Lecture 13-14

UNIVERSITAS
ISLAM
INDONESIA
There are two aspects
 Actions and measures to “leave a mine site in a
condition which is safe and stabile, limiting further
environmental impact” after the end of the operations
(whatever the causes of that end: natural disaster,
human activity, economic reason etc)
 Land reclamation: to restore or rehabilitate the land
affected by mining for further economic use

(see Hoskin, 2005)

 Prevention:
- Mine closure plans to be approved prior to
operations
- Inspection and strict control of measures towards
closure throughout all of operative cycle
- Stringent system of enforcement and sanctions
- Adequate terms of prescription
- Periodic review of the plan
 Mine closure cost internalization:
- Cradle to grave approach
- Environmental financial assurance measurement
(EFA) – sureties (fidelity bonds, surety bonds,
performance bonds, and letter of credit); cash
deposits
- Typically guarantees environmental performance
after closure
 Reclamation and Rehabilitation
 Care & Decommis- Reclamation- Closure/ Post
maintenance sioning Rehabilitation Relinquishment Closure
 At early stage of mine development-prefeasibility,
feasibility, and during assessment process:
- Initial post closure concept should be developed
and estimates of post closure cost made
- Financial instrument must then be identified
 In construction and operation
- Closure plans should progressively be reviewed
and refined to produce detailed practical document
 In operation
- Progressive closure is also implemented where
feasible
 Decommissioning and active rehabilitation
- Nature of the long term legacy is finally established
 Post closure phase
Is a long term management and monitoring of the
property (passive care)
- Final disposal of the site
- Passive care in perpetuity
 Mine closure plan as condition to start mining operation
- Stress on pollution prevention
 Inspection and control
- Periodic review of the plan
 Financial guarantees
- Essential to achieve internalization of closure cost
 Sanction regime
- Efficient enforcement and liability measures
 Public participation in all stages of
development
 Provision on mine closure of small scale mine
 Provision on abandoned mine
- Distinctive between mine closure and mine
abandonment
- Mine policy to ensure mine closing
abandoning)
 Post closure social and economic policy
 Museum or education centers
 Visitors attractions
 Scientific centers
 Recreational areas
 Gardens or parks
 Fish farm
 Agriculture
 Return the land and watercourses to an acceptable
standard of productive use
 Ensuring that any landforms and structures are stable,
and watercourses are of acceptable water quality
 Reclamation typically involves a number of activities
such as removing hazardous materials, reshaping the
land, restoring topsoil, and planting grass-tress-or
ground cover
 Biological solid waste treatment
Anaerobic Combined
Aerobic
digestion anaerobic &
composting
aerobic

Product: Patented
Biodegradable Product: Biodegradable Methane, Organic process
material Compost material compost fraction (Dranco,
Valorga)
 A. Anaerobic digestion: Process Diagram

Iona Capital
Anaerobic digestion: Bekasi Example

 Fresh faeces  Packaging & sun

drying
B. Aerobic Composting

 An aerobic process where micro-org, in an

oxygen env., decompose the organic food
waste as follows:

 Org. matter + O2  new cells + CO2 + H2O +

NH3 + SO4

 Key inorganic nutrients required:

 N, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Na
Biological MSW Treatment: Aerobic
Composting
Composting system

Composting system

Traditional Aerated static In

pi vessel
windrow composting
Composting system: windrow

 Non-biodegradable fraction is
removed
 MSW is piled up in long rows
of almost triangular cross
section on hard surfaces
 Height: 1-2 m. Base width= 3-
4m
 Regular turning: to oxygenate
 3 months.
Composting system: aerated static pile

 MSW is piled up in wind-

rows
 1-2 m high; 3-4 m wide;
20 m long
 Laid on floor of
ventilation piping system
 Aerated by forcing air
through perforated pipes
 Decomposition: 4-6
weeks
 Advantage: better
control.
Composting: aerated static pile

www.o2compost.com
Composting system: in vessel composting

 Composting is
carried out in
different vessels
(reactors):
 Horizontal plug flow
reactors
 Vertical continuous
flow reactors
 Rotating drums.
 Former steelworks brownfield site close to SSSI and RAMSAR sites

Problem Action
• Low soil organic matter ● Add organic matter as
• Low water-holding capacity. composted wastes
• Contaminated (VOCs & PAHs) ● Co-compost soil to remove
contaminants
● Seed with biodiverse
grassland mix
Slate quarry waste tips in Wales, surrounded by
Snowdonia National Park

Problem
• No soil organic matter
• Low water-holding capacity
• No plant nutrients
 Slate Quarry Restoration

+
1
Year

Action
• Landform waste rock tip into mountain (250,000 m3 moved!)
• Add organic matter as composted wastes
• Seed with heather and upland grasses
Soil Amelioration
 Does compost help reduce metal availability and
increase pH?
 Measure the effects of adding organic matter in
the form of compost on selected soil parameters
 pH, OM content, plant nutrient availability, hyphal
penetration of compacted soils
 Long term effects of adding composts to
degraded land.
 Nutrient availability, microbial activity and species
progression
Understanding long term effects of
compost addition
Chrono sequence study
Restoration of Organic C
Can we increase labile N compounds?

mg N kg soil-1
Remediation strategies Change C:N
 Does application method affect basic soil
properties?

