V THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS)

AND PANDAN LEAVES (AMARYLLIFOLIUS) AS ANT AND

COCKROACH REPELLANT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

A Science Investigation

Submitted as an Entry to the 2018

Division Science Fair

Team Category

(Life Science)

by:

MIKE D. FRANCISCO
APPLE JANE F. PALMA
EARL JHON C. DAGUMAMPAN
EXZEL MARIE C. DAGUMAMPAN

Researchers

BEA D. DE TOMAS
Adviser

AGLANOT INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Dumarao, Capiz
October 2018
 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Title: The Effectiveness of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

and Pandan Leaves (Amaryllifolius) as Ant and Cockroach
Repellant: A Comparative Study

Students Name: MIKE D. FRANCISCO, APPLE JANE F. PALMA, EARL JHON C.

DAGUMAMPAN, EXZEL MARIE C. DAGUMAMPAN

School Name: Aglanot Integrated School

ABSTRACT

Insect repellents are important because it protects an individual from acquiring certain

diseases that insects can transmit.Some of the natural insect repellent are the lemon grass

(Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius). It has been proventhat lemon grass

and pandan leaves as an effective insect repellant. We the researcher conduct this study due to

economic crisis now a days. Its aim is to create a product of insect repellent which is cheaper and

could give the same or greater quality which the commercial one could give through lemon grass

and pandan leaves. Determining the level of effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves

combined as insect repellant compared to lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves

(Amaryllifolius) alone is the mail goal of the study. Specifically, it intends to apply the Steam

Distillation Technique in obtaining the natural elements and essential oil of lemon grass such as

citral and citronella and of pandan leaves such aspiperidine-like alkaloids, acetyl and

pyrroline.Using the solution as a natural insect repellant, the students test its effectiveness on

ants and cockroaches. The cockroaches died in not more than 18 seconds and the ants in 20

seconds, making the repellent more effective on cockroaches. The study has found at that lemon

grass and pandan leaves combined is an effective and alternative natural insect repellent. The
level of effectiveness is much more stronger than that of lemon grass or pandan leaves alone.

The result of the study would provide knowledge and information about lemon grass and pandan

leaves as insect repellant. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant

information for future studies regarding the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) as insect repellants.

 Research Plan

A. Question or Problem being addressed

For us, a house is a place of residence. It is usually a place in which an individual or a family

can rest, store personal property, and prepare food. In able for the house fulfills its function, we

need to eliminate some factors that disturb us in doing these things. Example is the insects. One

of the easy ways to prevent insects is to use insect repellant. This is the reason why the

researcher decides to make a liquid insect repellant. There are many commercially available

liquid insect repellant in the market. The commonly used commercial liquid insect repellant in

the Philippines is quite unaffordable and use chemical that may cause irritation. The researcher

plans to use all natural ingredients in the liquid insect repellant in his study. Since the ingredient

to be used is natural, the liquid insect repellant to be made is more affordable and environment

friendly.The purpose of this study is to find out and to determine the level of effectiveness of

extracts of lemon grass and pandan leaves and extracts added with natural essential oils as

natural insect repellant.

B. Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypothesis

Generally, this study aims to find out and compare the level of effectiveness of lemon

grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) when added with natural

essential oils as ant and cockroach repellant.

C. Procedures:

Collection of lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves

(Amaryllifolius)

 Lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) were

collected from the community

 Virgin coconut oil and Eucalyptus oil were gathered

 Preparation of the Extracts

 Lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) were

cleaned and dried.

 The extracts were extracted through steam distillation technique.

 Extracts of lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves

(Amaryllifolius) ans natural essential oils were combined.

Preparation of Materials Needed in the Experiment

 Stainless pot with an integral strainer, curve pot cover, stainless or steel glass

receiving vessel, distilled water, ice, stove, beaker, stopwatch were the materials

gathered and prepared by the young scientists.

Figure A. The materials used during the experiment.

Data and Data Gathering Procedures

 Results were based on the time the ants and cockroaches died.

