Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y.

18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

_______________________________
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality
Theory 1. Determinism vs. Free choice - Are people’s behaviors
___________________________________________________________________
determined by forces over which they have no control,
HOW TO STUDY PERSONALITY or can people choose to be what
they wish to be?
Personality 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism - Are people doomed to live
• Consistent miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives, or can they
• Regular feature change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy,
• Attitudes, traits, behaviors fully functioning human beings?
3. Causality vs. Teleology - Briefly, causality holds that
Personality- a pattern of relatively permanent traits and behavior is a function of past experiences, whereas
unique characteristics that give both consistency and teleology is an explanation of behavior in terms of
individuality to a person’s behavior. future goals or purposes.
• From Latin persona, "mask" 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious - Are people ordinarily
aware of what they are doing and why they are doing
Theory- a set of related assumptions that allows scientists it, or do unconscious forces impinge on them and
to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable drive them to act without awareness of these
hypotheses. underlying forces?
5. Biological vs. Social – nature-nurture issue
Theories are not… 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities – Is the salient feature of
Speculation people their individuality, or their common
Hypotheses characteristics?
Taxonomy
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions:
Why do diff. people come up with diff theories? • Individualism vs. collectivism
• Not necessarily because one is right and the other is • Power distance- the way which countries treats
wrong equity and equality
• Personal backgrounds and characteristics • Uncertainty avoidance
• Different assumptions about human nature • Masculinity vs. femininity- stereotypical traits being
prioritized by the culture
A useful theory: • Long vs. short-term orientation
1. generates research • Indulgence vs. restraint
2. is falsifiable • What aspects of personality are considered desirable
3. organizes data and undesirable?
4. guides action • How does an individual attain personal growth and
5. is internally consistent well-being?
6. is parsimonious
WHAT MAKES A GOOD THEORY?
• Generates research
• Is falsifiable
• Organizes data
• Guides action
• Is internally consistent
• Is parsimonious

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

_______________________________
Dynamics of Personality
Chapter 2: Freud (Psychoanalysis)
___________________________________________________________________
Hysteria - a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or 1. DRIVE
-an internal stimulus that operates as a constant
improper functioning of certain parts of the body. (Jean
motivational force
Martin-Charcot)
-Sex Drive or Eros - erogenous zones: genitals,
mouth, and anus
Catharsis – the process of removing hysterical symptoms
-Forms/Manifestations:
through “talking them out” (Josef Breuer)
o primary narcissism – libido exclusively
invested on their own ego, a universal condition
Free Association Technique & Hypnosis – principal
o secondary narcissism – Not universal, but a
therapeutic techniques used by Freud
moderate degree of self-love is common to
nearly every one. Here narcissistic libido is
Interpretation of Dreams – Freud’s greatest work
transformed into object libido
o love – develops when people invest their libido
Phylogenetic Endowment – a portion of our unconscious
on an object or person other than themselves
originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that
o sadism – is the need for sexual pleasure by
have been passed on to us through hundreds of
inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.
generations of repetition
Considered sexual perversion extreme.
o masochism – is the need for sexual pleasure by
Provinces of the Mind
suffering pain and humiliation inflicted by
Id – serves the “pleasure principle”. It has no contact with themselves or by others.
2. AGGRESSION
the reality, it strives constantly to reduce tension by
- the aim of the destructive drive is to return the
satisfying basic desires.
organism to an inorganic state, which is death
3. ANXIETY
Ego – governed by the “reality principle”. The only region in
- the center of the Freudian dynamic theory
the mind in contact with reality. It reconciles the blind,
- a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a
irrational claims of the id.
physical sensation
-A psychologically healthy person dominated by the
- it is ego-preserving and self-regulating
ego
-Forms of anxiety:
o neurotic anxiety – defined as an apprehension
Superego – guided by the “moralistic principle”. Basically,
about an unknown danger. It results from the
unrealistic in its demands for perfection because it has no
dependence of the ego to the id.
contact with reality.
o moral anxiety – stems from the conflict
- It has two subsystems:
o conscience – results from experiences with between the ego and superego o.
o realistic anxiety – It is closely related to fear. It
punishments for improper behavior and tells us
is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling
what we ‘should not do’
o ego-ideal – develops from experiences with involving a possible danger.
rewards for proper behavior and tells us what
we ‘should do’

Guilt - results when the ego acts contrary to the

moral standards of the superego. A function of
conscience.

