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Application Modules
Release 9.4.3
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Preface xi
4 Result Definitions 19
11 Loads Optimization 73
IV Lattice Analysis 89
13 Introduction to Lattice Analysis 91
V Preprocessing 139
17 The Mesh Editor 141
Bibliography 179
Index 181
Preface xi
4 Result Definitions 19
4.1 Reinforcement Area Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Diameter and Spacing Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
11 Loads Optimization 73
11.1 Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.1.1 Target Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.2 Analysis Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.2.1 Model Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.2.2 Analysis Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.3 Output of Analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.3.1 Estimation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.3.2 Optimized Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
IV Lattice Analysis 89
13 Introduction to Lattice Analysis 91
13.1 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
13.2 The Delft Lattice Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
V Preprocessing 139
17 The Mesh Editor 141
17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
17.1.1 Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
17.1.2 Tool Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
17.1.3 Graphics Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
17.1.4 Model Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
17.1.5 Selections Pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
17.2.1 BAROR – CBAR Entry Default Values . . . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.2 BEAMOR – CBEAM Entry Default Values . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.3 CBAR – Simple Beam Element Connection . . . . . . . 152
17.2.4 CBEAM – Beam Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . 152
17.2.5 CBUSH – Generalized Spring-and-Damper Connection . 153
17.2.6 CGAP – Gap Element Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
17.2.7 CHBDYE – Geometric Surface Element (Element Form) 154
17.2.8 CHBDYG – Geometric Surface Element (Grid Form) . . 154
17.2.9 CHEXA – Six-Sided Solid Element Connection . . . . . 154
17.2.10 CONM2 – Concentrated Mass Element Connection (Rigid
Body Form) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
17.2.11 CONROD – Rod Element Property and Connection . . 155
17.2.12 CONV – Heat Boundary Element Free Convection . . . 156
17.2.13 CORD1C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form 1) . . 156
17.2.14 CORD1R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form 1) . 156
17.2.15 CORD1S – Special Coordinate System (Form 1) . . . . 156
17.2.16 CORD2C – Cylindrical Coordinate System (Form 2) . . 156
17.2.17 CORD2R – Rectangular Coordinate System (Form 2) . 156
17.2.18 CORD2S – Special Coordinate System (Form 2) . . . . 157
17.2.19 CPENTA – Five-Sided Solid Element Connection . . . . 157
17.2.20 CQUAD4 – Quadrilateral Plate Element Connection . . 157
17.2.21 CQUAD8 – Curved Quadrilateral Shell Element Con-
nection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Bibliography 179
Index 181
This volume of the Diana User’s Manual describes various special application
modules of the Diana finite element code. It comprises the following parts:
I Reinforcement Grid Design Checking — describes Module design for rein-
forcement grid design checking [p. 3].
Cautionary note
Throughout this manual, it will be assumed that the reader has a basic
understanding of computational mechanics and the Finite Element
Method and some experience with the use of Diana for regular finite
element analysis.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
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Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
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November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Reinforcement Grid Design
Checking
1.1 Background
The Diana program is mostly used for nonlinear failure analysis of structures.
Although the new Eurocode allows checking of the design of a structure by
performing a full nonlinear analysis, the design engineer still has to prove that
standard design checks with respect to the amount of steel reinforcements are
satisfied. The *DESIGN application in Diana allows the user to perform the
most important design checks with respect to reinforcement grids in concrete
structures in the same finite element model that can be used for a nonlinear
failure analysis of the structure.
Whereas a nonlinear failure analysis evaluates in each integration point the
stresses based on the equilibrium condition and the nonlinear material charac-
teristics, the design check analysis checks the cross–section bending moments
and forces resulting from a linear analysis against the condition that the failure
stresses in the reinforcement and concrete are in equilibrium.
1.2 Results
The basic results in a design check are the linear cross–section forces and bending
moments. Although all available element types in Diana can be applied in a
design checking analysis, at the moment the reinforcement grids can only be
checked in four types of elements:
grid reinforcements in curved shell elements
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
6 Introduction to Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
In curved and layered shell elements the cross–section forces and bending mo-
ments are calculated with reference to the neutral plane of the elements. For
composed solids the reference plane must be defined by composed surface ele-
ments (see Volume Element Library) which must be defined by the user. For
composed solids the cross–section forces and bending moments are calculated
by integration of the stresses in the solid elements in the direction normal to
the reference plane. Only the reinforcements located in solid elements that
contribute to a composed element are considered in the design checks.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Chapter 2
DESIGN
PHI phix r [phiy r ]
SPACIN spacix r [spaciy r ]
[ ZR zr r ]
DESIGN identifies that the reinforcement grid must be considered in the design
check.
PHI phix specifies the diameter φx of the bars in the reinforcement grid in local
x direction. phiy specifies the diameter φy of the bars in the reinforcement
grid in local y direction.
SPACIN spacix specifies the spacing of the bars in the grid reinforcement in
local x direction. spaciy specifies the spacing of the bars in the grid
reinforcement in local y direction.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
8 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
Note that if only one value is specified for PHI and SPACIN, no
bars in local y direction of the reinforcement grid are present, i.e.
the reinforcement grid contains only bars in local x direction.
ZR zr specifies the relative internal arm zr . When this parameter is not defined,
[zr = 0.9] the default value of 0.9 will be used.
The directions of the bars are defined with the local x and y axes of the rein-
forcement grid, which can be set by the item XAXIS in the usual way. Diana
will automatically calculate and apply the equivalent thickness parameter THICK
for the reinforcement grids and apply this parameter in the model for follow up
analyses with other applications.
For the design reinforcement grid the Young’s modulus and the yield stress
must be defined as material properties:
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
YOUNG er
YLDSTR sigy r
Reinforcement grids which are labeled for design checking do neither contribute
to the stiffness matrix nor to the cross–section forces and bending moments in
a design analysis. However, reinforcements which are not labeled for design
checks will contribute to the stiffness matrix and cross–section results in the
usual way, e.g. prestressed tendons can be modeled as reinforcement bars and
their prestress loading can be applied as one of the load conditions in the design
check.
The useful height and coverage of a reinforcement grid are automatically
calculated from the position of the grid relative to the reference plane of the
grid element and the outer face, respectively.
For the concrete the tensile strength and crack width class must be defined
as material properties:
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
FTCM ftcm r
CRACKW crackw w
SMALL
MEDIUM
LARGE
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
9
(ftcm > 0) FTCM ftcm specifies the average tensile strength of the concrete ftcm .
CRACKW crackw defines the allowed crack width, which should be defined de-
pendent on the environmental conditions: SMALL corresponds with a crack
width of 0.2 mm; MEDIUM with a crack with of 0.3 mm; and LARGE with a
crack width of 0.4 mm.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
10 Input for Reinforcement Grid Design Checking
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Chapter 3
EXECUT defines the execution of the linear analysis and the calculation of the
distributed bending moments and forces in reference planes [§ 3.1].
COMBIN defines one loadcase combination [§ 3.2 p. 12]. This command block may
be repeated. Each loadcase combination may contain only a single mobile
loadcase.
ENVELO defines one load envelope [§ 3.3 p. 13]. This command block may be
repeated. Envelopes may be defined over loadcase or load combinations
or combinations of both.
OUTPUT defines results to be output to an output device [§ 3.4 p. 14]. This
command block may be repeated, e.g. for different output devices. Output
can be selected for loadcases, load combinations, or load envelopes. The
output command executes the definition of load combinations and load
envelopes as defined in the command blocks above.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
12 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis
NAME defines the name of the load combination. These names can be refered to
in load envelope definitions or in output selection. name must be a string
of maximum 18 characters.
[ULS] TYPE defines whether the load case is a Ultimate Limit State case (type = ULS)
or a Serviceability Limit State (type = SLS).
CASES defines the load case numbers or load combination numbers as defined
in table ’LOADS’.
FACTOR defines the factors for the load cases defined in the CASES record. The
number of integer items following CASES must be equal to the number of
reals following FACTOR.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
3.3 Load Envelope 13
DTX
DTY
DTZ
NXX
NYY
NXY
QYZ
QXZ
MXX
MYY
MXY
END RESULT
BEGIN SELECT
CASE case n...
COMBIN combin s...
TYPE type w
ULS
SLS
END SELECT
END ENVELO
NAME defines the name of the load envelope. These names can be refered to in
in output selection. name must be a string of maximum 18 characters.
TYPE defines whether the envelope scan is done for minimum (type = MIN) or [MAX]
for maximum results (type = MAX).
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
14 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis
[MXX] RESULT defines the result type over which the envelope scan is performed: DTX,
DTY, and DTZ for displacement components referring to global coordinate
system; NXX, NYY, NXY, QYZ, and QXZ for distributed force components
referring to the local element coordinate system; MXX, MYY, and MXY for
distributed moment components referring to the local element coordinate
system.