 Three trials will be conducted to make sure that the results are accurate and reliable.

Statistical Data Analysis Procedure

Mean- to determine the average time of death of ants and cockroaches.

Standard Deviation- used to determine the consistency of the time of death

Introduction
Lemongrass herb is a very popular plant found commonly in the Philippines and is used

for medicinal, food and mosquito and insect repellent products. Aside from being used as insect

repellant, the lemongrass oils are also used in cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dyes and odorizes

along with thousands of other products. In a study Evaluation of Herbal Essential oil against

Mosquitoes by the Department of Plant Production Technology and Faculty of Agricultural

Technology in Bangkok Thailand affirmed that lemon grass indeed contains organic repellents

against insects.

Unlike DEET which can be toxic and harmful, lemongrass is extremely safe and is listed on

the EPA's GRAS list (generally regarded as safe). People all over the world have come to rely on

the potent insect repellent properties of lemongrass and utilize it as a personal and area spray.

Many repellent products now turn to all natural ingredients as more and more negative data is

released pertaining to chemical compound found in many of the top selling repellent brands.

Pandan leaves come from the Pandanus amaryllifolius shrub, also known as the dwarf or

fragrant screw pine. This sprawling perennial plant is native to southeast Asia and has been

introduced in other tropical regions. They have a strong, sweet fragrance and are often used to

scent and flavor food. Many people in the pandan's native region use the leaves to repel insect

pests. Pandan leaves contain a number of essential oils and chemicals that cockroaches find

unpleasant. Terpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons make up between 6 and 42 percent of the

oils in these leaves, according to the National University of Singapore researchers. Pandan also

contains 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, or 2AP, a substance that repels both American and German
cockroach species in test studies (http://www.ehow.com/info_8725662_pandan-leaves-insect-

repellent.html).

Pandan leaves contain a number of essential oils and chemicals that cockroaches

findunpleasant. Terpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons make up between 6 and 42 percent of

theoils in these leaves, according to the National University of Singapore researchers. Pandan

leavescontain substances repellent to vermins, they actually discourage these insects at a lower

rate than other plants from the same geographical region.Terpenes are a large and diverse class

of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by

some insects such as termites or swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their

osmeterium. They are often strong smelling and thusmay have had a protective function.

Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants

and flowers.Pandan leaves also contain volatile oil, an essential oil found in plants, whisch helps

torepel vermins.

Insect repellents are important public health tools for the prevention of vector-borne diseases

(Goddard.2002). Actions to reduce vector-borne diseases can result in major health gains and

relieves an important constraint on development in poor regions (Amerasinghe.2006). Pandan

leaves contain substances repellent to cockroaches, they actually discourage these insects at a

lower rate than other plants from the same geographical region. Pandan leaves is more potent

than lemon grass, requiring a greater concentration of their essential oils to have the same effect.

While lemon grass which contains citral and citronella has strong antimicrobial qualities and has

phenomenal effects on insects.

Insect repellents are an alternative to the use of insecticides. They may be applied to the skin

to protect an individual from the bites of mosquitoes, mites, ticks and lice or, less commonly,

may be used to exclude insects from an area, such as in packaging to prevent infestation of

stored products. In our opinion, these latter uses are underexploited at the current time. With

increasing problems of insecticide resistance and increasing public concerns regarding

pesticide safety, new, safer active ingredients are becoming necessary to replace existing

compounds on the market. Furthermore, the use of repellents in an integrated pest

management program has been ignored to a large extent.

