Al-Balqa Applied University

Power systems Protection

course

Dr Audih alfaoury 1

Department of Electrical Energy Engineering

 Part 4

Zones of Protection

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Zones of protection
Is the place or the distance that the relay can protect
easily.Fig.1 shows an example of three protection zones for
three circuit breakers. It is to be noted that the protection
zones are overlapped.

Fig.1
Nota:-In power systems, all power system elements must be
covered by at least one zone Dr Audih alfaoury 3
 The important elements must
be included two zones or
more.
 Zones must overlap to prevent
any element from unprotected.
 The overlap must be finite or
limited, but small to minimize
the probability of outcome
fault from inside of this region.
 A zone boundary is usually
defined by a CT and a CB.
 The CT provides the ability
to detect a fault inside the
zone
 The CBs provide the ability to
isolate the fault.
 The protection zone may be
open or close zone. Dr Audih alfaoury 4
CLOSED AND OPEN PROTECTION ZONES

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Backup protection

It is an alternative protection that work when primary

protection fails to operate.
Primary and backup protection are independent ( relay,
breaker , CT,PT) .
Backup is slower time than primary.
Sometimes backup protection opens more circuit
breakers (that net necessary) to clear the fault.
backup protection become primary protection when usual
primary equipment out of service.
Back up relaying may be installed locally, in the same
substation (local), or remote in other substations(Clears
fault on station away from where the failure has
occurred).
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 Primary and Back up Local backup
protection at the same protection at
location ( Local Backup) different locations
CT

CB

CT
CB
VT

VT

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Remote back up protection

CT CT

CB CB

Primary
Back up

VT
VT

Selectivity and zones of protection

Selectivity is defined in terms of regions of a power
system (zones of protection) for which a given relay is
responsible.
The relay will be considered secure if it responds only to
faults within its zone of protection.
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Examples of Backup Protection:

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Example 2

The tie circuit breaker (T) is assumed to work normally closed.

For a fault at CD, Line Breakers 5 and 6 should operate as the
primary protection. If Protection 5 fails to operate, with existing
technology, we have two possibilities for cutting the fault current
contribution from A, B, and F: open Breakers 1, 3 and 8; or open
Breakers 2 and T. In any case, backup protection needs time
delay. The primary protection needs to be given an opportunity to
operate before using the decision of a backup operation
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Local Backup( in same substation)

Breakers 2 and T represent local backup protection, which is located

in the same substation as the primary protection. Local backup
protection is more expensive than remote backup because additional
equipment is needed. Advantages of local backup over remote
backup are greater sensitivity, greater selectivity, and faster
operation speed.

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Remote Backup ( in same substation)

Breakers 1, 3 and 8 are located in a remote substation. This is the remote

backup protection. An advantage of remote backup protection is low cost:
the remote backup protection comes from protection equipment that is
needed for primary protection functions of adjacent system elements.
Therefore, there is no need for additional investment.

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Example 2: Consider the following simple power system:

Discuss the local and remote backup protection for two fault locations
as follows:
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Case 1: Local Backup

For fault at F1: Suppose that breaker J operate and breaker H failed
to operate. Therefore:
G and I must operate as local backup protection
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Case 2: Local Backup

For fault at F2: Suppose that breakers P and Q operate and breaker M failed
to operate. Therefore:
L must operate as local backup protection and it should tripped by
communication signal (Transfer Trip).
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Case 3: Remote Backup

For fault at F1: Suppose that breaker J operate and breaker H failed to
operate. Therefore:
E, F, L and M must operate as Remot backup protection

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Case 4: Remote Backup

For fault at F1: Suppose that breakers P & Q operate and breaker M failed to
operate. Therefore:
I, B, and C must operate as Remot backup protection
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