Feelings of inferiority - arise when the ego is unable to

meet the superego’s standards of perfection. A function of
ego-ideal.

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages

- It helps the ego to avoid dealing directly with sexual and
aggressive impulses and to defend itself against the anxiety
that accompanies them
1. Repression – It is the most basic of the defense
mechanisms. When the ego is threatened by
undesirable id impulses, it forces threatening feelings
into the unconscious.
2. Reaction Formation – repressed impulse becomes
conscious by adopting a disguise that is directly
opposite to its original form
3. Displacement – unacceptable urges are redirected
onto a variety of people or objects so that the original
impulse is disguised or concealed
4. Fixation – when the prospect of taking the next
psychological stage becomes too anxiety provoking,
the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the
present, more comfortable psychological stage. This
is held universally and demands a more or less
permanent expenditure of psychic energy.
5. Regression – a reversion in which during times of
stress and anxiety of a developmental stage, the
libido reverts back to an earlier stage. Infantile and
rigid in nature just like fixation, but is usually
temporary.
6. Projection – seeing in others unacceptable feelings
or tendencies that actually resides in one’s own
unconscious. The ego may reduce the anxiety by
attributing the unwanted impulse to an external
object, usually another person. A severe variety of it is
called paranoia.
7. Introjection - a defense mechanism whereby people
incorporate positive qualities of another person into
their own ego. People introject characteristics that
they see as valuable and that will permit them to feel
better about themselves.
8. Sublimation – is the repression of the genital aim of
Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim.
9. Rationalization – involves covering up the true
reasons for actions, thoughts, or feelings by making
up excuses and incorrect explanations
10. Denial – is refusing to recognize some anxiety-
provoking event or piece of information that is clear
to others
• Infantile Period
o Oral
• Infancy
• Nutrition and pleasure from
breastfeeding
• Oral-receptive phase: receive the nipple
with no ambivalence
• Oral-sadistic phase after weaning,
development of ego
• Behaviors: overeating, smoking, sarcastic
remarks, nail-biting
o Anal
• Toddlerhood
• Toilet Training
• Development of aggressive drive
• Early anal period: aggression from
frustration with parents
• Late-anal period: pleasure from
defecating, feces as gift
• Successful training -> generous
personality
• Holding it in -> anal-retentive personality
• Not controlling it -> anal-expulsive
personality
• Anal retentive – may take the form of
being very neat, stingy, or behaviorally
rigid
• Anal expulsive – may take the form of
being generous, messy, or very loose or
carefree
• Anal triad: orderliness, stinginess, and
obstinacy
o Phallic
• Phallic Phases for Males
▪ Sexual desire for mother; Wanting to
be his father -> Simple Oedipus
Complex -> Castration anxiety ->
Repression of feelings for mother ->
Introjection of father's authority ->
Development of superego
• Phallic Phases for Females
▪ Incestuous feelings for mother ->
Penis envy & hostility towards mother
-> Female Oedipus complex
->Realization that desires will not be
fulfilled -> Repression of feelings for
father -> Identification with mother ->
Development of superego

3
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

• Latency How to analyze dreams:

o Dormant psychosexual development
o Psychic energy is directed toward non-sexual
activities
o Possible roots in phylogenetic endowment
o Eros still exists, but…
• Genital
o Outward direction of sexual drive
o Possibility of reproduction
o Supremacy of genitals
o Puberty signals the reawakening of sexual
impulses
Remember: Almost all dreams are wish fulfilments
1. Ask the dreamer what they associate with the dream
2. Decode the symbols appearing in the manifest
content:
a. Sticks, pencils, baseball bats
b. Boxes, doors, caves, bowls
c. Running, dancing, climbing
Freudian slips
• Aka parapraxes or Fehlleistung (German)
• Slip-ups that reveal a person's unconscious intentions

• Maturity CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

o Passing through all the developmental stages in 1. Determinism vs. Free choice
an ideal manner 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism
3. Causality vs. Teleology
Freudian Therapy 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious
• If most of our problems are rooted in the 5. Biological vs. Social
unconscious, how can we bring them out into the 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities (middle)
known?
• Free association
• Transference
• Negative transference
• Resistance
• Goal: Libido must be freed for the ego to use
• Successfully treated patients no longer have
debilitating symptoms and have stronger egos

