucy spends of her pocket money and K90.00 was left. How much money did she have to
4
start with?
2 1
6. A group of school children went to a Papindo kaibar. of them bought hamburger only ,
5 4
bought chips only, and the remainder bought drinks only. What is the fraction who bought
drinks only?
7. Three people A, B and C share a sum of money. A takes one sixth of it, B takes one-fifth of the
remainder and C takes what is left. If the amount of money to be divided is K1200. 00. How
much does each person receive?
8. A man sells his car for K20, 000 and, as a result, loses one-tenth of the price he paid for it. What
price did he pay for it?
1 3
9. Sue runs 100m in 1 min. Tim runs the 100m in 3 min. How fast did Sue run than Tim?10.
3 4
1
Three girls shared 2 L of milk equally. How much milk does each drink?
2
7 1
11. A weed spraying tank was full. To spray a lawn takes about of a tank. How much was in
8 3
the tank after spraying the lawn?
12. Next year Tracy will receive a rise amounting to one-eight of her weekly wage. Her weekly
wage will then be K180.00. What is her present weekly wage?
13. James, Thomas and Gideon started a business and in the first year the profit were K11, 500.00.
James received one-fifth of this profit Thomas received seventh-twentieths. How much money
did Gideon receive?
3
14. Jane takes 5 minutes to iron a blouse. How many blouses will she iron in 23 minute?
4
RATIO AND PROPORTIONAL.
RATIO
Ratio is a quantitative relationship between two things or amount. It is the method of comparison of
how much of one amount compare against another amount.
For example;
or when mixing concrete we use the ratio 3:1 when mixing sand and cement and water. It means
three buckets of sand and one bucket of cement with water will form concrete.
SIMPLIFYING RATIOS.
When simplifying ratios the concept of highest common factor can be used to simplify ratios.
For example, the ratio 9:4 cannot be simplified further because there is no highest common we can
use to divide both numbers. Highest common factor is a whole number that can divide both num-
bers exactly without any reminders.
The ratio 8:6 can be simplified to the lowest terms because we have 2 as our highest common fac-
tor. Therefore if we divide both sides by 2 then our simplified ratio would be 4:3.

Example 1. Put ratio 120:125 in its simplest terms.
(Highest common factor is 5).
Example 2. Simplify the ratio 60:40.
CONVERTING RATIOS INTO FRACTIONS
Rules
1. The number on the left-hand side of the ratio becomes the numerator of the fraction and the
number on the right hand side becomes your denominator.
2. The two quantities must be stated in the same units.
3. The fraction should be written in its simplest terms.
Example 1. Express the ratio 40:216 as a faction in the lowest terms.

Example 2. Express the ratio 15cm: 6m as fraction in its simplest terms.
Note: Make the units the same therefore 6 metres is 600cm.
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONAL RATIOS
To simplify fractional ratio, express each fraction with the same denominator and write the ratio
1 1
without the denominator. If you want to simplify 1 : , then change the mixed number to improper
4 3
fraction and then express fraction with the same denominator to simplify.
(Lowest Common Multiple is 12 for 4 and 3).
Sometimes a ratio can be a decimal number. For example, simplify the ratio 7.4 :1. The decimal
number can be converted to whole number before you simplify.
Activity 7. Simplify the following ratios.
3 1 2 3
1. :  3. :  5. 9.4 : 1 
4 3 5 10
3 1 1 1
2. 2 :1  4. 1 : 3  6. 18.6 :1 
4 2 3 4
PROPORTION
Proportion is a part, share or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.

For example, a rope’s length and weight in proportion.
Consider the following statements;
I. 20m of rope weight is 1kg.

