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LECTURE 3 CP Ch 14

Simple harmonic motion

displacement x = xmax cos (ω t )

velocity = dx/dt v = − xmaxω sin (ω t )
acceleration = dv/dt a = − xmaxω 2 cos (ω t )

Equation of motion m a = −k x (restoring force)

substitute
k 1 k m
→ω = → f = → T = 2π
m 2π m k
oscillation frequency and period
CP459
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SHM
displacement x = x max cos (ω t )
velocity = dx/dt v = − x maxω sin (ω t )
acceleration = dv/dt a = − x max ω 2
cos ( )
ω t = − ω 2
x

acceleration is 180° out of

phase with displacement v 2 = xmax
2
ω 2 sin 2 (ω t )
= xmax
2
ω 2 (1 − cos2 (ω t ))
At extremes of oscillations, v = 0 = ω 2 ( xmax
2
− x2 )

When passing through equilibrium,

v is a maximum v = ±ω ( xmax
2
− x2 )
CP459
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SHM and energy k

ω = 2

1 2 1 2 m
PE = k x = k xmax cos2 (ω t )
2 2
1 1 1 2
KE = m v = m xmax ω sin (ωt ) = k xmax sin 2 (ωt )
2 2 2 2

2 2 2

How did I get this?

1 2 1
Etotal = KE + PE = k xmax = m vmax
2
= constant
2 2

How do PE and KE vary during an oscillation?

1 1 1 2
m v 2 + k x 2 = k xmax ⇒ v = ± ω xmax
2
− x2
2 2 2 CP463
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Problem 3.1
-A 0 +A t x V a KE PE

0 A 0 - ω2 A 0 ½ k A2

T/4

T/2

3T / 4

What are all the values at times t = T/4, T/2, 3T/4, T ?

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Problem 3.2
A spring is hanging from a support without any object attached to it and its length
is 500 mm. An object of mass 250 g is attached to the end of the spring. The
length of the spring is now 850 mm.

(a) What is the spring constant?

The spring is pulled down 120 mm and then released from rest.

(b) What is the displacement amplitude?

(c) What are the natural frequency of oscillation and period of
motion?
(d) Describe the motion on the object attached to the end of the
spring.

Another object of mass 250 g is attached to the end of the spring.

(d) Assuming the spring is in its new equilibrium position, what is the length of
the spring?
(f) If the object is set vibrating, what is the ratio of the periods of oscillation for
the two situations?
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Answers

(a) k = 7.0 N.m-1

(b)

(c) x1max = 0.12 m

(d) f1 = 0.84 Hz T1 = 1.2 s

(e) T2 / T1 = 1.4
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Solution 3.2
Identify / Setup L0

L0 = 500 mm = 0.500 m L1
L1 = 850 mm = 0.850 m
m1 = 250 g = 0.250 kg L2
ymax = 120 mm = 0.120 m
k = ? N.m-1 m1
equilibrium position ymax
f1 = ? Hz T1 = ? s
y=0
m2 = 0.500 kg
L2 = ? m
T2 / T1 = ?
F = k (L1 – L0)
SHM m2
Fe = − k x F = FG m1 a=0
x = xmax cos(ω t )
FG = m g
2π k
ω = 2π f = =
T m
m
T = 2π
k
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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Object at end of spring – stationary Object vibrates up and down with SHM
F = FG ⇒ k (L1 - L0) = m g about the equilibrium position with a
k = m g /(L1 – L0) displacement amplitude
k = (0.250)(9.8) / (0.850 – 0.500) N.m-1 A = ymax = 0.120 m
k = 7.00 N.m-1
2π k
ω = 2π f = =
T m
1 k 1 7
f1 = = Hz = 0.842 Hz
2 π m 2 π 0.25
1 1 Evaluate
T1 = = s = 1.19 s
f1 0.842
(e) Again F = m g = k y ⇒ y = m2 g / k m2 = 0.500 kg k = 7 N.m-1
y = (0.5)(9.8) / 7 m = 0.700 m L2 = L0 + y = (0.500 + 0.700) m = 1.20 m

m1 m2 m2 0.50
(f) T1 = 2 π T2 = 2 π k = k1 = k2 ⇒ T2 / T1 = = = 1.4
k1 k2 m1 0.25
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Problem 3.3

A 100 g block is placed on top of a 200 g block. The coefficient of static friction
between the blocks is 0.20. The lower block is now moved back and forth
horizontally in SHM with an amplitude of 60 mm.

(a) Keeping the amplitude constant, what is the highest frequency for which the
upper block will not slip relative to the lower block?

Suppose the lower block is moved vertically in SHM rather than horizontally. The
frequency is held constant at 2.0 Hz while the amplitude is gradually increased.

(b) Determine the amplitude at which the uppper block will no longer maintain
contact with the lower block.
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Solution 3.3
Identify / Setup

FN
m1 = 0.1 kg m2 = 0.2 kg 1

µ = 0.20 2 m1 a1y = 0
Ff = µ N
A2 = 60 mm = 0.06 m =µmg FN = m g
FG
max freq f = ? Hz

SHM
amax = A ω2 = A(2 π f)2 = 4 π2 f2 A FN
1

2 m1

FG
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Execute

(a)
max frictional force between blocks
Ff = µ m1 g

max acceleration of block 1

a1max = Ff / m1 = µ g

max acceleration of block 2

a2max = a1max = µ g

SHM a2max = 4 π2 f2 A f = 2 Hz

µ g = 4 π2 f2 A

f = √[µ g / (4 π2 A)] = √[(0.20)(9.8)/{(4)(π2)(0.06)}] Hz = 0.91 Hz

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Execute

(b)

max acceleration of block 1 (free fall)

a1max = g

max acceleration of block 2

a2max = a1max = g

SHM a2max = 4 π2 f2 A

g = 4 π 2 f2 A

A = g / (4 π2 f 2) = (9.8) / {(4)(π2)(22)} m = 0.062 m

Evaluate