In many cases, it has been found that behavior that can be labelled as repellency may be the

result of any number of physiological or biochemical events. Insect repellency caused by

DEET is thought to be due to the blocking of lactic acid receptors, abolishing upwind flight,

resulting in the insect “losing” the host (Davis and Sokolove, 1976). Oleic and linoleic acids

have been indicated in death recognition and death aversion (repellency) in cockroaches, and

the term “necromone” has been proposed to describe a compound responsible for this type of

behavior (Rollo et al., 1995). Lactic acid is present in warm-blooded animal body odor and

sweat, and is attractive to female mosquitoes. In behavioral studies lactic acid is essential to

attraction of Aedes aegypti, but lactic acid by itself is only mildly attractive, indicating

synergism with other unidentified human odor components (Geier et al., 1996). Further

evidence for the role of lactic acid in host seeking comes from studies examining mosquito

physiology following a blood meal. Host-seeking behavior in Aedes aegypti stops after

taking a blood meal. It has been found that following a blood meal, the sensitivity of lactic

acid sensitive neurons drops, and this drop is co-incident with the cessation of host-seeking

behavior. Lactic acid sensitivity returns to normal after oviposition (Davis, 1984).
 Lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) are a very popular

and used for medicinal, food and insect repellent products. The natural elements and essential

oils found in these plants are said to be effective as natural insect repellents. These plants are

extremely safe and are listed on the EPA’s GRASS list (generally regarded as safe). People all

over the world have come to rely on the potent insect repellent properties of lemon grass and

utilize it as a personal and area spray. Thus, this investigatory project aims to find out the

effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves as ant and cockroach repellent.

A. Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to find out and compare the level of effectiveness of lemon

grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) when added with natural

essential oils as ant and cockroach repellant.

Specific Objectives

Specifically, this investigatory project aims to answer the following;

1. Are extracts of lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius)

combined effective in killing ants and cockroaches?

2. As to what extent does extracts or repellants had shown its effectiveness?

3. Which extracts is more effective?

4. What level of treatments or concentrations yields a very good result?

B. Significance of the Study

This study will determine the effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves as

cockroach repellent. Specifically, this study will benefit the following;

Parents.Through the knowledge of the parents on the effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan

leaves, they could help prevent possible diseases on their children.

Children.Knowledge on the effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves will enable them to

prevent possible diseases.

Barangay Officials.They could help formulate projects and seminars to their people regarding

the effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves as insect repellants.

C. Scope and Limitation

The focus of this study is to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon

Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) as repellant. The insects being tested are

cockroaches and ants. The study was conducted last June 18, 2017 at Aglanot Elementary

School, Aglanot, Dumarao, Capiz.

D. Definition of Terms

Ant– refers to black or red skinny ants found in the households

Cockroach –a black or brown straight-winged insectsfound in the households

Effectiveness – refers to the ability to be effective of the extracts extracted from lemon grass and

pandan leaves

Extracts–essential elements extracted from lemon grass and pandan leaves

Lemon grass– a herb commonly known as tanglad which has essential elements to ward off

insects
Pandan leaves – a herb which has a great aroma that notably have a repellent effect on

cockroaches

Repellant – a finished product from the extracted elements and essential oils used to repel ants

and cockroaches

Steam Distillation Technique –a special type of distillation technique (a separation process)

used for the extraction of essential elements from lemon grass and pandan leaves
 E. Review of Related Literature

Pandan leaves come from the Pandanus amaryllifolius shrub, also known as the dwarf

or fragrant screw pine. This sprawling perennial plant is native to Southeast Asia and has been

introduced in other tropical regions. It produces spirally arranged leaves about 1 to 1 1/2

incheswide and up to 18 inches in length. This shrubby perennial plant has fan shaped clusters of

long,narrow leaves. Pandan leaves also contain compounds that repel some species

of cockroaches and are a traditional insect repellent.Pandan leaves contain a number of essential

oils and chemicals that cockroaches find unpleasant. Terpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

make up between 6 and 42 percent of the oils in these leaves, according to the National

University of Singapore researchers. Pandan leaves contain substances repellent to vermins, they

actually discourage these insects at a lower ratethan other plants from the same geographical

region.Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety

of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as termites or

swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium. They are often strong

smelling and thusmay have had a protective function. Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary

constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers.Pandan leaves also contain

volatile oil, an essential oil found in plants, which helps torepel vermins.