II. 40m of rope weight is 2kg.
III. 200m of rope weight is 10kg
The longer the length of the rope, the more it weighs.
The line AB is 15cm long and if you are ask to divide it into two parts in the ratio 2:3 then the line
has been divided into its proportional parts.
It can be seen that the line has been divided into 5 parts. Each part is;
Direct Proportion
Two quantities are said to be directly proportional if they increase or decrease at the same
time.
For example, petrol use by a car and the distance travel by the car.
Inverse Proportion
Two quantities are said to be inversely proportional if one increase and the other decrease or
one decrease and the other increase.
For example, number of men and time to do the job. More people will take less time, less
people will more time to complete the same job.
Example 1. 3 biros cost K6.00, How much will 6 biros cost?

Solution
Therefore, it will cost K12.00.
Example 2. Five men building a canoe took 10 days to complete the job. How long will it take 2
people to build the same canoe?
Therefore, it will take 25 days to complete the same canoe.
Measure of Rates
If a car travels 8km in 1 litre of petrol then its fuel consumption is 8km per litre (8km/litre) of pet-
rol. This is the rate at which has it consumes petrol as it travels along.
When a car has a speed of 40miles per hour (40miles/h) its rate of travel is 40miles in one hour.
Example 1. A car has a fuel consumption of 30km/litre. How much fuel will be needed for a jour-
ney of 150miles?
SOLUTION
150
Fuel needed = 5
30
Therefore the car needs 5litres to travel 150miles.

Example 2. The water flow from the pipe is 20gal per minute. How long will it take to fill a tank
with a capacity of 70gallons?
SOLUTION
70
Time taken is =  3 .5
20
Therefore, it will take 3.5 minutes to fill up the tank.
Activity 8.
1. A train travels at an average speed of 50km/h.
A) How far will the train travel in 3 hours if this speed is maintained?
B) How long will it take the train to travel 175km?
2. A schoolboy found that he walked 100m in 50 seconds.
A) Calculate his speed in metres per second.
B) If he continues to travel at this speed, how long will it take him to walk further 350m?
3. A car travels 12km on a litre of petrol. How many whole litres will be needed to make sure
of completing journey of 100km?
4. A vending machine needs 20 litres of orangeade to fill 50 cups. How many litres needed to
fill 60cup?
5. In a school the ratio of the number of people pupils to the number of teachers is 18:2:1.
A) Find the smallest possible number of pupil in the school.
B) If the number of teachers and pupils together is 960, find the number of teachers in the
school.
6. If two men painted a fence in 6 hours, how long will it take three men to paint the same
fence?

7. A councillor gets a car allowance of K17.4 per km. How much will he be paid for the jour-
ney of 20km?
8. If K2400.00 is the money made from a sale, how much will Peter, John and Charles receive
in the ratio 3:2:5 respectively?
9. The cost of purchasing a roofing iron is K50 for 20 metres. What will be the total cost of 20
sheet of roofing iron?
10. K979.00 is to be divided into three parts in the ratios 6:3:2. Calculate the amount of the big-
gest part?
DECIMAL
Decimal means 10. Decimal is a numbering system used by people which is based on 10 digits. A
decimal number can be negative (-) or positive (+)
Diagram showing different parts of a decimal number.
The number to the left of the decimal point is a whole number. The numbers towards the right of
the decimal point are decimal numbers.
HOW TO EXPRESS DECIMAL NUMBERS
The decimal system is the extension of our ordinary number system. The number 561 can be ex-
pressed as 500 + 60 + 1.
2 3 4
However, if we have a decimal as 561.234, then it can be written as; 500  60  1    .
10 100 1000
Remember the numbers towards the left are greater than the numbers towards the right.
If we write six hundred and five, we write 605. The zero keeps the place of the missing ten. In the
same manner if we write .305 the zero keeps the place of the missing hundredths.