Dream Interpretation

Dreams- the royal road to the unconscious

• Manifest content- surface meaning or the conscious
description given by the dreamer
• Latent content -what it actually means; unconscious

- For Freud, all dreams are wish fulfilments

- Dreams can work their way to consciousness in two ways:

• Condensation- refers to the fact that the manifest
dream content is not as extensive as the latent level,
indicating that the unconscious material has been
abbreviated or condensed before appearing on the
manifest level
• Displacement- means that the dream is replaced by
some other idea remotely related to it

4
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

_______________________________
Chapter 2: Adler (Individual Psychology) 3. Unity and self-consistency of personality
___________________________________________________________________ o Inconsistent behavior does not exist.
o Conscious- those that we are aware of
- Individual psychology rests heavily on the notion and understand
of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness o Unconscious- not clearly formulated or
with all humankind. understood
- People are motivated mostly by social influences o ^ Both work towards the final goal
and by their striving for superiority or success. o Organ Dialect- the deficient organ
- People are largely responsible for who they are expressing the direction of an
- Present behavior is shaped by the people’s view individual's goal
of the future.
- an opposing theory to psychoanalysis 4. Social interest as point of value
o Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (Social Interest)-
Six Basics of Adler's Theory: a feeling of oneness with all humanity.
o A person's level of social interest is the
1. Striving for success or superiority as main yardstick for psychological health.
driving force o Development of Social Interest:
• All human motivation: • Influence of both mother and father
o Striving for success
• Mother: develop bond that
• Psychologically healthy people
encourages social interest
o Striving for superiority
• Father: caring attitude towards wife
• Exaggerated feelings of
and others
inferiority
• Final Goal
o Either personal superiority or success of
all humankind
o Can be either unconscious or conscious
and understood
o Reached via subgoals whose relation
may not always be clear
o Humans are blessed with physical
deficiencies, which make us feel inferior
o Basic tendency towards completeness
o By 4-5 years (start of setting a final
5. Style of life
goal) o How a person lives their life, inc. goal,
o May take on different forms
self-concept, attitudes, actions, etc.
o Established by age 4-5
2. Influence of subjective perceptions o Healthy: Flexible, complex, geared
o Fiction- an idea whose objective
towards social interest
existence cannot be proven, but
influences people as if they exist. (e.g.
6. Shaping by creative power
quotes and personal motto) o The freedom people have to create their
o "I am inferior and must therefore strive
own style of life.
to be better than I am now" o Influences how the final goal looks like
o Beyond biological and social influences

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

What happens when we are psychologically INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY IN PRACTICE

unhealthy? People's perceptions of the circumstances of their
• Underdeveloped social interest birth is more important that their birth order
o Setting overly lofty goals
o Living in private world 1. Family Constellation
o Rigid and dogmatic style of life a. Oldest child
• Sources of Maladjustment i. Feelings of power & superiority
o Exaggerated physical deficiencies ii. Traumatic dethronement
o Pampered style of life b. Middle child
o Neglected style of life i. Shaped by older child's attitude
• Safeguarding Tendencies ii. Competitive, discouraged
o Protect exaggerated self-esteem from c. Youngest child
public disgrace i. Often the most pampered
o Largely conscious, usually neurotic ii. Dependent, motivated,
• Excuses- comes in "yes, but" or "if only" ambitious
forms d. Only child
• Aggression- inflicting suffering on others i. Grow up in adult world
or yourself ii. Superiority, lack cooperation
o Depreciation- undervaluing others' 2. Early Recollections
achievements and overvaluing your o Your earliest memory doesn't influence
own. your style of life; rather, it's the other
o Accusation- blaming others for your way around.
failures and seeking revenge 3. Dreams
• Self-accusation- devaluing oneself in o Dreams are clues on how to solve
order to inflict suffering on others future problems
• Withdrawal- safeguarding through o How to solve problems (but not always
distance; running away from difficulties productively)
o Moving backward- psychologically o Most dreams are self-deceptions
reverting to a more secure period of o Colored by a person's style of life
life 4. Psychotherapy
o Standing still- avoiding all o "What would you do if I curved you
responsibility by ensuring yourself immediately?"
against threat of failure o Warm, friendly, nurturing attitude
• Hesitating- time-wasting or delaying when o Treating children in front of parents,
faced with difficult problems teachers, and health professionals
• Constructing obstacles- creating your
own problems to protect your self-esteem CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
1. Determinism vs. Free choice
Masculine Protest 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism
• Social practice of overemphasizing 3. Causality vs. Teleology
manliness. 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious
• What do women want? 5. Biological vs. Social
o Freud: I don't know! 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities
o Adler: The same as what men want