CO = control
CS = surface applied
FC = hole filled with compost
FCS = planting hole filled with soil and
compost at 1:1
 T HE EX - MINE
LAND , SOIL
C- O RGANIC
BELOW 2%,
APPLICATION
a. Merbau b. OF ORGANIC
Sengon MATTER / TO
P
SOIL IMPROVE
OPTIMAL S OIL
C AND C/N
RATIO
 A PPLICATION
OF ORGANIC
MATTER / TOP
SOIL
IMPROVE
SOIL
STRUCTURE
a. Merbau b. THEN THE
Sengon SOIL
POROSITY
AND SOIL
CAPACITY TO
RETAIN
WATER
AVAILABILITY
FOR PLANT
INCREASE
 A PPLICATIO
N OF
ORGANIC
MATTER / TOP
SOIL AS
NATURAL
CHELATING
AGENT CAN
a. Merbau b.
REDUCE
Sengon
SIGNICANTL
Y
A L DD AND
IMPROVE
SOIL P H FOR
OPTIMAL
GROWTH OF
YOUNG
TREES
 Tanah tidak subur – top soil dan sub soil tercampur, atau
bahkan tidak ada lagi (tersisa overburden)
 Persiapan lahan tidak sempurna  genangan-genangan air
dimusim hujan, rembesan air asam tambang
 Lahan menjadi terbuka tidak ada naungan, iklim mikro berubah
 tidak sesuai untuk jenis-jenis pohon klimaks yang rata-rata
memerlukan naungan diwaktu kecil
 Ketersediaan bibit pohon jenis lokal sangat terbatas
 Pengetahuan dan teknologi budidaya pohon jenis lokal terbatas
Kondisi Tanah
 pH rendah-sangat rendah (keasaman tinggi)
 Kelarutan Al, Fe, Mn tinggi
 Al, Fe, Mn mengikat P, tidak tersedia bagi
tanaman
 Kondisi fisik tanah  lepas – padat
 Kandungan unsur hara  rendah
 Kandungan bahan organik  rendah
 Di beberapa tambang, tanah tdk dapat
menyimpan air
MANIPULASI LINGKUNGAN
 Tanah asam  pengapuran hingga pH tanah 5-6
 Tanah tidak subur  kompos dan pupuk anorganik
 Kekeringan  penyiraman

ALTERNATIF SOLUSI

 Penggunaan Bibit Bermikoriza

 Mikoriza  simbiosis saling menguntungkan antara akar
tanaman dengan fungi.
 Tanaman mendapatkan unsur hara & air, serta
perlindungan dari kekeringan, salinitas & logam berat
 Fungi mendapat carbon dari hasil fotosintesis tanaman
 2 Kelompok besar  Ektomikoriza dan endomikoriza
EKTOMIKORIZA
ENDOMIKORIZA
Manfaat Mikoriza

 Meningkatkan penyerapan unsur hara,

khususnya P
 Meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap:
 Kekeringan
 Logam berat
 Salinitas
 Penyakit akar
Keunggulan Fungi Mikoriza
(Endomikoriza)

 Input yang murah

 Dapat diproduksi sendiri oleh petani
 Dengan menggunakan fungi lokal
 Dengan bahan baku yang ada di sekitar
 Dengan fasilitas sederhana
 Teknologi sederhana sampai hi-tech
 Diberikan hanya 1 x seumur hidup tanaman
Aplikasi dalam Hydroseeding

 Dicampur dengan bahan-bahan lain  benih,

kompos, mulsa, pupuk, dll.
 Disemprotkan ke permukaan tanah yang
akan ditanami
 Hydro-seeding

Material Loading Material Mixing

Spraying Spraying
RE-VEGETATION ON STEEP/SLOPE AREAL

After
• Characteristic of trees based on their demand of light
– Intolerant tree species  light demanding, the species could be planted
on open space (fast growing and slow growing intolerant tree species)
– Tolerant/semi-tolerant tree species  need shade at least in the early
stage of growth, the species could not be planted on open space (need
shade)
• This character determines their planting technique
– Intolerant tree species  one step planting

– Tolerant/semi-tolerant tree species  two steps planting (planting of fast

growing intolerant tree species)
Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) as pioneer local species
Interplanting of slow growing shade demanding high value species under pioneer tree
species
 Litters
16 months of Samama/red jabon 9 years old
(Anthocephalus macrophyllus) with Samama
application of 5 kg of compost of oil
palm empty fruit bunch/seedling
Leguminous Tree Species to Improve
Soil Fertility

• There are many tropical tree species belong to the

family of leguminosae  form symbiotic relationship
with rhizobium that enable the tree to fix nitrogen from
the air and improve soil fertility
• Example of the species: Paraserianthes falcataria,
Pterocarpus indicus, Pericopsis mooniana, Dalbergia
latifolia, Enterelobium cyclocarpum
LEGUMINOUS TREES SPECIES ACACIA & ALBIZIA vs
RHIZOBIUM & MYCORRHIZA
 Muna
Teak

Pterocarpus
Intsia
indicus
bijuga
 Mine reclamation at
Newmont Minahasa Raya
Ltd., a gold mining (mine
closure)

5 years old Teak

11 years old Mahogany

Non-timber products
Fruits of Pometia
pinnata
Copal gum

Pine resin
Tolerance to Water Logged

• Most tree species could not stand water

logged
• Some species that have been tested to
survive water logged, they stand even in very
acidic water and soil  Melaleuca cajuputi,
Nauclea orientalis
• This species are potentially used for the
construction of wetland forest to treat acid
mine drainage
Longkida (Nauclea
orientalis)

Foto: Faisal Danu Tuheteru-Kendari