Where there is no whole number it is very important that you insert a zero in front of the decimal
point. For example .35 can be written as 0.35.
Activity 1. Read off as decimal;
7 3 7
A) B) 
10 10 100
9 2 9
C) D) 24  
1000 100 10000
1 5 5 1
E) 1   F) 
10 10000 1000 10000
Activity 2. Read off the following with denominators 10, 100, 1000..
A) 0.2 B) 4.6 C) 3.58
D) 0.004 E) 0.0359 F) 0.005
G) 400.0259
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMAL NUMBERS
 Addition and subtraction of decimal numbers is done in exactly same as whole

numbers.
 When adding or subtracting, the decimal points must be placed underneath

each other.
Example 1. Find the sum of 358.28 and 20.25.
SOLUTION
358.28
+ 20.25
378.53

Example 2. Find the difference of 200.32 and 134.45.
SOLUTION
200.32
- 134.45
65.87
Activity 3. Find the sum and the difference of the following.
A) 1.1 + 2.8 = B) 3.5 + 6.14 =
C) 9.242 + 0.87 = D) 0.9 – 0.2 =
E) 12.66 – 3.41 = F) 35.87 – 10.2 =
G) 1.306 + 5.5 + 46.77 = H) 40.4 – 6.37 =
I) 2.01 + 8 + 0.593 = J) 2.8 – 15.59 =
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF DECIMALS
I) RULES FOR MULTIPLICATION
a) Multiply the two numbers disregarding the decimal points.
b) Add the number of decimal places in the first number to the second number.
c) And put your decimal point in your answer. (Number of decimals places refers to the num-
bers after the decimal points in your factors).
d) Place the decimal point in the product so that this has the same number of decimal places as
the sum found in (2).
Example 1. Find the product of 3.24 and 3.51.
3.24 Two decimal places 2 + 2 = 4 dp

 3.51 Two decimal places
11.3724

Example 2. Multiply 0.32 by 0.0002.
0.32 Two decimal

2 + 4 = 6 dp
 0.0002 places
Four decimal
0.000064 places
II) RULES FOR DIVISION
a) Move the decimal point in the divisor until it become a whole number.
b) Move the number of decimal places in the dividend as in the divisor.
c) Divide.
Example 1. Divide 1.428 by 0.35.
1.428  0.35  1142.8  35  4.08
Example 2. Find the quotient of 3.24  0.2 .
3.24  0.2  32.4  2  16.2
Activity 4. Find the product and quotient of the following
0.7 0.12
A)  B) 
0.4 0.6
31.002 0.63
C)  D) 
9 100
0.0085 3.4
E)  F) 
0.044 10
G) 6.2270  0.018  H) 1.504 1000 
I) 0.31  0.2  J) 1.632  0.08 

K) 8.109 100  L) 4.6 58
M) 9 211.5
MULTIPLYING BY POWERS OF 10
n
When a number is multiplied by 10 all the figures are moved n places to the right.
1
Example 1. 953.21  10  9532.1
2
Example 2. 953.21  10  95321
1
Example 3. 953.21  10  953210
DIVISION BY POWER OF 10
n
When a number is divided by 10 all the figures are moved n places to the left.
1
Example 1. 18.2  10  1.82
2
Example 2. 18.2  10  0.182
3
Example 3. 18.2  10  0.0182
Activity 5. Multiplying each of the following
A) 0.25
B) 5.92
C) 38.173
D) 481.2

By;
I) 10 II) 100 III) 1000
Activity 6. Divide each of the following
A) 278
B) 29.23
C) 638.42
D) 0.057
By;
I) 10 II) 100 III) 10000
Activity 7. Answer the following by rounding off your answers to 3 decimal places.
A) 3.426  0.254  252.1 
B) 27.6  5.23 
C) 250.1 19 
D) 33.12  24 
E) Find the sum of 32.56, 2.5, 0.258, and 25.10.
F) Find the product of 0.27 and 11.25.
G) Multiply 27.26 and 0.039.
H) Divide 0.0034 by 2.5.
Activity 8. Money problems
A) An adult ticket for the day at the zoo is K9.95 while the child is K6.75. How much
will it cost for one adult and one child?

