Design of Hydrogen Internal Combustion

Engine with Fuel Regeneration and Energy

Recovery System

Sameer Shah, Nitin Singh

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore
 The End Of Fossil Fuels

• Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic

deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and
animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or
heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust
over hundreds of millions of years. Although humans probably
used fossil fuels in ancient times, as far back as the Iron Age, it was
the Industrial Revolution that led to their wide-scale extraction.
• Fossil fuels are an incredibly dense form of energy basically
Hydrocarbons, and they took millions of years to become so. And
when they’re gone, they’re gone pretty much forever.
• And in the very short period of time since then – just over 200 years
– we’ve consumed an incredible amount of them, leaving fossil like
an endangered specie and the climate seriously impacted.
How much Fossil Fuel is left ???
India’s Oil Price and Consumption
 Gasoline powered IC Engine
Gasoline powered IC engines have been with us
since its inception. they are preferred because:-
• Reliable, Fast and can get the Job done
• Compact, Flexible and are efficient.

Disadvantages
• Pollutes the atmosphere and is destroying the nature
at a higher rate.
 Steps taken to prevent Pollution
• Emission Standard Norms such as Euro and
Bharat norms.
• Introduction of Unleaded Petrol.
• Fines on Vehicles without Emission test
certificate.
• Planting more trees.
• Car-Pooling and use of Public Transport.
 Time to move to Alternate Fuels
Fuels which can be used in IC Engines
• Petrol or Gasoline
• Diesel
• Natural Gas
• Biofuels
• Alcohol Fuels
• Liquid Nitrogen and Ammonia
• Hydrogen
 Current problems associated with
these fuels
• Petrol –High scarcity and causes pollution.
• Diesel – Incomplete combustion due to heavier
hydrocarbon molecules.
• Petroleum gas – Engine starting problems and reduces
the life of engine.
• Biodiesel – Variation in quality, ineffective at low
temperatures.
• Ammonia – Exposure to high concentrations
of ammonia in air causes immediate burning of the
nose, throat and respiratory tract.
• Hydrogen – Difficult to store, highly flammable.
 Hydrogen as a Fuel
The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen produces water as its only
product:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
The combustion of hydrogen with air however can also produce oxides
of nitrogen (NOx):
H2 + O2 + N2 → H2O + N2 + NOx

Advantages Disadvantages
Readily available Expensive

No Harmful Emissions Storage

Fuel Efficient Highly Flammable

Renewable
 Requirements of Hydrogen IC Engine
• Hardened valves and valve seats
• Stronger connecting rods
• Non-platinum tipped spark plugs
• High voltage ignition coil
• Fuel injectors designed for a gas instead of a liquid
• Larger crankshaft damper
• Stronger head gasket

All modifications would amount to about 1.5 the current cost of

a gasoline engine.
The existing Hydrogen IC engines have a major problem of
Hydrogen Storage.
 A Novel Concept for Hydrogen IC Engine with Fuel Regeneration
and Energy Recovery System

Input – Distilled WATER, Salt

Output – Mechanical Energy from Engine, Clean Exhaust gas (Steam), Water condensation
leads to fuel regeneration and Electricity is extracted from different systems.
THANK YOU