6
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

_______________________________ o Anima
Chapter 2: Jung (Analytical Psychology) • The feminine side in males
___________________________________________________________________ • Second test of courage
• Generalized picture of woman
- It rests on the assumption that occult phenomena • May manifest as irrational moods or
can and do influence the lives of everyone. feelings
- Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only o Animus
by repressed experiences but also by certainly • The masculine side in females
emotionally toned experiences inherited from our • Generalized picture of man
ancestors. These make up the collective unconscious. • May manifest as irrational thinking or
- Some elements of the collective unconscious illogical opinions
become highly developed and are called archetypes. o Other Archetypes
- Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of • Great Mother
opposites. ▪ Fertility and nourishment +
power and destruction
Structure of Personality • Wise old Man
• Levels of the Psyche ▪ Wisdom and meaning; not
o Conscious always sensible
• Images that are sensed by the ego • The Hero
• Ego: center of consciousness ▪ Victory over the forces of
o Personal Unconscious darkness
• Repressed, forgotten, subliminally o Self
perceived experiences • Growth, perfection, completion
• Complex: emotionally toned group • Archetype of archetypes
of ideas • Ultimately symbolized as the mandala
o Collective Unconscious • Ideally, all components of one's psyche
• Experiences from our ancestral past are balanced
• Innate tendency to react in a • See picture of diagram of mandala
particular way
• Archetypes Dynamics and Types
o Ancient or archaic images from the
collective unconscious Personality Dynamics
o Psychic counterpart to instincts • Causality = Teleology- both causal and
o Biology + repeated experience teleological forces must be balanced.
o Several indirect expressions (esp. dreams) • Progression and regression
Forms of archetypes: o Progression- Adaptation to the outside
o Persona world
• The side of personality that we show to o Regression- Adaptation to one's inner
the world world
• Identify with it too much and you lose o Alone, neither progression nor regression
touch with your inner self leads to development. Either can bring
o Shadow about too much one-sidedness and failure
• What we don't want to acknowledge in adaptation; but the two, working
and hide from others together, can activate the process of
• First test of courage: knowing and healthy personality development.
coming to terms with one's shadow

7
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19)
Personality Types
Attitude + Function = Jungian Type
• Attitude- predisposition to act or react in a
characteristic direction
• Two Attitudes:
o Extraversion
• Objective; deals with the external
world
• Pragmatic, realistic Outlook
o Introversion
• Subjective; deals with one's internal
world
• Four Functions (How you interact with the world)
o Thinking- logical intellectual activity (What
does it mean?)
• Extraverted Thinking
▪ Processing of concrete
thoughts and data
• Introverted Thinking
▪ Interpretation of external
stimuli with individual
meaning
o Feeling- Evaluating an idea or event (Is it
good or bad?)
• Extraverted Feeling
▪ Use objective data to make
value judgements, usually
according to some standard
• Introverted Feeling
▪ Base value judgements on
subjective perceptions
rather than facts
o Sensing- Receiving & being conscious of
physical stimuli (What is it?)
• Extraverted Sensing
▪ Perceiving external stimuli
as they exist in reality
• Introverted Sensing
▪ Taking in external stimuli
through their own subjective
lens
o Intuiting- Perception beyond
consciousness (I just know!)
• Extraverted Intuiting
▪ Perceive objective facts
subliminally; guided by
hunches
Notes by Dane Goco
• Introverted Intuiting
▪ Guided by unconscious,
internal perception of
subjective experiences
Development of Personality
Stages of Development
• Childhood
o 3 phases
• Anarchic phase: "islands of
consciousness"
• Monarchic phase: development of
ego, third person
• Dualistic phase: ego is subjective
and objective
• Youth
o Increased activity, maturing sexuality,
growing consciousness
o Conservative principle: desire to cling to
the past
• Middle life
o Period of decline
o Unhealthy: Holding on rigidly to the values
and lifestyle of youth
o Healthy: moving to a more introverted
direction
• Old Age
o Decrease in consciousness
o Unhealthy: fearing death
o Healthy: finding meaning in death, the
natural endpoint of life
Self-Realization or Individuation
Self-realization
- also called as psychological rebirth
- the process of becoming an individual or a whole
person
- the process of integrating the opposite poles into a
single homogenous individual
- this process of “coming to selfhood” means that a
person has all psychological components functioning
in unity, with no psychic process atrophying
- The self-realized person must allow the unconscious
to be the core of personality.
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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