B) Janie earned K15.50 at her part-time job on Saturday morning. Later that night she
made K150.45 babysitting. What was her total income for Saturday?
C) If simple interest formula is I  prt , I - simple interest, p -principle, r - rate and

t - time. Find the simple interest if Arnold has K580.00 in his saving account that
pays 3% simple interest for 5years?
D) Jenny has K1560.00 in a saving account that pays 2.5% simple interest. How much
interest will she earned in each amount time?
A) 3years B) 6 months
E) A family charged K1, 345.00 in travel expenses. I no payment is done, how much
money will they owe after one month if the interest rate is 7.25%
For questions F and G refer to the following table
Home Saving and Loan
Time Rate
6 months 2.4%
9 months 2.9%
12 months 3.0%
18 months 3.1
F) What is the simple interest earned on K900.00 for 9 months?
G) Find the simple interest earned on K2, 500.00 for 18 months?
H) The exchange rates at BSP Bank were given as below,
Country
Code Rate
Currency
Australian
AUD 0.3434
Dollar
Solomon Is
SBD 2.3452
Dollar
US
US 0.3186
Dollar
I) How much money will you get if you change K500.00 into Solomon Island dollars?
J) How much money will you get if you change AUD $ 50.00 into PNG kina.
K) How much PNG money will you need to buy US$500?

PERCENTAGE
Percentage is described as a special fraction with a denominator of 100.
A fraction is expressed as;
a Numerator
b Denominator
30
For example, Or as 30%, take note the symbol % indicates percentages. It is used instead of
100
word.
CONVERSION OF PERCENTAGE TO FRACTION
Rule 1. Express the percentage with the denominator of 100 and simplify the fraction.
Example 1. Convert 30% into simplest fraction.
30 30  10 3
30% =  
100 100  10 10
10%. Find the new selling price for the DVD player.
110 130
New Selling price =   K 143.00
100
Example 2. Convert 120% into simple fraction
120 12 2 1
120% =  1 1
100 10 10 5
CONVERSION OF PERECENTAGE TO DECIMAL
Rule 1: Express the percentage over 100, simplify and divide the numerator by the denominator.
Example 1. Write 40% into decimal.
40  20 2
40%  
100  20 5

0.4
= 5 20 = 0.40
20
40
Or  0.4 move two places to the left.
100
Example 2. Express 120% as decimal
120
12%   1.2 move two decimal places to the left
100
CONVERSION OF FRACTION TO PERCENTAGE
Rule 1. Express the denominator of the fraction as 100. Multiply the numerator with the same fac-
tor.
1
Example 1. Express this fraction as percentage.
2
1 1 50 50
   50%
2 2  50 100
3
Example 2. Write this fraction as percentage.
5
3 3 100
   0.6  100  60%
5 5 1
CONVERSION OF DECIMAL TO PERCENTAGE
Rule 1: Multiply the decimal number by 100.
Example 1. Write 0.6 as percentage
0.6 100  60% move two decimal places to right.

Example 2. Express 0.125 as percentage
0.125 100  12.5% move two decimal places to right.
Activity 1. Express the following from percentage to fraction and then to decimals
A) 50% B) 90%
C) 25% D) 125%
E) 160% F) 10.5%
Activity 2. Convert the following decimals to fraction and then to percentage
A) 0.2 B) 0.7
C) 0.04 D) 0.1
E) 0.155 F) 12.5
Activity 3. Complete the table below by filling in the missing information
Decimal Fraction Percentage

0.45
3
5
125%
0.005
2
1000
7%
Activity 4. Express as a percentage
A) 40 marks out of 50 marks B) 5km out of 40km
C) 500m out of 1.5km D) 130kg out of 2.6 tonnes
E) 4 hours out of 1 day F) 3 months out of 3 years
G) 41 marks out of 55 marks

CALCULATING A PERCENTAGE OF A QUANTITY
Rule1. To find a percentage of a quantity, convert the percentage to a fraction or a decimal and
multiply.
Example 1. Find 15% of 400kg
15 400
  0.15  400  60kg
100 1
Example 2. Find 4.5% of K210.00.
4.5 210
  0.045  210  K 9.45
100 1
Activity 5. Find;
A) 30% of 90kg B) 4% of 50 litres
C) 25% of K170.00 D) 95% of 5metres