[ULS] SELECT defines the load cases numbers, load combinations or types, i.e. Ulti-
mate Limit State case (type = ULS) or a Serviceability Limit State (type
= SLS), over which the envelope scan shall be performed.
Output related to the reinforcement area, names started with the letters
AS. This output is related to the Ultimate Limit State. There are also
two unity check output, UCMIN and UCMAX, related to the reinforcement
area. These unity checks are defined as ratios, so the values of these unity
checks should be less or equal to 1.0 to comply with the Eurocode.
Unity check output related to the spacing (UCSP) and diameter (UCPHI)
of the reinforcement. The names of these output items start with UC and
are related to the Serviceability Limis State. Unity checks should be less
or equal to 1.0 to comply with the Eurocode.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
3.4 Output of Analysis Results 15
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCMIN ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCMAX ]
[UCPHI ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
[UCSP ]
REINF
ELEMEN
NODES
END OUTPUT
device specifies the output device: TABULA for tabular output, FXPLUS for
interactive postprocessing of analysis results with FX+, FEMVIE for output
to a database for the iDiana Results environment. Note that the layout
of tabular output can not be specified in this application.
SELECT defines the load cases numbers, load combinations or load envelopes or
load envelope types for which the results shall be output.
ASREQ specifies the required area of the reinforcement Areq in local directions [NODES]
as output item. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the maximum value per
element or grid is calculated and output as a constant value for all points
of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If NODES is specified
the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement will be output
individually.
Note that reinforcement will only be required when positive val-
ues for ASREQ are found. Therefore, calculated negative values
for ASREQ will be reset to zero.
ASAPL specifies the applied area of the reinforcement A in local grid directions
as output item. These results are always constant over the reinforcement.
ASRAT specifies the ratio of the required area Areq over the applied area of [NODES]
the reinforcement A in local grid directions as output item. If ELEMEN or
REINFO is specified the maximum value per element or grid is calculated
and output as a constant value for all points of the element or reinforce-
ment grid, respectively. If NODES is specified the result values in each node
of the grid reinforcement will be output individually.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
16 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis
[NODES] UCMIN specifies the unity check related to the minimum reinforcement area
As,min in local grid directions as output item. This unity check equals the
ratio of the minimum reinforcement area according to the Eurocode over
the applied area of reinforcement. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the
minimum value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant
value for all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If
NODES is specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement
will be output individually.
UCMAX specifies the unity check related to the maximum reinforcement area
As,max in local grid directions as output item. This unity check equals the
ratio of the maximum reinforcement area according to the Eurocode over
the applied area of reinforcement. These results are always constant over
the reinforcement.
[NODES] UCPHI specifies the unity check related to the maximum diameter of the re-
inforcement bar φ∗s for crack control in local grid directions as output
item. This unity check equals the ratio of the applied diameter of the re-
inforcement bar over the maximum diameter of the reinforcement bar φ∗s
according to the Eurocode. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the maximum
value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant value for
all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If NODES is
specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement will be
output individually.
[NODES] UCSP specifies the unity check on related to the maximum spacing between the
reinforcement bars for crack limitation/restriction in local grid directions
as output item. This unity check equals the ratio of the applied spacing
of the reinforcement bars over the maximum spacing of the reinforcement
bars according to the Eurocode. If ELEMEN or REINFO is specified the
maximum value per element or grid is calculated and output as a constant
value for all points of the element or reinforcement grid, respectively. If
NODES is specified the result values in each node of the grid reinforcement
will be output individually.
Example.
file .dcf
*NONLIN
EXECUT
BEGIN COMBIN
NAME ULS1
CASES 1 2 3 /
FACTOR 1. 2. 3. /
TYPE ULS
END COMBIN
BEGIN COMBIN
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3.4 Output of Analysis Results 17
NAME ULS2
CASES 1 2 3 /
FACTOR 3. 1. 1. /
TYPE ULS
END COMBIN
BEGIN ENVELO
NAME MAX-ULS
TYPE MAX
RESULT MOMENT COMP XX
SELECT COMBIN ULS1 ULS2
END ENVELO
BEGIN OUTPUT FEMVIE
SELECT ENVELO MAX-ULS
ASRAT ELEMEN
END OUTPUT
BEGIN OUTPUT
BEGIN SELECT
CASE 1 2
ENVELO MAX-ULS
END SELECT
ASREQ ELEMEN
ASAPL
UCMIN REINFO
END OUTPUT
*END
In this example two load combinations are defined with names ULS1 and ULS2.
One load envelope is defined with the name MAX-ULS as a scan over the max-
imum of the distributed moment xx component for both load combinations.
The required cross–section over applied cross–section ratio is output as iDiana
result. The required and applied cross–section and minimum reinforcement for
load case 1, load case 2, and for the load envelope are output as tabular result.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
18 Reinforcement Grid Design Checking Analysis
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Chapter 4
Result Definitions
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
20 Result Definitions
c nyy myy
n0 yy = + (4.2)
2 zd
¯ ¯
c ¯ nxy mxy ¯¯
n0 xy ¯
=¯ + (4.3)
2 zd ¯
For reinforcement grids below the neutral plane the combined reinforcement are
defined as:
c nxx mxx
n0 xx = − (4.4)
2 zd
c nyy myy
n0 yy = − (4.5)
2 zd
¯ ¯
c ¯ nxy mxy ¯¯
n0 xy ¯
=¯ − (4.6)
2 zd ¯
The required area of the reinforcement in local directions is defined as:
c c
Areq,x = (n0 xx + n0 xy )/fyd (4.7)
c c
Areq,y = (n0 yy + n0 xy )/fyd (4.8)
The applied area of the reinforcement in local directions is defined as:
µ ¶
1 2
Ax = πφ /sx (4.9)
4 x
µ ¶
1 2
Ay = πφy /sy (4.10)
4
The ratio of the required area over the applied area in local directions is defined
as:
Areq,x
Arat,x = (4.11)
Ax
Areq,y
Arat,y = (4.12)
Ay
The unity check on the minimum reinforcement area as defined in §9.2.1.1 of
the Eurocode[7] is defined as:
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
4.2 Diameter and Spacing Checks 21
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
22 Result Definitions
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (I)
Part II
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
Chapter 5
Introduction to Sequential
Linear Analysis
Because past loadings may have lead to permanent damage such as cracks
or crushing, which usually make the material less stiff, it is important to take
the loading history into account in a nonlinear failure analysis. Similar as in a
full nonlinear analysis, various loadings may be activated sequentially and each
loading may be applied in several increments in a sequential linear analysis.
This is an important condition to account for the loading history of a structure
in a nonlinear failure analysis.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
26 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
5.2 Stiffness Reduction with Variable Increments 27
ratio of the maximum stress and the principle strain. In every linear analysis
for every integration-point a new orthotropic stiffness relation will be defined
with the actual secant stiffness for tensile behavior applied in the direction of
the first principal stress and the secant stiffness for the compressive behavior
applied in the direction of the third principal stress. The Poisson’s ratio and
shear modulus are reduced with the same ration as the minimum stiffness with
the original stiffness. As the stiffness is redefined for every linear analysis the
orthotropic coordinate system will rotate with the principal stresses and as a
consequence there will be no shear stresses in the orthotropic coordinate system.
Therefore, in this model no shear retention factor can be defined.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
28 Introduction to Sequential Linear Analysis
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
Chapter 6
Two different formulations are available in sequential linear analysis for nonlin-
ear materials:
Stiffness reduction with constant strain increments.
Stiffness reduction with variable strain increments.
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
SEQLIN
EPSINC deps r
[ TENCRV tenmod w ]
...
[ COMCRV commod w ]
...
[ BETA beta r ]
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
30 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
EPSINC deps specifies the strain increment that is used for the stiffness reduc-
tion when in an element the stress is outside the user-defined uni-axial
stress-strain curve. The calculation of stiffness reduction is explained in
[§ 6.3 p. 35].
TENCRV specifies the nonlinear tensile stress-strain curve of type tenmod fol-
lowed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.1 p. 30].
COMCRV specifies the nonlinear compressive stress-strain curve of type commod
followed by specific parameters as specified in [§ 6.2 p. 33].
BETA beta is the shear stiffness reduction factor β.
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
SEQLIN
[ TENCRV tenmod w ]
...
[ COMCRV commod w ]
...
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
6.1 Tensile Stress-Strain Curves 31
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
[ TENCRV curve w ]
CONSTA
BRITTL
LINEAR
EXPONE
HORDYK
MULTLN
[··· ··· tensile parameters ]
TENCRV curve specifies a predefined tension softening function [Fig. 6.1]. Be-
yond the tensile strength ft the shape of these curves is like the tension
softening curves for the multi–directional fixed crack models. See Volume
Material Library for background theory.