Characteristics of Individuation CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

• Balance and unity 1. Determinism vs. Free choice (neither)
• Self as core 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism (neither)
• Rare achievement 3. Causality vs. Teleology (both)
• Late achievement 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious (both)
5. Biological vs. Social
Analytical Practices 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities
• Word Association
o Didn't invent it, but helped develop &
refine it
o Goal: Uncover complexes
• Dreams
o Jung objected to Freud’s notion that nearly
all dreams are wish fulfilments and that
most dream symbols represent sexual
urges; rather people used symbols to
represent a variety of concepts to try to
comprehend the “innumerable things
beyond the range of human
understanding”.
o Goal: uncover and integrate elements from
the personal and collective unconscious
o Often compensatory
o Big dreams, typical dreams, earliest dreams
remembered
• Active Imagination
o This method requires a person to begin
with any impression—a dream image,
vision, picture, or fantasy—and to
concentrate until the impressions begins to
“move”. The person must follow these
images and courageously face these
autonomous images and freely
communicate with them.
o Goal: uncover archetypal images
o Advantage: clear imagery
• Psychotherapy
o Transformation: therapist must first be a
healthy human being
o Goal: neurotic to healthy, healthy to self-
realization
o Transference
o Counter-transference

9
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19)
__________________________________
Chapter 2: Klein (Object Relations Theory) Positions
___________________________________________
- Klein stressed the importance of the first 4 to 6
months after birth.
- an offspring of Freud’s instinct theory but differs in
three general ways:
1) It places less emphasis on biologically based
drives and more importance on consistent
patterns of interpersonal relationships.
2) It tends to be more maternal, stressing the
intimacy and nurturing of the mother, as
opposed to Freud’s rather paternalistic theory
that emphasizes the power and control of the
father.
3) Object relations theorists generally see human
contact and relatedness – not sexual pleasure
as the prime motive of human behavior
Defense Mechanisms
Psychic Life of the Infant
- Infants do not begin life with a blank slate but with
an inherited predisposition to reduce the anxiety they
experience as a result of the conflict produced by the
forces of the life instinct and the power of the death
instinct.
- The infant’s innate readiness to act or react
presupposes the existence of phylogenetic
endowment, a concept that Freud also accepted.
Objects
• Where are our drives (or instincts) directed
towards?
o Breast
o Sexual organs
o Face and hands
• Introjection of objects
• Internalized in concrete and physical terms
Phantasy
• Psychic representations of unconscious id
impulses
• Infants possess unconscious images of “good”
and “bad” (e.g. good breast, bad breast)
• May be contradictory
Notes by Dane Goco
• Ways of dealing with internal and external
objects
o Paranoid-schizoid position
• 3-4 months
• I want the good breast but hate the
bad breast!
• Splitting of ego
▪ Ideal breast
▪ Persecutory breast
o Depressive position
• 5-6 months
• Good and bad can exist in the same
object
• Fear and guilt
• Desire fir reparation for destructive
urges
• Introjection
o Taking into one's own body the images
one has of an external object (both good
and bad)
o Introjected objects are not accurate
representations of the real objects but are
colored by children’s fantasies
• Projection
o One's own feelings and impulses reside
within another person
o By projecting unmanageable destructive
impulses onto external objects, infants
alleviate the unbearable anxiety of being
destroyed by dangerous internal forces
• Splitting
o Mentally keeping apart good and bad
aspects of themselves and external objects
o If splitting is not extreme and rigid, it has a
positive effect on the child. The child can
see both positive and negative aspects of
their self. If splitting is excessive an
inflexible, it can lead to pathological