1
1
E) 6.5% of K540.00 F) 2 of K53, 600.00
PERCENTAGE PROFIT AND LOSS
Every day we faced with problems involving money. Some of the situations involve percentages.
For example, we use the concept of percentages to describe profit, loss and discount.
The amount of profit is the difference between the selling price and the cost price.
Rule: Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price.
The profit percentage is always calculated on the cost price.
Profit % = Selling Price – Cost Price ×100

Cost Price

Loss is made when the cost price is greater than the selling price. The loss is the difference be-
tween the selling price and the cost price.
Rule: Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
The Loss percentage is calculated using the formula below;
Loss % = Cost Price – Selling Price ×100

Cost Price
Example 1. A Store keeper buys an article for K5.00 and sells it for K6.00. What is his profit per-
cent?
We are given; Cost price =K5.00 and selling price =K6.00
6  5 100 1 100 100

Profit % =      20%
5 5 5
Example 2. A man buys a car for K1600 and sells it for K1200. Calculate his percentage loss.
Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price = K1600 – K1200 = K400
400 100
Loss % =   25%
600
Activity 6. Calculate the profit in percentage for the following
A) A bicycle costs K240.00 and is sold for K290.00. Calculate the profit as a per-
centage of the cost of cost price.
B) Calculate the profit per cent when;
i) Cost is K1.05 and selling price is K1.80.
ii) Cost Price is 30 toea and Selling Price is 35 toea.
C) A greengrocer buy a box of 200 oranges for K5.00. He sells them for 3 toea each.
Calculate his percentage profit.

D) An antique dealer buys a chair for K250.00 and sells it for K300.00. Find the per-
centage profit that she made on the sale.
E) Robinson bought their house for K180, 000 and sold it 3 years later for K230, 000.
Find the percentage profit that they made on the sale.
F) Calculate the percentage Loss when:
i) Cost price is 75 toea and selling price is 65 toea

ii) Cost price is K6.53 and selling price is K5.88
G) A car is bought for K20, 000 and sold for K15, 000. What is the percentage loss?
H) Simon’s parents bought him a guitar for Christmas at K140.00. After a year he de-
cided to sell the guitar for K100.00 to his friend. Calculate his loss in percentage.
I) Clare bought an expensive car for K28, 000 and sold it 3 years later for K15,
000. Find the percentage loss she made on the sale.
DISCOUNT
Discount is sometimes given to customers if they pay in cash or during special time of the year
by the retailer. Discount is always given in percentage if the selling price. It is the amount the
retailer will deduct from the selling price.
Example 1. A discount of 10% was given on the speaker which cost K120.00. Find the amount
the customer will pay.
10 120 12
   K12.00
100 1 1
Therefore; K120.00  K12.00  K108.00
The customers will pay K108.00.

90 120
OR 100%  10%    K 108.00
100
PERCENTAGE CHANGE
The percentage change is either increase or decrease by certain percentage of an amount. An in-
crease in 10% in a number means increase by 100 + 10 = 110% of the number. A decrease would
be the opposite.

Example 1. Find the percentage change when K160.00 is change to K180.00.
180 100
  1.125  100  112.5
160
112.5  100  12.5%
Therefore, 12.5% is the increase.
Example 2. An article was sold for K30.00 which was a loss on cost of 10%. What was the cost
price?
If 100% represents the cost price thus 90% represents the selling price.
100 30
Cost price =   K 33.33
90
Example 3. A DVD player which was on sale for K130.00 was increased by10%. Find the new
selling price for the DVD player.
110 130
New Selling price =   K 143.00
100
PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS
1. A television was bought for K560.00 and sold for K600.00. Find the profit as a percentage
of the cost price.
2. The deposit of 40% for a concreting job costs K2400.00. How much will the remaining
60% cost?
1
3. A grocer offers a discount of 2 % to his customers provided their bills are paid within
2
one week. If a bill of K7.25 is paid within one week, how much discount will the grocer al-
low?
4. Calculate the cost price when;
i) Selling price is K20.00 and profit is 25%