σ CONSTA σ BRITTL σ LINEAR
ft ft ft
GIf /h εu
ε ε ε
(a) ideal (b) brittle (c) linear
ft ft (σ1 , ε1 )
(σ0 , ε0 ) (σ2 , ε2 )
GIf /h GIf /h (σn , εn )
ε ε ε
(d) exponential (e) Hordijk (f) multi-linear
Tensile parameters. You must specify the tensile parameters, depending on the
softening function, as outlined in the following.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
32 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV curve w
CONSTA
BRITTL
TENSTR ft r
TENCRV LINEAR
TENSTR ft r
EPSULT eu r
TENCRV curve w
EXPONE
HORDYK
TENSTR ft r
GF1 gf1 r
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6.2 Compressive Stress-Strain Curves 33
Multi-linear syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
TENCRV MULTLN
TENPAR s0 r e0 r s1 r e1 r [. . . sn r en r ]
[ COMCRV curve w ]
CONSTA
LINHAR
MULTLN
THOREN
[··· ··· compression parameters ]
COMCRV curve is the name of the compression function which models the crush-
ing behavior of concrete [Fig. 6.2].
Compression parameters. You must specify the compression parameters, de-
pending on the compression function, as outlined in the following.
Ideal syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV CONSTA
COMSTR fc r
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
34 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
(σ2 , ε2 )
fc
fc Ehar fc
(σn , εn )
COMCRV LINHAR
COMSTR fc r
EHAR ehar r
Multi-linear syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV MULTLN
COMPAR s0 r e0 r s1 r e1 r [. . . sn r en r ]
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6.3 Stiffness Reduction 35
Thorenfeldt syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
COMCRV THOREN
COMSTR fc r
NTHORE nr
KTHORE kr
THOREN for the function of Thorenfeldt at al. [Fig. 6.2d]. The parameters of the
Thorenfeldt curve, see Volume Material Library, are unit-dependent. To
calculate these parameters, Diana assumes by default that the input data
is in SI-units.
If you describe the finite element model in units other than SI,
then you must explicitly specify the units that you used in input
table ’UNITS’ [Vol. Analysis Procedures].
COMSTR fc is the compressive strength fc .
NTHORE n is the parameter n of the Thorenfeldt curve. This n overrules the
default computation of n as described in Volume Material Library.
KTHORE k is the parameter k of the Thorenfeldt curve. This k overrules the
default computation of k as described in Volume Material Library for
α ≤ αp .
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
36 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
6.3 Stiffness Reduction 37
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
38 Input for Sequential Linear Analysis
Figure 6.5: Failure energy for sequential linear analysis with correction shift
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
Chapter 7
After the input file has been read, you can perform a sequential linear analysis
by defining the following commands:
syntax
*SEQLIN
[ MODEL · · · ]
[ SOLVE · · · ]
[ EXECUT · · · ] . . .
[ OUTPUT · · · ] . . .
*END
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
40 Sequential Linear Analysis
[ MATRIX [ OFF ] ]
[ LOADS [ OFF ] ]
END MODEL
EVALUA to check and evaluate geometric and material properties for elements
and reinforcements as described in detail in Volume Analysis Procedures.
ASSEMB to assemble the elements, i.e., creating appropriate system degrees of
freedom as described in detail in Volume Analysis Procedures.
MATRIX to setup the element stiffness matrices.
LOADS to setup the load vectors.
LOAD loset indicates the load set number to be incremented to the external
applied load.
STEPS EXPLIC SIZES sizes are explicitly specified load increment sizes.
ITERAT MAXITE mi is the maximum number of iterations for each load incre-
ment step.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
7.3 Output of Analysis Results 41
syntax
BEGIN OUTPUT [ device w ] [ outopt w... ] [ params ]
[ OFF ]
[ SELECT · · · ]
[ LAYOUT · · · ]
item w · · ·
DISPLA
STRAIN
STRESS
FORCE
NODFOR
ELMFOR
STATUS
END OUTPUT
LAYOUT optional commands to customize the layout and style of tabular output,
see Volume Analysis Procedures.
item is the name of the analysis result to be output. See Volume Analysis
Procedures for complete syntax of this command.
7.3.1 Status
The postanalysis result STATUS is used in the sequential linear analysis of Diana
to output the number of times that the stiffness in an element has been reduced.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
42 Sequential Linear Analysis
syntax
STATUS [ type w ] { opti w }
SEQLIN
STATUS SEQLIN specifies the number of times the stiffness in an element has been
reduced for compressive failure Ncom and tensile failure Nten as output
item.
item type
STATUS SEQLIN TE CO
Nten Ncom
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (II)
Part III
Parameter Estimation
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
45
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
46
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 8
Introduction to Parameter
Estimation
1 parest is short for parameter estimation. In the realm of geomechanics the term Back-
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
48 Introduction to Parameter Estimation
target data
Experiment
(observables)
non-shape parameters
Finite
computed data
Element
(observables)
model
analyze a finite element model may be used to estimate the parameters. Crucial
in the process is that the target data contain sufficient information about the
unknown parameters!
yk = hk (x) + vk (8.1)
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
8.1 Some Background Theory 49
where x̂0 is an initial guess for the parameter column x. In weighted least
squares estimation the matrices R1 and Q1 are chosen on the basis of engineering
judgment. Matrix R1 is a nonnegative symmetric matrix. Matrix Q1 is a
positive symmetric matrix. It is obvious that the introduction of Q1 makes
it possible to put more weight to the a priori estimate x̂0 (and less weight to
the displacements y1 ). The least squares estimate does not make use of the
statistics of the observation errors, in any way. In many applications it is not
uncommon to know the mean and variance of the expected residuals. Minimum
variance estimates utilize this extra information, which results in specific choices
for R1 and Q1 . In minimum variance estimation R1 represents the covariance
matrix of the residuals v1 . Matrix Q1 represents the covariance matrix of the
estimation error in x̂0 . Generally: the larger P1 , the smaller the influence of
x̂0 .
Solving the nonlinear inverse problem, defined by Equations (8.1) and (8.2),
leads to an iterative scheme which results in an estimation x̂1 for x:
³ T
´−1
x̂(i+1) = x̂(i) + H(i) R−1 H(i) + Q−1
³ ³ ´ ³ ´´ (8.3)
T
× H(i) R−1 y − h(x̂(i) ) + Q−1 x̂(0) − x̂(i)
where the superscripts refer to the iteration number and where the subscripts
are temporarily dropped. In each iteration, Module parest executes n + 1
complete finite element calculations, where n is the number of parameters. The
(i)
n calculations are carried out to determine a matrix H1 numerically, as a
(i−1)
linearization of h1 with respect to the most recent estimation x̂1 . Within
Module balance this is not necessary, as function h1 is a linear function of the
load multiplication factors.
The sequential property of the estimator Equation (8.3) is clear when a
column y2 with additional target data becomes available. This can be data
from another load set or from another point in time. These data can be used
together with the initial conditions x̂1 , R2 and Q2 resulting in an improved
estimation x̂2 .
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50 Introduction to Parameter Estimation
2. Add nonlinear input (optional). Add the data that describes the nonlin-
ear material behavior or temperature data or both to the input file, as
described in Volume Material Library.
4. Add parameter estimation input data. Add the two input tables as de-
scribed in Chapter 9.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 9
This chapter describes the syntax of input tables appropriate for parameter
estimation analysis. The general concept of input tables is described in Volume
Analysis Procedures.
material points ]
OBSERV [k n ]
1 5 6 80
observables
[ RMATRI [k n ]
1 80
weighting matrix ]
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52 Input for Parameter Estimation
This example defines four material points. Point 101 has model coordinates
X = 0.70, Y = 0.34 and Z = 0.00. The six observables all refer to these points.
Observable 6 is defined as the displacement of point 101 in model Y direction.
Its value is 0.01. The load at which this value is measured is defined in the
command file [Ch. 10]. The weighting matrix is input as a full 6 × 6 matrix with
off-diagonal terms equal to zero and identical diagonal terms. This means that
the six observables have been measured with the same accuracy and that there
is no correlation between the measurement errors.
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9.1 Target Data 53
’TARGET’
OBSERV 1
1 NODE 3 PDISPX -0.1044E+02
2 NODE 13 PDISPX -0.4564E+01
3 NODE 13 PDISPY -0.2760E+00
4 NODE 23 PDISPX -0.5031E-01
5 NODE 23 PDISPY -0.4955E+00
6 NODE 22 PDISPX -0.4865E-01
7 NODE 22 PDISPY -0.8406E+01
8 NODE 21 PDISPY -0.8989E+01
RMATRIX 1
1.0 0.01 0.01 0.0001 0.01 0.01 1.0 1.0
Contrary to the previous example, the observables now refer to nodal data.
The 8 × 8 weighting matrix is now input as a diagonal matrix by specifying the
diagonal terms only.