repression
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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19)
• Projective Identification
o Split off bad parts + project onto another +
introject
o A psychic defense mechanism in which
infants split off unacceptable part of
themselves, project them into another
object, and finally introject them back into
themselves in a changed or distorted form.
Then they identify with the object.
Internalizations
• Aspects of the external world which are
introjected then organized into meaningful
framework
1. Ego
o Present at birth
o First experience with feeding
o Must split into "good me" and "bad me"
2. Superego
o Not from the Oedipus complex
o Comes from your ego
o Harsh and cruel; terror not guilt
o 5-6 years: realistic conscience
3. Oedipus Complex
o Earlier start (genital phase)
o Fear of retaliation from parent
o Positive feelings for both parents
o Female Oedipus complex
• Good and bad breast -> Breast more
positive -> Mother as positive ->
How are babies made? -> Positive
relationship with penis (healthy end:
positive relationship with both
parents) -> Mother as rival ->
Paranoid fear of retaliation
o Male Oedipus complex
• Good and bad breast -> Shift from
breast to penis -> Heterosexual
relationship with mother ->Oral-
sadistic towards father -> Castration
anxiety -> Positive relationship with
both parents
Notes by Dane Goco
Other Perspectives on Object Relations Theory
• Margaret Mahler
o Psychological birth begins during the first
weeks of postnatal life and continues for
the next 3 years or so. It meant that the
child becomes an individual separate from
his or her primary caregiver, an
accomplishment that leads ultimately to a
sense of identity.
o 3 major developmental stages:
• Normal autism
- orbit of mother
- Newborn infant satisfies various
needs within the all-powerful
protective orbit of a mother’s care.
- An “objectless” stage when an infant
naturally searches for the mother’s
breast.
• Normal symbiosis
- infant + mother = 1
- infants gradually realize they cannot
satisfy their own needs, and they
begin to recognize their primary
caregiver and to seek a symbiotic
relationship with her.
• Separation-Individuation
- Children become psychologically
separated from their mothers, achieve
a sense of individuation, and begin to
develop feelings of personal identity.
• Heinz Kohut
o Self as “the center of the individual’s
psychological universe” and “the center of
initiative and recipient of impressions”.
o Evolution of self
o Adults as self-objects
o Infants as narcissists
• John Bowlby
o Attachment Theory- attachments formed
during childhood have an important impact
on adulthood.
o Separation anxiety
o Caregiver as secure base
o Early bonds as model
11
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

Attachment Theory Today CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

1. Determinism vs. Free choice
• The Strange Situation 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism (both)
o Mary Ainsworth 3. Causality vs. Teleology
o Babies' interactions with caregiver & 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious
stranger 5. Biological vs. Social
o Attachment styles: 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities
• secure attachment – Infants are
confident in the accessibility and
responsiveness of their caregiver.
• anxious-resistant attachment –
Infants are ambivalent. They seek
contact with their mother, while on the
other hand, and reject attempts at
being soothed.
• anxious-avoidant attachment - With
this style, infants stay calm when their
mother leaves; they accept the stranger,
and when their mother returns, they
ignore and avoid her.

• Fear of Closeness x Fear of Abandonment

o Secure
o Anxious-Ambivalent
o Avoidant/Dismissing
o Disoriented/Fearful

• In romantic relationships
o Attachment style isn't secure

• Psychotherapy
o Klein insisted that negative transference
was an essential step toward successful
treatment.
o She substituted play therapy for Freudian
dream analysis and free association.
o The aim of Kleinian therapy is to reduce
depressive anxieties and persecutory fears
and to mitigate the harshness of
internalized objects.