1
ii) Selling price is 63 toea and profit is 12 %.
2

5. Bill has a share valued at K3200.00 and the value increase by K8.00. Find the percentage
increase in the value of the shares.
6. A shopkeeper decides to increase some prices by 10%. By how much would she increase
the price of;
i) a loaf of bread costing K3.00
iii) a packet of cereal costing K20.00.
7. Natasha invests K200.00 in a building society account. At the end of the year she receives
5% interest. How much interest does she receive?
8. When a sum of money is decreased by 10%, it becomes K18.00. What was the original
sum?
9. The duty on an article is 20% of its value. If the duty is 80 toea, find the value of the arti-
cle.
10. A man saves 20% of his K200.00 weekly wages for a year. How much will he save by the
end of the year?
Algebra
Algebra is a branch in Mathematics that is designed to help solve certain types of problems. Basic
Algebra involves unknown values called variables. The variables are always represented by sym-
bols, usually letters of alphabet. Problems are solved by expressing the relationship that holds for
given variables or all members of a set.
Important concept of equation is applied in Algebra. Equation is formed when two algebraic ex-
pressions are joined together with an equal sign. An Algebraic expression should contain the real
numbers and variables.
For example, 5 x  2 y , x and y are the variables.

Parts of an equation;
Variables Coefficient
Constant
y  2x  4
Equal sign
Expressions

The variables are unknown numbers which are represented by letters, for example, x and y are the
variables used the equation above. The values of the variables must always keep the equation bal-
ance or make the equation true, that is if the value if x is equal to 2 then the value of y variable
must be always equal to 0 to make the equation true.
Some symbols used to form relationship between variables and constants.
 Multiply
* Multiply
/ or ÷ Divide
+ Add or Positive sign

- Subtraction or Negative
( ) brackets or parentheses or grouping symbols always calculate what is in the bracket
first.
BASIC WORD PROBLEM
Basic word problems can be solved by using algebra concepts. By establishing an algebraic expres-
sion, we can solve the problem.
STEPS INVOLVE IN WRITING ALGERAIC EXPRESSIONS
1. Read the problem carefully and understand it.

2. Decide what information you have and what you need to find out.
3. Decide on what operation to use, i.e. whether you add, subtract, multiply or divide.
4. Then form the expression.
For example, 3 times, the quantity m minus 7, can be written as;
3m  7 . 3 less than the product of 2 and a number x can be written as 2 x  3
Activity 1. Write each of the problems below using algebraic expressions.
A) Two times a number plus 9.

B) x minus twenty divided by two times x.
C) The product of two numbers is 25.
D) There are x students trying out for a solo in a chorus concert, only six will be chosen.
How many students will not be chosen?
E) There are y people who volunteered to pull weeds in the school garden. The Principal
said she wishes she had three times as many volunteers. How many volunteers would the
Principal like to have?

SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Rule 1. Like terms can be added or subtracted. Unlike terms cannot be added or subtract.
Like terms are terms with the same pronumerals. For example, x and 3 x are like terms because
they both have the same pronumeral which is x . Therefore, we can add or subtract both of them.
However, 3 x and 4 y are unlike terms therefore, they cannot be added or subtracted because
they have different pronumeral.
Example 1. Simplify the algebraic expression below;
A) 2x  3x  5x
B) 5 x  3 y  x  6 x  3 y
C) 5 x  y  3 x  3 y  2 x  2 y
Activity 2. Simplify the following algebraic expression by collecting like terms.
A) 5a  3a 
B) xxxx
C) 3a  2a  5a 
D) 3x  2 x  3 y  y 
E) 6x 11  25  2x 
F) 2x  5 y  3y  x 
G) pq pq 
H) 3x  2 y  3x  4 y 
I) 2 xy  4ac  5 yx  4ac 
Activity 3. Expand the brackets and simplify where possible.
A) 4  x  3
B) 2 3  4 y 
C) 4  p  2   3  2 p  3
D) 2  3x  1  5  2 x  3
Rule 2. When simplify an Algebraic expression with multiplication and division operations, multi-
ply or divide the numerals with numerals and pronumerals by pronumerals.
Example 2. Simplify the following
A) 2 x  3 y  6 xy
B) 2a  ab  2a 2b
2 xy
C) y
2x