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 0.5 1.0 0.0
OBSERV 1
1 POINT 1 DISPY 0.4668D-01
OBSERV 2
1 POINT 1 DISPY 0.8805D-01
OBSERV 3
1 POINT 1 DISPY 0.4668D-01
RMATRIX 1
1.00E-6
RMATRIX 2
1.00E-6
RMATRIX 3
1.00E-6
In this example three sets of observed data are specified. Each set comprises
a single observable, viz. the displacement of point 1 in model Y direction. In
the command file the corresponding load levels will be defined referring to the
subtable indicators k = 1, k = 2 and k = 3.
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54 Input for Parameter Estimation
syntax
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 5 6 80
point n x r [ y r [z r ] ]
point is the material point number. Points may be input in arbitrary order,
numbers may be skipped. Values x y z are the model XY Z coordinates,
[y =0] any y or z value that you do not specify is assumed to be zero.
[z =0]
The first-off action of Module parest is to embed the specified points in the
element mesh.
9.1.2 Observables
Observables must be specified in subtable OBSERV of table ’TARGET’.
syntax
’TARGET’
OBSERV [k n ]
1 5 6 80
[k = 1] k is the set number. If you omit it, Diana assumes set number one by default.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
9.2 Parameter Estimation 55
datum is the actual value of the observed data, either a displacement component
or a pressure.
wfac r...
k is the set number. If you omit it, Diana assumes set number one by default. [k = 1]
wfac are one or more weighting factors specifying the terms of the weighting
matrix. This matrix may be input in one of three forms: as full matrix of
m × m terms where m is the number of observables specified in subtable
OBSERV [§ 9.1.2], as diagonal matrix by specifying m terms, as diagonal
matrix with identical diagonal elements by specifying one single term.
If you do not specify an R matrix then Diana assumes an identity matrix. [wfac = 1]
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
56 Input for Parameter Estimation
syntax
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 5 6 12 13 80
unknown parameters
[ SUPERP ]
1 5 6 12 13 80
superparameters
[ QMATRI [k n ] ]
1 80
weighting matrix
’MATERIALS’
1 YOUNG 20.0
POISON 0.30
2 YOUNG 15.0 30.0
POISON 0.30 10.0
’GEOMETRY’
1 THICK 0.1
XAXIS 1.0 1.0 0.0
’ESTIMA’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME POISON
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.10 0.49
2 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.10 1E10
3 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 2
ITEM 1
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9.2 Parameter Estimation 57
Subtable PARAME specifies the unknown parameters. Four parameters are indi-
cated which are to be identified by Module parest. The third parameter is
defined by pointing to the first data item of the Young’s modulus of material
number 2. During the estimation the possible values for this parameter are
limited by the values 0.10 and 1010 . The initial guesses for the parameters are
the corresponding values of the tables ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’, which is 15.0
for parameter 3. Subtable QMATRI contains the parameter weighting matrix.
’ESTIMA’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME FACTOR
LOAD 1
ITEM 1
2 NAME FACTOR
LOAD 1
ITEM 3
’LOADS’
CASE 1
ELEMEN
1 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
CASE 2
ELEMEN
2 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
CASE 3
ELEMEN
3 PRESTR 1.0 0. 0. 0.
COMBIN
1 1 1. 2 1. 3 1.
’END’
In this example subtable PARAME specifies two unknown parameters. They both
point to the load factors of subtable COMBIN. The first unknown parameter is
the first load factor. The second unknown parameter is the third load factor.
For both parameters the initial guess is 1.
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58 Input for Parameter Estimation
’MATERI’
1 DENSIT 1.0
YIELD MOHRCO
YLDVAL 1.0 0.31 0.31
K0 0.5
YOUNG 1.0
POISON 0.2
2 DENSIT 1.0
YOUNG 1000.0
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME SINPHI
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.01 100.0
SUPERP
1 SINPHI 0.31
QMATRIX 1
1.0E-2
’MATERIALS’
1 YOUNG 1.1
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
QMATRIX 1
1.0E-2
QMATRIX 2
1.0E-2
QMATRIX 3
1.0E-2
Also in this example only one unknown parameter will be determined. Now it
is assumed that in table ’TARGET’ three sets of observed data are specified, like
in the last example of § 9.1 on page 53.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
9.2 Parameter Estimation 59
For load optimization, the index indicates the load factor to be estimated.
For instance index 2 points to the second load factor in subtable COMBIN.
BOUNDS bndlow and bndup respectively are the lower and upper bounds of the
parameter. If, during iteration, the parameter gets a value outside the (bndlow <
bndup )
interval then Diana replaces it by the value of the exceeded boundary.
By default no bounds are active.
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60 Input for Parameter Estimation
USRBOU indicates that Diana must determine the boundary values via a user-
supplied subroutine USRBOU [§ 9.3.2].
9.2.2 Superparameters
Usually parameters of subtable PARAME refer directly to data entries in the ta-
bles ’MATERI’, ’GEOMET’ or ’LOADS’. For some applications there is a need for
more freedom in the definition of the unknown parameters. The optional sub-
table SUPERP offers the possibility to define superparameters additional to the
parameters of tables ’MATERI’ and ’GEOMET’.
syntax
’ESTIMA’
SUPERP
1 5 6 12 13 80
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9.2 Parameter Estimation 61
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 SUPERP 0
NAME CIRCUM
BOUNDS 0.00 1.00
2 SUPERP 0
NAME CIRCUM
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.00 1.00
SUPERP
0 CIRCUM 0.5 0.5
wfac r...
QMATRI is the subtable heading for the additional weighting matrices Q. For
some estimation schemes several sets of observables may be distinguished,
for instance measured displacements of material points at different load
levels or points in time. In this case several subtables QMATRI will be
input, by analogy with subtables OBSERV and RMATRI of table ’TARGET’
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
62 Input for Parameter Estimation
[§ 9.1], where value k indicates these sets. See Chapter 10 how to specify
the estimation scheme.
If you do not specify the Q matrix, then Diana assumes a default such
[wfac = ∞] that Q inverse is a zero matrix. This means that the initial guesses for
the parameters vanish in the least squares expression. Thus, the prior
information about the parameter values which they may have contained
is not used.
wfac are one or more weighting factors specifying the terms of the weighting
matrix. This matrix may be input in one of three forms: as full matrix
of n × n terms where n is the number of parameters specified in subtable
PARAME [§ 9.2.1], as diagonal matrix by specifying n terms, as diagonal
matrix with identical diagonal elements by specifying one single term.
The input matrices must be symmetric and positive definite.
file .f
For description of the error handling routine PRGERR see Volume Analysis Pro-
cedures. The following could be the data file for this example.
file .dat
’MATERIALS’
5 YOUNG 2.0
POISON 0.3
’ESTIMA’
PARAME
1 NAME USRPAR
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
2 NAME USRPAR
ITEM 2
SUPERP 1
BOUNDS 0.1 1000.0
SUPERP
1 USRPAR 2.0 1.0
The start values for the bulk modulus K and the shear modulus G are 2.0 and
1.0 respectively.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
64 Input for Parameter Estimation
file .f
In this simple example the maximum tolerated value for the second parameter
depends on the value of the first value.
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 10
Parameter Estimation
Analysis
Module filos is used to maintain the filos file, i.e., the central database for
each analysis with Diana. The INITIA command initializes the filos file.
Module input reads the complete input data file. This file must contain data
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
66 Parameter Estimation Analysis
for a complete linear and/or nonlinear analysis. The two special input tables for
parameter estimation, ’TARGET’ and ’ESTIMA’, must be present as well [Ch. 9].
Module linsta performs a linear static analysis of the finite element model.
For postprocessing of analysis results see also Volume Pre- and Postprocessing.
*LINSTA
··· analysis commands
*PAREST
···
*END
*NONLIN
··· analysis commands
*PAREST
···
*END
Due to the *PAREST commands, Module parest will repeatedly execute the
previous analysis commands.
syntax
*PAREST
[ OUTPUT TABULA PAREST ]
[ BEGIN EXECUT
[ OBSERV=k n ]
[ analys w · · · ]
LINSTA
NONLIN
[ ITERAT · · · ]
END EXECUT ] . . .
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10.2 Analysis Commands 67
EXECUT specifies the parameter estimation step. You may give multiple EXECUT
blocks.
OBSERV k is the set number which corresponds with the number of the
subtables OBSERV, RMATRI, and QMATRI [Ch. 9].
analys specifies the type of analysis results to be used: LINSTA results of
linear static analysis [§ 10.2.1], or NONLIN results of nonlinear analysis
[§ 10.2.2].
ITERAT specifies the iteration process in the parameter estimation analysis
[§ 10.2.3].
*LINSTA
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN LINSTA
INDEX=1
LOAD=1
END LINSTA
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD MODIFI
BEGIN CONVER
RESIDU TOLCON=1.E-5
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
*NONLIN
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=1
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
BEGIN CONVER
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
68 Parameter Estimation Analysis
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
In this example each forward analysis comprises two phases. The observables
refer to the results of the second phase.