12
Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19)
__________________________________
Chapter 2: Horney (Psychoanalytic Theory)
___________________________________________
Key Basics of Horney's Theory
1. Social influences esp. culture and childhood
experiences
2. Basic hostility and basic anxiety
3. Rigid compulsive drives in neurotic people
4. Development of intrapsychic conflicts
- Horney criticized Freud on several accounts:
(1) strict adherence to orthodox psychoanalysis
would lead to stagnation in both theoretical and
therapeutic practice.
(2) She objected to Freud’s ideas on feminine
psychology
(3) psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct
theory emphasize the importance of cultural
influences in shaping personality
Impacts of Culture
Competitiveness, Basic Hostility -> Isolation ->
Need for affection -> Overvaluing love
* They see love and affection as solution to their
problems. Desperate need for love can lead to the
development of neuroses.
Society's Contributing Factor
• "You have to be humble, but also be the best."
• "You have to be successful."
• "You can be anything you want to be."
Childhood Experiences
• Primarily responsible for neurotic needs
• Root: Lack of genuine warmth and affection'
• Not just a single experience
• Genuine love + Healthy discipline -> Feelings
of safety & satisfaction
• Lack of safety & satisfaction -> Basic hostility
<-> Basic Anxiety
o Basic hostility- negative feelings towards
caregiver if basic needs are not met
o Basic anxiety- feeling helpless and
isolated in a world that is basically hostile
Notes by Dane Goco
o Basic hostility and basic anxiety are related
to each other (can go vice versa)
Neurotic Trends
- three categories, each relating to a person’s basic
attitude toward self and others (also referred as
basic conflict).
(1) moving toward people (compliant personality)
(2) moving against people (aggressive personality)
(3) moving away from people (detached personality)
3 Aspects of the Idealized Self
1. Neurotic Search for Glory- neurotics come to
believe in the reality of their idealized self, they begin
to incorporate it into all aspects of their lives—their
goals, their self-concept, and their relations with
others.
2. Neurotic Claims- believing special things about
oneself and imposing them on others
3. Neurotic Pride- false pride based on the idealized
self-image
Self-hatred- occurs when neurotics realize that they
can never live up to their idealized self-image
How self-hatred is experienced?
• Relentless demands on the self
• Merciless self-accusation
• Self-contempt
• Self-frustration
• Self-torment
• Self-destructive actions and impulses
Feminine Psychology
• Male/female differences are caused by cultural
and social expectations
• Oedipus complex is seen as a neurotic need for
love
• Masculine protest
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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
1. Determinism vs. Free choice
2. Pessimism vs. Optimism
3. Causality vs. Teleology (middle)
4. Conscious vs. Unconscious (middle)
5. Biological vs. Social
6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

__________________________________
Chapter 2: Murray (Personology) Stages of Development
___________________________________________
• Complex- a normal pattern of childhood
Five Principles of Personology development that influences adult personality
1. Personality is rooted in the brain
2. Balance of tension and action
Stages of Complex
3. Personality continues to develop over time
Development
4. Personality is not fixed and static
5. Uniqueness and similarities Claustral • Simple Claustral Complex-
desire to be in small, warm,
Modification from Freud dark places
• Divisions of Personality • Insupport form- fear of
o Id novelty and change
o Ego • Anti-claustral form- escape
o Superego womblike conditions

Oral • Oral Succorance Complex-

Personality Freud Murray
mouth activities + need for
Id • Based on • + Socially support & protection
pleasure acceptable • Oral Aggression Complex-
principle • Innate impulses oral and aggressive behaviors
• Amoral • Empathy, love, • Oral Rejection Complex-
mastering the pickiness and avoiding
environment dependence

Ego • Based on • Central Anal • Anal Rejection Complex-

reality organizer of preoccupation with defecation
principle behavior - disorganized, aggressive
• Manage • Arbiter between • Anal Retention Complex-
demands of id id and superego collecting things
and superego -clean, neat, orderly

Superego • Based on the • More influences Urethral • Urethral Complex (aka Icarus
morality (e.g. culture, Complex)- excessive
principle peer group) ambition, distorted self-
• "Shoulds and • Ego-ideal: long esteem, bedwetting, sexual
should nots" term goals to cravings
• Crystallized by strive for
Genital • Castration Complex- literal
age 5
fantasy that a boy's penis
might be cut off

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

Murray's Contributions CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

1. Determinism vs. Free choice
NEEDS 2. Pessimism vs. Optimism
• Force that explains motivation and direction of 3. Causality vs. Teleology
behavior 4. Conscious vs. Unconscious
• Involves physiochemical processes in the brain 5. Biological vs. Social
Primary Needs Secondary Needs 6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities (equal)
• From internal body • Arise indirectly
needs from primary needs
• Related to survival