Studies Anti – oxidant is one of the common medicine instrument items of coast in healing

the body pain. People need medicine for healing, maintenance of health, activity, body

comfortable and conditioning. The constituents of anti – oxidant that may aid in support of

human health is called the body conditioning. Water is essential in all the processes going on the

body, without it, most of this process are related. Herbal medicine can be found in water,extract

of green plants, leaves of plants and roots. It functionally supplies the materials needed for the
conditioning of tissues and bones. The fore muscle, skin, brain, blood and internal organs are

made up of principally of exercising. Body exercising furnishes materials that supply heat and

energy. Medicines are essential for the well being at the individual. (Betaizar, EM. Companions,

GP. 1981)Medicines are the most important constituents of human health. These essential

elements are required for proper metabolic function of the body. The amount required in using

the medicine depends upon the signal amount of illness. Extractlemon grass form an excellent

supply of oil ointment. This material furnishes material for healing the body pain.Extract lemon

grasses are calciferous secretions, although those of certain ointment species are composed of

lemon grass, phosphate, oil, or siliceous materials. Phosphate are salt derive from phosphoric

acid, H PO . It is used in the production of medicines, fertilizers, detergent, feed supplement and

insecticides. (Dana, J.P. and ES. 1951).Phosphates are important to metabolism in both plants

and animals including the human being. It can be found in bones and skin. (Encarta

Encyclopedia)Extract lemon grasses (oil ointment) are used to make helper machine in some

parts of the body. They are oily, liquid, cold to make line for medicine and for use in human

body pain. (Douglas J.C. etal 1989).Extract lemon grass certain phosphate an essential oil

ointment to affected part of the body. It is most abundant liquid element in human and is

necessary to build strong and comfortable skin or muscular system. It also occurs in body fluid

and cells, where it clothing, transmission of nerve impulses and stimulation of many body

reaction. (New Standard Encyclopedia)Extract lemon grass could be used as anti – oxidant.

Extract lemon grass is a drought – tolerant legume primarily produced in North Texas and South

western Oklahoma. A large oil ointment company has moved and since oil ointment required a

high quality medicine, the research Texas R and M developed this product into an anti–oxidant to

affected part of the body acceptable to the human. (Dr. John Sij.).
 Lemon grass is an important essential oil yielding plant. The plant yields lemon grass

oil of commerce after steam distillation of its leaves. And this oil used as insect repellent. One

of the important constituent of the oil is citral (3,7-dimethy-2,6-octadienal) (Ghosh, 2005).

Citral is therefore an aroma compound used in perfumery for its citrus effect. Citral is also used

as a flavor and for fortifying lemon oil. It also has strong antimicrobial qualities (Onawunmi,

1989), and pheromonal effects in insects (Wikipedia, 2011).Citral has a toxic effect on the

sensory nervous system in insect antennae (Hapke, 2001) that affect the behavior and

physiology of insects. That is why the ants and cockroaches that has treated by lemon grass and

pandan leavesdied because of its element content that when the ants and cockroaches smell it

using their antennae, it will have a pheromonal effect to it. And another important constituent

of lemon grass oil is the citronella. Citronella oil is also renowned plant-based insect repellent,

and has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948 (U.S. EPA Citronella

Factsheet, 2007). The United States Environmental Protection Agency considers oil of

citronella as a biopesticide with a non-toxic mode of action (EPA Citronella Registration

Factsheet, 1997). And this biopesticide are naturally occurring substance that control or directly

kill or inactive the insects or pests especially the mosquito (Wikipedia, 2011). With these two

constituents of lemon grass, it can repel the insects away and protect us from insect bites and

vector- borne disease.

 Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Kind of Insects The effectiveness of

lemon grass and pandan
 Ants leaves as ant
 Cockroach and cockroach repellant

Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the possible relationship between dependent and
independent variable.

Research Hypothesis

The extracts of lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius)

will be much more effective insect repellant toants cockroaches than on lemon grass

(Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) with natural essential oils such

as eucalyptus oil and virgin coconut oil.

 I. Materials and Methods

Collection of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Citratus)

and Pandan Leaves (Amaryllifolius)

Lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) were collected

from the community. All these plants were gathered and stored in one room.

