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Engineering Chemistry
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Foreword v
Preface vii
1. General Chemistry 1
Learning Objectives 1
1.1 Valence Bond Theory 1
1.2 Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules 2
sp Hybridization 3
sp2 Hybridization 5
sp3 Hybridization 5
Lone Pair in Hybrid Orbitals 7
1.3 Molecular Orbital Theory 8
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) 9
MO Diagram of Homodiatomic Molecules 11
MO Diagram of Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 14
1.4 Metallic Bond 17
Theories of Metallic Bond 17
1.5 Hydrogen Bond 20
Types of Hydrogen Bond 21
Consequences of Hydrogen Bonding 22
1.6 van der Waals Forces 24
1.7 Solid State 25
Crystalline Solids 26
Amorphous Solids 26
Differences between Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 26
1.8 Space Lattice and Unit Cell 27
1.9 Types of Unit Cell 28
1.10 Cubic Lattice 30
Calculation of Number of Particles per Unit Cel 31
Density Computation 31
1.11 Crystal Structure 34
Packing Efficiency 36
Radius Ratio Rule 38
Relation between Void Radius and Atom Radius in Close Packing 39
1.12 Bragg’s Law – X-Ray Structure of Crystals 42
X-Ray Structure of Crystals 42
1.13 Liquid Crystals and Their Applications 45
Classification of Liquid Crystals 46
Types of Mesophases 47
Liquid Crystalline Behavior in Homologous Series 50
Applications of Liquid Crystals 51
5 Electrochemistry 199
Learning Objectives 199
5.1 Electrical Conductance 200
Types of Electrolytes 200
Conductivity of Solutions of Electrolytes 200
Specific Conductance 201
Equivalent Conductance 202
Molar Conductance 202
Ionic Conductance 202
Factors Affecting Conductance 204