Reactive Needs Proactive Needs

• Responses to • Do not depend on
something the presence of a
significant in the particular object
environment

Characteristics of Needs
• Differ in urgency
• Fusion of Needs- one behavior, many needs
• Subsidiation- one need is activated to satisfy
another
• Press- influence of environment and one's part
• Thema- interaction of press and need

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule

• Forced choice objective test
• Choose between 2 pairs of sentences
• Scores for 15 needs
• Example: (Choose between the two)
o "I like to do things by myself"
o "I like to help others do things"

OSS Assessment Program

• Interview, Rorschach and TAT, questionnaires
• Situational tests, e.g. bridge-building
• Precursor to modern-day employee selection

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

• A kind of projective test (open-ended)
• Ambiguous pictures with simple scenes
• Advantage: test things you are unconscious of

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 Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

__________________________________
Chapter 2: Erikson (Post-Freudian Theory) Stages of Development
___________________________________________
INFANCY
Why post-Freudian? • Oral-Sensory Model: Taking in the world via
• +extension beyond adolescence their senses
• +psychosocial struggle • "Will my caregivers take care of my needs?"
• +social and historical influences • Syntonic element: Basic Trust
• Dystonic element: Basic Mistrust
The Ego • Basic strength: Hope
• Responsible for our sense of "I" • Core pathology: Withdrawal
• Center of personality
• Body ego: physical self EARLY CHILDHOOD
• Ego ideal • Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode: Controlling
• Ego identity: ourselves in our social roles your body
• "Can I look after myself and not get shamed by
Influences of Society my parents?"
• Syntonic element: Autonomy
Social Influences • Dystonic element: Shame & Doubt
• Different societies shape personalities according • Basic strength: Will
to their needs • Core pathology: Compulsion
Pseudospecies
• "We are the human species" PLAY AGE
• Genital-Locomotor Mode: Being able to move
Psychosocial Stages Theory and explore with little effort
• "Can I meet my goals or will I get punished for
Epigenetic Principle- the ego develops according to them?"
a predetermined rate and in a fixed sequence • Syntonic element: Initiative
Structure of Each Psychosocial Stage • Dystonic element: Guilt
Syntonic (harmonious element) • Basic strength: Purpose
• Core pathology: Inhibition

SCHOOL AGE
Dystonic (disruptive) element
Basic Strength
If Basic Strength -> Core Pathology
Identity Crisis- a turning point in one's life that may
strengthen or weaken personality
• Latency Mode: Diverting energy towards other
needs
• "Can I be good at what I do?"
• Syntonic element: Industry
• Dystonic element: Inferiority
• Basic strength: Competence
• Core pathology: Inertia (avoid doing something
because you're bad at it)

Features of Personality Development

• Influenced by past, present, and future
• "Psychosocial" but includes biological aspects

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

ADOLESCENCE (MIDDLE) ADULTHOOD

• Puberty: Genital maturation (minor role)
• Strengthening of identity crisis
• "Who am I really? Am I just who I was raised to
be?"
• Syntonic element: Identity
• Dystonic element: Identity Confusion
• Basic strength: Fidelity
• Core pathology: Role repudiation (has no sense
of themselves)
• Procreativity: Caring for your offspring and the
next generation
• "Can I leave something meaningful for others to
use?"
• Syntonic element: Generativity (generate or
create something for someone else)
• Dystonic element: Stagnation
• Basic strength: Care
• Core pathology: Rejectivity

YOUNG ADULTHOOD OLD AGE

• Genitality: Sharing sexual satisfaction with • Generalized sensuality: Taking pleasure in the
another sensations of life
• "Can I find someone who loves me for who I • "Who am I now that my life is coming to an
am?" end?"
• Syntonic element: Intimacy • Syntonic element: Integrity
• Dystonic element: Isolation • Dystonic element: Despair
• Basic strength: Love • Basic strength: Wisdom
• Core pathology: Exclusivity • Core pathology: Disdain

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Psych 150: Theories of Personality (1st Sem A.Y. 18-19) Notes by Dane Goco

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
1. Determinism vs. Free choice (middle)
2. Pessimism vs. Optimism
3. Causality vs. Teleology
4. Conscious vs. Unconscious (mixed)
5. Biological vs. Social
6. Uniqueness vs. Similarities

19