D) 20a2b  5ab  4a
Activity 4. Simplify the following Algebraic expressions.
4x
A) 
2x
B) 4x  3x 
C) 6 x 2 y  2 x 
D) 5n3  n3 
9 x7
E) 
3x2
SOLVING ALGEBRAIC EQUATION
Algebraic expression involves the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
or powers or taking roots on any collection of variables and numbers.
An equation is a statement that indicates that two algebraic expressions are equal. The value of the
unknown in which when substituted into the equation, it makes the left hand side (LHS) equal to
the right hand side (RHS). Example of simple equation is; 2x  3  x  10
BASIC RULES FOR SOLVING SIMPLE EUQATIONS
 The same quantity may be added or subtracted from both side.

 Each side may be multiplied or divided by the same quantity.
x
Example; Solve  3
5
Multiplying each side by 5 gives

x
5  5 3
5
x  15
LHS should be equal to RHS, check by substituting into the equation the value of x to
proof.
Example 2. Solve 4x  8
Dividing both sides by 4 gives

4x 8
 2
4 4
Check the answer by substituting the x values. LHS =RHS.

Example 3. Solve 3x  7  19 Subtract 7 from both sides then
3x  7  7  19  7
3x  12
Dividing both sides by 3 gives
3 x 12
 4
3 3
Substitute the value of x to proof your answer (LHS =RHS)
Example 4. Solve 5x  20  3x  8 .
Collect like terms on one side of the equation and isolate

the term with unknown on one side of the equation. The solve
using the basic rules.
5 x  3 x  20  8
2 x  12
2 x 12

2 2
x6
Example 5. Solve 2  x  3   x  2   5 .
Remove the brackets
2x  6  x  2  5
x 8  5
x  58
x  13
Activity 5. Solving the following equations:
A) x  3  8
x
B)  5
3
C) 5x  3  18

D) 9  2x  3x  7
E) 2  x  1  9
J) 3  2 x  1  4  2 x  5  40
x x
K)   10
2 3
2x x 1
L)  
5 8 2
PROBLEMS INVOLVING ALGEBRA
Algebraic expressions can be used to translate information into symbols to solve problems.
Example 1. The sum of two numbers a and b is multiplied by a third number c .

The sum of a and b = ab
The sum of a and b multiplied by c = c a  b 
so you can translate the information into algebraic equation and solve your problems.
Activity 6: Review on writing algebraic expressions. Translate the given information into algebraic
expressions.
A) A girl is m years old now. How old was she 3 years age?
B) c articles cost a total of x kina. Find the cost of buying n articles at the same rate.
C) Express algebraically: Five times a number x minus three times a second number y .
D) If c and y represent two numbers write down the algebraic expressions to repre-
sent
i) 4 times the sum of the two numbers.
ii) 3 times the product of the two numbers.
E) If the plums cost x pence per kilogram find the weight of plums that can be bought
for y kina.

SOLVING PROBLEMS
It is important to construct simple (or linear) equations to help you solve your problems.
Important points;
1. Represent the quantity to be found by a symbol (is usually used).

2. Make up the equation which conforms to the given information.
3. Make sure that both sides of the equation are in the same units.
Example 1. A library buys 50 books. Some cost K5.00 and the others cost
K7.00. If the library spent K290.00 in all, how many books costing K5.00 did it buy?
Let x be the number of books bought for K5.00.
Then  50  x  is the number of books bought for K7.00 each.