True coupled analysis of porous filled media file .dcf
*NONLIN
···
*PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=1
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD FULL
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10.2 Analysis Commands 69
BEGIN CONVER
PARAME TOLCON=1.E-6
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=2
BEGIN NONLIN
INDEX=1
STEP=2
END NONLIN
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
METHOD MODIFI
BEGIN CONVER
RESIDU TOLCON=1.E-5
END CONVER
END ITERAT
END EXECUT
*END
file .dat
’TIMELO’
LOAD 1
TIMES 0.0 0.1 0.2 /
FACTOR 0.0 1.0 1.0 /
This example shows the specification of an estimation scheme with multiple sets
of observables. Two subtables OBSERV 1 and OBSERV 2 should be input.
INDEX ind specifies the number of analysis block: ind =1 for the first block, [ind =1]
ind =2 for the second block, etc.
LOAD loset specifies the load set number in the LINSTA block. [loset =1]
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
70 Parameter Estimation Analysis
10.2.3 Iteration
You may customize the iteration process in parameter estimation analysis via
ITERAT commands.
syntax
BEGIN ITERAT
[ MAXITE=miter n ]
[ METHOD method w ]
FULL
MODIFI
[ BEGIN CONVER
criter w [ TOLCON=eps r ] . . .
RESIDU
PARAME
END CONVER ]
END ITERAT
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10.3 Output of Analysis Results 71
These lines indicate that the forward analyses for the first parameter iteration
have been prepared, forward analyses will follow. The forward analyses within
an iteration to calculate the derivatives of the observables to the parameters are
preceded by log lines like:
file .out
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
72 Parameter Estimation Analysis
PARAMETER NUMBER : 1 2 3 4
PARAMETER NAME : POISON YOUNG YOUNG XAXIS
TABLE NAME : MATERI MATERI MATERI GEOMET
TABLE NUMBER : 1 1 2 1
ITEM : 1 1 1 2
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.3000E+00 0.2000E+02 0.1500E+02 0.1000E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.2728E+00 0.1999E+02 0.1500E+02 0.1028E+01
···
In this example the estimated parameter values of the first iteration of the first
estimation step are output.
The indicators are defined as the Euclidian norm of all residual components
(NORM), the maximum component of the residuals in absolute sense (MAXIMUM), the
standard deviation of the components (STAND.DEV) and the mean (MEAN).
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 :
1 POINT 1 DISPX -0.6102E-03
2 POINT 1 DISPY 0.8328E-03
3 POINT 2 DISPY 0.8328E-03
4 POINT 5 DISPX -0.6561E-03
5 POINT 101 DISPX -0.1006E-02
6 POINT 101 DISPY 0.1666E-02
···
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 11
Loads Optimization
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
74 Loads Optimization
EVALUA to check and evaluate geometric and material properties for elements
and reinforcements.
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11.2 Analysis Commands 75
SOLVE specifies the solution method. See Chapter Solve System of Equations
in Volume Analysis Procedures for full syntax description.
CALCUL specifies parameters for the loads optimization analysis.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
76 Loads Optimization
BALANC LOAD=lodnew is a number for a new load set which will combine
the variable load sets multiplied by their determined factors. By
default Diana will increment the value of the current highest load
set to get the number for the new load set.
file .dcf
*BALANC
BEGIN EXECUT
BEGIN CALCUL
BEGIN LOADS
FIXED 1
ESTIMA 2-11
END LOADS
BALANC LOAD=15
END CALCUL
END EXECUT
Through these example commands Diana will assemble the finite element model
and perform a linear elastic analysis by default. Next a load optimization anal-
ysis will be executed with load set 1 as fixed (typically the dead weight) and
load sets 2 to 11 to be varied. After the analysis the load sets 2 to 11 will be
combined in a new load set 15, with the resulting multiplication factors applied.
BALANCE OUTPUT:
===============
LOADSET FACTOR
1 0.1000E+01 (FIXED)
2 0.5127E+00
3 0.1425E+00
4 0.8692E-01
5 0.1015E+00
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11.3 Output of Analysis results 77
6 0.9359E-01
7 0.1081E+00
8 0.1170E+00
9 0.1443E+00
10 0.1490E+00
11 0.2128E+00
RESIDUAL: 0.5116E-04
/DIANA/DC/END 22:52:08 0.17-CPU 0.23-IO 296-FA STOP
In this example load cases 2–11 are variable. Load case 1 is fixed, typically the
dead weight load. Note that fixed load cases are reported with a factor 1.
*BALANC
···
*INPUT
REMAKE TABLE LOADS
*LINSTA
···
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
78 Loads Optimization
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Chapter 12
Orthotropic Elastic
Membrane
Name: memore
Path: /Examples/ParEst/memore
Keywords: analys: linear parest static. class: hidden. constr: suppor.
elemen: pstres q8mem. load: force node. materi: elasti
orthot. option: direct. post: binary femvie tabula. result:
cauchy displa stress total.
t = 0.25
100
X
100
F1 F2
This example illustrates the use of Module parest for a parameter estimation
problem with an orthotropic elastic membrane. First the experimental setup will
be explained briefly, followed by the creation of a linear finite element model
of the membrane. Then, the special parest input data will be added to the
data file and finally the parest commands used to determine the five unknown
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
80 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
Model: PRELIM
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Y
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Z X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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12.2 Finite Element Model 81
membra.dat
’MATERIAL’
1 YOUNG 0.50 0.50
POISON 0.25
SHRMOD 0.15
’GEOMETRY’
1 THICK 0.20
XAXIS 1.0 1.1 0.0
’DIRECTIONS’
1 1. 0. 0.
2 0. 1. 0.
3 0. 0. 1.
4 1.0 -1.428 0.
5 -1.0 -1.662 0.
’SUPPORTS’
/ 111-121 / TR 1 TR 2
’LOADS’
CASE 1
NODAL
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
82 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
11 FORCE 4 0.0500
1 FORCE 5 0.1000
’END’
Note that orthotropic behavior is modeled by providing two data items behind
YOUNG and two items behind POISON. The material orientation is specified by
means of the XAXIS keyword. Note that these denote initial estimations for the
stiffness parameters and the orthotropic orientation.
*FILOS
INITIA
*INPUT
*LINSTA
BEGIN OUTPUT
DISPLA
STRESS INTPNT
END OUTPUT
*END
The DISPLA command stores the displacements of the nodes. The STRESS
INTPNT command stores the stresses in the integration points of the elements.
Now we run Diana with this command file and the additional input file.
diana prelim membra.dat
This job creates a data base for postprocessing of model PRELIM.
12.3.1 Deformation
We now enter the iDiana Postprocessing environment and first display the
deformed mesh.
prelim.fvc
FEMVIEW PRELIM
VIEW MESH
RESULTS LOADCASE LC1
RESULTS NODAL DTX....G RESDTX
PRESENT SHAPE
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12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis 83
The FEMVIEW command opens the database for postprocessing of model PRELIM.
The VIEW MESH command displays the undeformed mesh in green. Then the
RESULTS NODAL command with the DT attribute selects the nodal displacements
as result item. The PRESENT SHAPE command displays the deformed mesh in
red [Fig. 12.3].
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 predfm.ps
Model: PRELIM
LC1: Load case 1
Nodal DTX....G RESDTX
Max = 5.39 Min = 0
Factor = 1.55
Z X
12.3.2 Stresses
With the following RESULTS and PRESENT commands we display the stress dis-
tribution.
prelim.fvc
The GAUSSIAN option with the EL.S attribute selects the stresses in the integra-
tion points of the elements. The CALCULATE P-STRESS option asks iDiana to
calculate the principal stresses. The VECTORS option displays these stresses in
vector style [Fig. 12.4a]. The CALCULATE VONMISES option yields the equiva-
lent Von Mises stresses and the CONTOUR LEVELS option displays these in filled
contour style [Fig. 12.4b].
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84 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 prestp.ps iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 27 OCT 2010 23:05:27 prestv.ps
.17
.153
.136
.119
Y Y .102
.855E-1
.686E-1
Z X Z X .516E-1
.126 .347E-1
.512E-1 .177E-1
’TARGET’
POINTS
1 1.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
2 2.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
3 3.00000E+01 9.00000E+01
76 lines skipped
79 7.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
80 8.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
81 9.00000E+01 1.00000E+01
OBSERVABLES 1
1 POINT 1 DISPX 2.864E-02
2 POINT 1 DISPY -1.762E-01
3 POINT 2 DISPX -2.498E-02
4 POINT 2 DISPY -1.752E-01
5 POINT 3 DISPX -6.243E-02
6 POINT 3 DISPY -1.797E-01
151 lines skipped
157 POINT 79 DISPX -2.396E-01
158 POINT 79 DISPY -1.045E+00
159 POINT 80 DISPX -1.715E-01
160 POINT 80 DISPY -1.166E+00
161 POINT 81 DISPX -8.353E-02
162 POINT 81 DISPY -1.418E+00
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12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis 85
’ESTIMATION’
PARAMETERS
1 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
2 NAME YOUNG
MATERI 1
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
3 NAME POISON
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 0.499
4 NAME SHRMOD
MATERI 1
ITEM 1
BOUNDS 0.001 100.0
5 NAME XAXIS
GEOMET 1
ITEM 2
BOUNDS 0.100 2.000
’END’
The subtables POINTS and OBSERV contain the original positions and displace-
ments of the material points measured in the experiment. In subtable PARAME
five parameters are specified. The first refers to the first entry behind the YOUNG
keyword of material 1 in table ’MATERI’.