Preparation of Materials Needed in the Experiment

Stainless pot with an integral strainer, curve pot cover, stainless or steel glass receiving vessel,

distilled water, ice, stove, beaker, stopwatch were the materials gathered and prepared by the

young scientists.

Figure A. The materials used during the experiment.

A. Procedure

The extraction process was done through steam distillation technique, but due to lack of

laboratory apparatus, the researchers used an improvised apparatus. They used a stainless pot

with an integral strainer, a curve pot cover and a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel. The

researchers prepared 250 grams of lemon grass and 250 grams of pandan leaves. The leaves

must be clean and dry to prevent other organic substance to be contaminated during the

extraction process.

Pandan Leaves Lemon Grass

Figure 2. Fresh and dry lemon grass and pandan leaves

First, set the pot on the heat source and fill with purified water to level just below the

strainer bottom when it is in place. A strainer will be inserted with lemon grass and pandan

leaves. Clear the space in the center of the strainer to set the receiving vessel. Fill the pot

cover as much ice as it can hold. It is not necessary to add water to the pot cover. Boil it up to

15-30 minutes. Get the extract of lemon grass in the receiving vessel.
Figure 3. A strainer filled with lemon grass, pandan leaves and a receiving vessel at the center.

A B

Figure 4. An improvised set up of Steam Distillation Technique. A.) The researcher’s actual set
up of steam distillation, where extraction of lemon grass is going on. B.) labeled different parts
of improvised set up of Steam Distillation Technique.

After the extraction process, they set it aside to let it cool.

 II. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Table 1 shows the composition of extracted products group A, B and C which were tested as

to their level of effectiveness.

Table 1.
Extracted Products Number of Insects Number of Insects Time of Death
Tested Died
A. Lemon Grass 3 3 324.854 seconds

B. Pandan Leaves 3 3 371.333 seconds

C. Pandan Leaves 3 3 165.365 seconds

and Lemon Grass
D. Pandan Leaves 3 3 136.586 seconds
and Lemon Grass
with Essential Oils

They were testes as trial 1, trial 2, and trial 3 to give accurate and reliable results.

Table 1 shows the effectiveness of lemon grass and pandan leaves as natural insect repellant.

Using the extracted product, the researchers took a specific number of cockroaches in one place

for the first set of experimentation. They treated the insects with 30 mL and 60ml of extracted

product of lemon grass and pandan leaves, and extracts combined with 10ml eucalyptus oil and

5ml virgin coconut oil.

 III. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

This investigatory project aimed to find out the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon

Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) as cockroach repellant. They used fresh pandan

leaves and lemon grass as an insect repellant. The researchers used the Steam Distillation

Technique to get the extracted products of pandan leaves and lemon grass.The insects that were

tested were cockroaches only.

All of the cockroaches died when treated by the product. The cockroaches treated with

essential oils died faster than the other extracted products with the mean time of 136.586 while

cockroaches treated with pandan leaves died the slowest with the mean time of 371.333 seconds

Conclusion

Based on the results, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon Citratus) and pandan leaves (Amaryllifolius) essential oils

are an effective cockroach repellant.

2. Extracts of pandan leaves had shown slow effectiveness on cockroaches.

3. Extracts of lemon grass leaves had shown faster effectiveness on cockroaches rather than

on pandan leaves.

4. Extracts of pandan leaves and lemon grass combined is much more effective than that of

pandan leaves or lemon grass alone.

5. Extracts or repellants added with eucalyptus and virgin coconut oil had shown fastest

effectiveness on cockroaches out of the other solutions.

 Recommendation

On the basis of the findings of the study and the conclusions arrived at, the following

recommendations were drawn;

1. Users must consider the use of lemon grass and pandan leaves as ant and cockroach

repellent apart from using chemical based repellents for it is cheaper than commercial based

insect repellants.

2. The barangay officials should provide seminars to parents of their barangay on the positive

effects and beneficial of lemon grass and pandan leaves.

3. Private companies using chemicals on making their commercial based insect repellants

should consider using the essential oils found in lemon grass and pandan leaves.
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