5 x  7  50  x    350  2 x 
350  2 x  290
The total cost of the 50 books is 60  2 x
60 2 x

2 2
x  30
Therefore, there were 30 books bought at K5.00 each.
Activity 7. Solve the following problems using the algebra concepts.
1. 25 articles are bought. Some cost 8 toea each and others cost 7 toea each. If the to-
tal cost is K1.95, how many of each are bought?
2. I think if a number. If I subtract 9 from it and multiply this difference by 4 the re-
sult is 32. What is the number?
3. A rectangular room is 2 metres longer than its width. If the perimeter of the room is
24 metres, form an equation and hence find the dimensions of the room.
4. Find three consecutive whole numbers whose sum is 54.
5. 4 times a certain number plus 9 is equal to 3 times the number plus 20. Find the
number.
6. The three sides of a triangle are x cm,  x  5 cm and  x  3 cm long. If the perim-
eter is 25cm, find the length of the three sides.

REFERENCES
1. Greer, A, (1992), A complete GCSE Mathematics, Stanley Thornes Ltd, Ellenborough House, Wellington
Street.
2. SMAC 005 Basic Numeracy Skills Study Guide (2009) Edition.
3. www.math.about.com: viewed on 4 /02/13.

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STUDENTS LEARNING & STUDY SUPPORT CENTRE

SMAC 005 BASIC NUMERACY SKILLS

COMPILED BY: Mr Kawona

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre

Types of numbers .............................................................................................................................. 1

Significant Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4-6

Factors …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9-11

Multiples …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11-12

Highest Common Factors ………………………………………………………………………. 12

Lowest Common Multiple …………………………………………………………………….. 12 – 14

Negative Factor …………………………………………………………………………………. 14 - 15

Measurement ……………………………………………………………………………………..15 -23

Ratio & Proportion ………………………………………………………………………………... 36 - 42

Basic Algebra ……………………………………………………………………………………..56 - 62

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre i

1. Counting Numbers or natural numbers – are numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc…

2. Whole numbers are numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc…

ORDER OF ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

The sequence that must be followed is;

Use the acronym BODMAS as the order of operations.

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 1

1. Any number added with zero the result is that number.

Example 2. 670 + 0 = 670

2. When a number is multiply by 1, the result is always the number.

Example 2. 2500 1  2500

3. When a number is multiplied by zero the product is zero.

4. Any number divide by zero is meaningless. There is no answer,

Example 1. 24  0 is meaningless. No answer.

5. When zero is divided by any numbers the quotient is zero.

6. The basic order of operation in maths.

Computer inside the brackets

Multiply and divide from left to right

Add and subtract from left to right

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 2

A) 2,10, 50, -------, -------, --------

B) 3, 9, 15, 21, --------, --------. --------

C) 3, 8, 18, 33, 53, --------,-------,---------

D) 4, -1, -6, -------, ---------, ----------

E) -5, -3, -1, 1, --------, ---------, ----------

C) 1, 4, 9, ?, 25, ?, 49, 64…

D) 243, 81, 27, ?, 3, ?.....

E) 1, -2, 4, ?, 16, -32…

G) 19, 16, ?, 10, 7, ?,

Activity 3. Evaluate the following using the order of operations.

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 3

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

 A number between 10 and 100 to the nearest ten.

Example 1. Round off the number 67 to the nearest number of tens.

67 is roughly 7 tens, so 67 is rounded up to 70.

Example 2. Round off 362 to the nearest number of hundreds.

362 is roughly 4 hundreds, so 362 is rounded up to 400.

Activity 4. Round off the following numbers to the nearest ten.

1. 703 2. 450 3. 680 4. 567

UOG -Students Learning& Study Support Centre Page 3

1. 8500 2. 5378 3. 2631 4. 817 5. 3567

ROUNDING OFF DECIMIAL NUMBERS.

The number 95. 14691 - 95.1 to one decimal place

0.0076821 - 0.008 – to three decimal places

A) 20.259957 to 1 decimal place

B) 2568.26891 to (i) 3 decimal place (ii) 4 decimal places

(iii) 2 decimal places

C) 0.008923 to: (i) 2 decimal places (ii) 3 decimal places

6, , , 24, , , _, __, 54