12.4.2 Analysis
To perform the parameter estimation we apply the following commands.
estima.dcf
*INPUT
*LINSTA
*PAREST
OUTPUT TABULA PAREST
BEGIN EXECUT
OBSERV=1
BEGIN LINSTA
INDEX=1
LOAD=1
END LINSTA
BEGIN ITERAT
MAXITE=10
CONVER PARAMETER TOLCON=1.E-4
END ITERAT
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86 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
END EXECUT
*END
We run Diana with this command file and the additional input file.
diana estima add2.dat
PARAMETER NUMBER : 1 2 3 4
PARAMETER NAME : YOUNG YOUNG POISON SHRMOD
TABLE NAME : MATERI MATERI MATERI MATERI
TABLE NUMBER : 1 1 1 1
ITEM : 1 2 1 1
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.5000E+00 0.5000E+00 0.2500E+00 0.1500E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.3702E+00 0.6029E+00 0.1235E+00 0.8477E-01
STEP 1; ITERAT 2 : 0.3890E+00 0.5771E+00 0.1703E+00 0.9986E-01
STEP 1; ITERAT 3 : 0.3988E+00 0.5967E+00 0.1531E+00 0.1004E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 : 0.4000E+00 0.5999E+00 0.1501E+00 0.1000E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 5 : 0.4000E+00 0.5999E+00 0.1501E+00 0.1000E+00
PARAMETER NUMBER : 5
PARAMETER NAME : XAXIS
TABLE NAME : GEOMET
TABLE NUMBER : 1
ITEM : 2
STEP 0; ITERAT 0 : 0.1100E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 1 : 0.7638E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 2 : 0.9209E+00
STEP 1; ITERAT 3 : 0.1001E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 : 0.1000E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 5 : 0.1000E+01
STEP 1; ITERAT 4 :
1 POINT 1 DISPX 0.2866E-01
2 POINT 1 DISPY -0.1762E+00
3 POINT 2 DISPX -0.2496E-01
4 POINT 2 DISPY -0.1752E+00
lines skipped
159 POINT 80 DISPX -0.1715E+00
160 POINT 80 DISPY -0.1166E+01
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12.4 Parameter Estimation Analysis 87
We observe that the five parameters converge while the residuals decrease.
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88 Orthotropic Elastic Membrane
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (III)
Part IV
Lattice Analysis
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
Chapter 13
Introduction to Lattice
Analysis
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
92 Introduction to Lattice Analysis
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV)
Chapter 14
notch 5 × 5
150
thickness t = 50
60
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
94 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
boundary conditions, the loading and the physical properties of the model; and
analysis commands to tell Diana how to analyze the model: number of steps,
type of solver, etc. Input data and commands must come on separate text files
in Diana batch format [Vol. Getting Started].
continuum
lattice
continuum
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14.1 Finite Element Model 95
xcells
l ycells H
hlayer
two cells
start
W
1
√
hlayer = 2
l 3
l
In this example the width W of the specimen is 60 mm. Assuming that the
length l of a lattice element is 1 mm, the number of cells over the width is easily
calculated as 60. Furthermore we assume that we want to model a region of
approximately 35 mm around the notches with a lattice structure. The number
of layers is then calculated as
35
ycells = 1
√ ≈ 40 (14.4)
2 ×1× 3
The lattice region is placed symmetrically around the notches of the specimen,
see Figure 14.2 on the facing page, where the three regions are indicated and
the dimensions are given.
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96 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV)
14.1 Finite Element Model 97
which is a geometry property. The width of the lattice beam does not influ-
ence the material behavior but is discussed here because it is also a geometrical
property. In general, the width of the lattice beam element is assumed to be
equal to the width of the specimen.
In a lattice analysis, crack growth is simulated by removing elements from
the lattice structure. The force and moment distribution in the beam elements
of the lattice structure are calculated [Fig. 14.5]. The maximum stress, resulting
(i) (j)
M(i)
from the combined normal force and bending moments, is used in the evaluation
of a fracture law. In this example we apply the standard fracture law given by
¡ ¢
N max |M(i) |, |M(j) |
f= +α − ft > 0 (14.9)
A W
with A = b × h the cross sectional area of the beams and W = 16 × b × h2
the sectional modulus of the beams. The parameter α is introduced to select a
failure mode where bending plays either a dominant or a restricted role. The
tensile strength of the element is denoted as ft . The (constant) normal force
F in each beam and the bending moments M(i) and M(j) in node i and node
j respectively are calculated during the linear elastic analysis of the structure.
The ratio between the tensile strengths ft of the three phases for normal strength
concrete is given by Vervuurt [13] as
ftparticle 2 ftbond 1
= and = (14.10)
ftmatrix 1 ftmatrix 4
In this example we assume the material properties for each phase as indicated
in Table 14.1.
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98 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
The material properties of the lattice elements depend on whether the lattice
element models an aggregate particle, the matrix, or the bond zone between the
particle and the matrix. The determination of the material behavior of a lattice
element is performed by applying an overlay technique in which a generated
particle structure is mapped onto the lattice structure. The algorithm deter-
mines the position of the lattice element in relation to the overlay [Fig. 14.6].
If both nodes of the lattice element are within the same particle, the element
matrix
aggregate
Where Pk is the maximum virtual ratio of the aggregate volume to the total
volume of the concrete that can be reached. Therefore the ratio of the generated
particle structure is always less than or equal to Pk . The particles are placed
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14.1 Finite Element Model 99
Y
X
we can model by supporting the nodes in X and Y direction [Fig. 14.7b]. The
displacement-controlled loading of the specimen is modeled by giving the upper
edge nodes a fixed displacement in Y direction [Fig. 14.7c].
Tyings generation. The outer nodes of the lattice region are determined by
selecting those elements within the lattice which are connected to two or to four
nodes. These nodes are then evaluated to find whether they are on, or close
to, an edge of a continuum element. If it is found that the lattice node is on
the edge of the continuum elements, tyings are automatically generated for the
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100 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
v
s·v C2
φ
C1
a L1
element is given by
v = C2 − C1 (14.13)
and the directional vector of the lattice node with reference to the edge of the
continuum element by
a = L1 − C1 (14.14)
The projection of the lattice node on the continuum edge is determined by
aT · v
cos φ = (14.15)
|a|L1 · |v|L1
and
aT · v
s= (14.16)
|a|L1 · |a|L1
The node L1 is assumed to be located on the edge C2 − C1 if
which means that node L1 is sufficiently close to the edge. The angle tolerance
φtol is the most important value for the determination of the tyings. The length
tolerance ltol is only needed to avoid division by zero or large round-off errors
in the determination of the angle φ.
Diana uses default values for φtol and ltol which in most cases are sufficiently
accurate, especially if care is taken in the calculation of the vertices of the mesh
regions [§ 14.1.1 p. 94]. If the default values turn out to be inappropriate, you
may overrule them by specification in the command file.
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14.1 Finite Element Model 101
Important note. A final remark about the generation and connection of the
lattice regions is necessary. The current implementation of Module lattice
cannot connect lattice regions mutually. Therefore,
If you generate various lattice regions, with different LATTIC dia-
grams in the input data file for the mesh generator, you must connect
them manually.
14.1.5 Meshing
To build up the finite element model, we start iDiana and we enter the Design
environment with the model name PULL.
iDiana
FEMGEN BRIDGE
Analysis and Units
Analysis Selection
Model Type: →Structural 2D
Units Definition
Length: →Millimeter
Mass: →Kilogram
Force: →Newton
In the Analysis and Units dialog we specify the model type for a three-dimen-
sional structural analysis and the adopted units [mm, kg, N]. Subsequently we
use the iDiana commands below to build the lattice mesh.
Points mesh.fgc
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102 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
CONSTRUCT SET HOLE APPEND POINTS P614 P613 P612 P611 P610 P557 P555 P553 P551
CONSTRUCT SET HOLE APPEND POINTS P549
UTILITY DELETE POINT HOLE; yes
UTILITY DELETE SET HOLE; yes
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM MIRROR P1 P4
CONSTRUCT TRANSFRM MIRROR P1 P5
CONSTRUCT SET LATTICE APPEND LINES ALL
GEOMETRY COPY LATTICE TR5
CONSTRUCT SET LATTICE APPEND LINES ALL
GEOMETRY COPY LATTICE TR6
UTILITY DELETE SETS ALL; yes
CONSTRUCT SET LATTICE APPEND LINES ALL
GEOMETRY POINT 0.0 0.0
GEOMETRY POINT 60.0 0.0
GEOMETRY SURFACE 4POINTS P2454 P1 +P17 +P32 +P47 +P62 +P77 +P92 +P812 =
+P797 +P782 +P767 +P752 P4 P2455
MESHING DIVISION LINE L7131 12
MESHING DIVISION LINE L7144 12
MESHING DIVISION LINE L7130 12
GEOMETRY COPY S1 S2 TR6
CONSTRUCT SET SOLID APPEND SURFACES ALL
MESHING TYPES SOLID QU4 Q8MEM
MESHING TYPES LATTICE BE2 L6BEN
MESHING GENERATE
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA1 ELASTIC ISOTROP 30000.0 0.15
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA2 ELASTIC ISOTROP 75000.0
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA2 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL ”ma21.dat”
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA3 ELASTIC ISOTROP 25000.0
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA3 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL ”ma22.dat”
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA4 ELASTIC ISOTROP 25000.0
PROPERTY MATERIAL MA4 EXTERNAL EXTERNAL ”ma23.dat”
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH1 GEOMETRY PLANSTRS THREGULR 50.0
PROPERTY PHYSICAL PH2 GEOMETRY BEAM CLASSI PREDEFIN RECTAN 0.5774 50.0
PROPERTY ATTACH SOLID MA1 PH1
PROPERTY ATTACH LATTICE MA2 PH2
PROPERTY LOADS DISPLACE L7146 1.0 Y
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L7146 X
PROPERTY BOUNDARY CONSTRAINT L7130 X Y
CONSTRUCT SET TOP APPEND LINES L7146
CONSTRUCT SET CORNERS APPEND POINTS P545 P1881 P1194 P2398
These commands refer to three external files with respectively the material
properties of the particles, the material properties of the matrix and the bond
properties.
ma21.dat
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 1.0
ALPHA 0.005
ma22.dat
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14.1 Finite Element Model 103
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 0.5
ALPHA 0.005
ma23.dat
FRCLAW STNDRD
TENSTR 0.125
ALPHA 0.005
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104 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
groups.dat
’GROUPS’
ELEMEN
0 CONTINUUM / SOLID /
’END’
First, the additional data is read with the Module input. Next, the *LATTICE
command invokes Module lattice. In the lattice preprocessing command block
PRELAT , one major task is performed, the modeling of the heterogeneity by
the PARTIC command block. It is important to know that the mesh generator
does not connect the lattice region with the continuum regions, nor the lattice
regions mutually. Therefore we give the CONNEC command at the end of the
PRELAT commands to let Module lattice perform a connection task, i.e., the
connection of the lattice structure to the continuum regions.
The heterogeneity is applied in two command blocks: the generation of the
particle structure itself with the GENERA command block, the mapping of this
particle structure onto the lattice structure with the MAP command block. We
will discuss these command blocks in the following two sections.
Note that at the end of the commands we write the model to a database for
the iDiana Results environment. There we may determine various data that we
need in the following, for instance node numbers along edges to be supported.
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14.1 Finite Element Model 105
particle phase, the matrix phase, or the bond zone phase. The material param-
eters are input in the input data file as numbers 21, 22, and 23 for the particle
phase, the matrix phase, and the bond zone phase respectively [§ 14.1.2 p. 96].
The mapping of these phases to the lattice elements must be defined in the MAP
command block. In the OFFSET command we define the offset of the specimen
with reference to the box in which the particle structure is generated [Fig. 14.9].
You can conceive this box as the concrete block from which the specimen has
HEIGHT
OFFSET X
WIDTH
Figure 14.9: Off-set of specimen with regard to the generated particle structure
been cut. Parameters X and Y respectively define the x and y offset. In this
example the x offset is 25 mm, there is no y offset.
With the MATRIX command we assign the material and geometry proper-
ties to the lattice elements mapped onto the matrix material by means of two
parameters: MATERI to assign the material number and GEOMET to assign the ge-
ometry number (numbers 22 and 20 respectively). Next, we assign the material
and geometry properties to the lattice elements mapped onto the aggregate via
the AGGREG command (numbers 22 and 20 respectively). Finally, with the BOND
command, we assign the material and geometry properties to the elements in
the bond zone (numbers 23 and 20 respectively). Note that all lattice elements
have the same geometry properties, irrespective whether they model the aggre-
gates, the matrix, or the bond zones. Only the material properties are different.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
106 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
grains.data
The first two value respectively are the x and y coordinate of the center of the
particle. The third value is the diameter of the circle.1
*LINSTA
MODEL OFF
OUTPUT TABULA FORCE REACTI
OUTPUT FEMVIE BINARY APPEND FILE="PULL" DISPLA
*EIGEN
MODEL OFF
TYPE IDENTI
BEGIN EXECUT
NMODES=3
NTRIAL=20
END EXECUT
OUTPUT FEMVIE BINARY APPEND FILE="PULL"
*END
The linear static analysis is performed using all the defaults of Module linsta
via a single *LINSTA command. The reaction forces are output in a tabulated
1 We have actually used the generated particle structure to make Figure 14.9 on the pre-
ceding page.
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14.2 Checking the Finite Element Model 107
format and the deformations are written to a database for the iDiana Results
environment.
The command *EIGEN invokes Module eigen to calculate the eigenvalues
and eigenmodes. By default, the eigenmodes are written to a database for the
iDiana Results environment. The job to check the finite element model is now
performed by the following run command.
diana linsta
Y Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X Z X
generated tyings, are modeled correctly. The other three displays show the
three eigenmodes of the specimen [Fig. 14.10b-d].
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108 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
verify if these values are correct. According to Vervuurt [13] the global stiffness
of the structure is linearly related to the stiffnesses of the lattice beams as long
as the ratio between the stiffness of the three phases remains constant. With
this knowledge and an experimental load–displacement diagram we are able to
calibrate the stiffnesses of the lattice elements.
Assume we know the experimental initial stiffness Kexperiment = F/∆u. For
the unit deformation of the upper edge of the specimen in the analysis we can
calculate the resulting load from the reaction forces which are tabulated in the
file linsta.tb. The sum of the reaction forces is equal to 5.8263 × 105 N for
a unit displacement which results in a global stiffness of the specimen equal to
Kanalysis = 5.8263 × 105 N/mm. The scaling factor of the Young’s moduli for
the various phases is then simply given by
corrected Kexperiment
Ephase = Ephase × (14.19)
Kanalysis
We will not perform a calibration here, because we do not want to simulate
an experiment. However, in a real applications it certainly would be useful to
calibrate the Young’s moduli.
14.3.1 Initialization
The command sequence for lattice initialization is rather simple.
prep.dcf
*LATTICE
INITIA
*END
There is just one single INITIA command. In Chapter 15 we discuss this com-
mand in more detail, but for a first analysis it is sufficient to call INITIA without
further subcommands or parameters. The lattice analysis starts by running Di-
ana with this command file to initialize the finite element model.
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14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis 109
diana prep
*LATTICE
BEGIN EXECUTE
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN SELECT
NODES CORNERS
STEPS ALL
END SELECT
BEGIN DISPLA
TYPE=TOTAL
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="displa.xy"
END DISPLA
END GRAPHS
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN SELECT
NODES TOP
STEPS ALL
END SELECT
BEGIN FORCE
TYPE=REACTI
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
CALCUL=SUM
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="force.xy"
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110 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
END FORCE
END GRAPHS
NSTEPS = 200
SOLVE GENEL
OUTPUT FEMVIE DISPLA
END EXECUTE
*END
Note that the execution commands are placed in an EXECUTE command block
[§ 16.2.3 p. 132]. The two GRAPHS blocks ask Diana to write two files [§ 16.2.3.1
p. 133]. One file, named displa.xy, with the displacements of the notches.
We can use this file to calculate the average crack mouth opening displacement
(cmod) of the specimen. The second file, named force.xy, with the reaction
forces of the supported nodes at the upper edge of the specimen. From this file
we calculate the total loading on the specimen. In each GRAPHS block we define
a SELECT block to select the nodes which we want to monitor and the steps for
output. The step numbers are relative in the current EXECUTE block. In the first
GRAPHS block we select all steps executed in this job. We also select the four
edge nodes of the notches [Fig. 14.11]. From these nodes we want the global Y
2582–2594
1881 2398
545 1194
Running DIANA. Next we execute three times 200 steps to simulate the
fracture of the specimen. The run commands to execute 3 × 200 steps are
diana exec.dcf exec1
diana exec.dcf exec2
diana exec.dcf exec3
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14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis 111
These runs create three iDiana databases: EXEC1, EXEC2, and EXEC3, which we
can use to display the deformed geometry and the cracked structure.
Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X
deformed meshes all have the default scaling factor, therefore the actual defor-
mations may not be compared.
Crack pattern. The crack patterns clearly stand out in a display of the un-
deformed mesh of the lattice [Fig. 14.13]. The development of the crack pattern
is one of the most important results from the lattice analysis, but we also want
to know how the load–deformation history looks like to get an impression of the
behavior of the specimen.
2 When
you run this example yourself, the crack pattern may be quite different because of
the random generation of particles! Also the load–cmod curve may be different.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (IV) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
112 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV iDIANA 9.4.3-02 : TNO Diana BV 28 iDIANA
OCT 2010
9.4.3-02
13:27:48
: TNO
exec1.ps
Diana BV 28 OCT 2010 13:30:58 exec3.ps 28 OCT 2010 13:33:44 exec5.ps
Y Y Y
Z X Z X Z X
Then, this means that all other beams will not fail when we multiply the loading
by the load factor µ
1 σfailed
= (14.23)
µ ftphase
because
µσ − ftphase < 0 (14.24)
but for the failed beam
µσfailed − ftphase = 0 (14.25)
So we found the load factor µ at which a lattice element is removed from the
geometry. In case of deformation loading, as in this example, we could also say
that when we would have loaded the specimen with a displacement µ instead of
a unit displacement, we would have found exactly one element which fails. Also
the reaction forces should be scaled with µ because we are considering a linear
elastic model at each step.
The load and deformation data that Diana prints to the text files are the
‘raw’ data: the residual load and displacement data are not yet multiplied with
the load factor µ. The nodal data are just printed with the step number, the
element number, and the load factor to the files displa.xy and force.xy. The
syntax of the two files is as follows (Fortran formats indicated below the output
items).
displa.xy syntax
STEP ELMFAI LODFAC UYNOT1 UYNOT2 UYNOT3 UYNOT4
1X I5 1X I7 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4 E12.4
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14.3 Performing the Lattice Analysis 113
force.xy syntax
STEP ELMFAI LODFAC REASUM
1X I5 1X I7 E12.4 E12.4
force.xy
The total load–average cmod history has been calculated from the files displa.xy
and force.xy and is shown in Figure 14.14 on the following page. The ‘raw’
analysis results are calculated as follows. The CMOD for the left notch and for
the right notch are respectively:
³ ´
(1881) (545)
CMODleft = µ uY − uY
³ ´ (14.26)
(2398) (1194)
CMODright = µ uY − uY
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114 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
Ftotal [N]
2000
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 ×10−2
Average CMOD
Figure 14.14 is now obtained by scaling the raw data with a factor β = 10.0,
i.e., by plotting β ×Ftotal versus β ×CMODaverage . Factor β models the (linear)
relation between the heterogeneous material and the modeling of the material
by the lattice structure and the particle overlay.
The modeling is never completely correct and depends on the size distri-
bution of the particle overlay, the beam length, and the strengths of the three
material phases, see for instance Schlangen [8] or Vervuurt [13]. The nice thing
about the factor β is that as soon we found the scaling factor of our lattice
structure, discretization and particle overlay, we can keep it constant as long as
we apply the same particle overlay and keep the length of the lattice elements
the same.
14.4 Summary
There are a few points which are important to remember when performing a
lattice analysis.
A lattice analysis consists of three major parts: (1) the generation of the
finite element mesh including the assignment of material properties to the dif-
ferent lattice elements; (2) the initialization of the lattice analysis; and (3) the
calculation of the loading history or the lattice execution.
In Module lattice there are reserved names for element groups: LATTICE,
CONTINUUM, ACTIVE, and INACTIVE. You may use these groups for selection but
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14.4 Summary 115
when you append elements to, or delete elements from these groups, the behavior
of lattice is unpredictable. Strong advice: Keep off the reserved groups!
In an analysis with Module lattice you can apply two types of elements:
the four-node plane stress element Q8MEM, and the two-node beam element
L6BEN. Other element types cannot be applied in analysis wit Module lattice.
When you generate the lattice structure with the Diana mesh generator,
you should remember that different lattice regions are never automatically con-
nected, neither during the generation, nor during automatic connection. You
should connect the different lattice regions yourself, or generate one lattice re-
gion.
The default settings for lattice are well chosen and evaluated. Do not
change these defaults unless you are an experienced user of lattice.
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116 Pull Test on DEN Specimen
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Chapter 15
12.5 12.5
platen 5 × 22.5 5 × 25
notches
150
5 × 25
5 × 25 5 × 22.5
thickness
12.5 12.5 t = 50
400
This example shows the analysis of a four-point shear test on a DEN specimen
as described by Schlangen & Van Mier [10]. The experiment was carried out
with fixed supports which resulted first in two curved cracks growing from the
notches, and finally in a diagonal splitting crack, see also Schlangen [8].
Figure 15.1 shows the geometry and loading conditions of the DEN specimen.
The loading platens at the lower side are supported in two directions, and those
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118 Shear Test on DEN Specimen
at the upper side only in the horizontal direction. The loading is applied at the
15 1
upper side platens in a ratio of 16 and 16 , respectively the load near the upper
notch and the load at the top-right side of the specimen.
21 4 22 5 33 34 9 25 10 48 36
23 24 26
3 11 8
11 12 13 14 15 16
1 1 2 2 3 4 6 5 7 6 X
45 41
43 44 40 42
12 13
vertices with small numbers. The complete iDiana command file is as follows.
Points mesh.fgc
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15.1 Finite Element Model 119
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120 Shear Test on DEN Specimen
*FILOS
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15.2 Preparing the Model 121
INITIA
*INPUT
READ
READ APPEND FILE="groups.dat"
*LATTICE
BEGIN PRELAT
BEGIN PARTICLE
BEGIN READ
WIDTH=150.0
HEIGHT=150.0
FILE="grains.data"
END READ
BEGIN MAP
OFFSET X=-125.0 Y=0.0
AGGREG MATERI=3 GEOMET=2
MATRIX MATERI=4 GEOMET=2
BOND MATERI=5 GEOMET=2
END MAP
END PARTICLE
CONNECT
END PRELAT
INITIA
*END
The material heterogeneity is modeled with the particle structure from the ten-
sile test ’pull’ which gives the opportunity to simulate the experiment directly
without the necessity to determine the β factor. The particle structure is read
from the file grains.data that we saved from the tensile test in the DEN spec-
imen [§ 14.1.6.1 p. 104]. The mapping of the particle structure onto the lattice
elements is performed like in the previous example, with the offset as indicated
in Figure 15.3.
HEIGHT=150
Y=0
OFFSET X=-125 WIDTH=150
Figure 15.3: Off-set of specimen with regard to the generated particle structure
Next the connection of the lattice structure with the continuum regions is
made with the CONNECT command, and finally the lattice analysis is initialized.
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122 Shear Test on DEN Specimen
Now we run the Diana job with the command file prep.dcf to prepare the
finite element model for lattice analysis.
diana prep
*LATTICE
BEGIN EXECUTE
BEGIN GRAPHS
BEGIN DISPLA
TYPE=TOTAL
FORMUL=TRANSL
OPERAT=GLOBAL
COMPON=Y
WRITE FILE="displa.his"
END DISPLA
END GRAPHS
NSTEPS=150
END EXECUTE
OUTPUT FEMVIE DISPLA
*END
The layout of the command file is like the one for the tensile test [§ 14.3.2 p. 109]
and we do not discuss it in detail. The selection of the nodal displacement output
of the supports is defined first in the GRAPHS block. The customized settings
are MATRIX OFF, ASSEMB OFF, and LOADS OFF, and then 150 steps are executed.
Via the OUTPUT block we write a database for the iDiana Results environment.
Running DIANA. Next we execute three times 150 steps to simulate the
fracture of the specimen.
diana shear.dat exec.dcf exec1
diana shear.dat exec.dcf exec2
diana shear.dat exec.dcf exec3
At the end of each the job we may enter the iDiana Results environment to
display the deformed geometry and the cracked structure.
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Chapter 16
YOUNG er
POISON nu r
[ DENSIT rho r ]
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124 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
(ρ ≥ 0) DENSIT rho is the mass density ρ, to be input in case of dead weight loading.
YOUNG ephase r
[ DENSIT rho r ]
FRCLAW frcnam w
··· ··· fracture law parameters
(Ephase > 0) YOUNG ephase is the Young’s modulus of the phase Ephase .
(ρ ≥ 0) DENSIT rho is the mass density ρ, to be input in case of dead weight loading.
FRCLAW frcnam is the name of the fracture law: STNDRD indicates the standard
fracture law, USER a user-specified fracture law.
The input of fracture law parameters depends on the type of the fracture law
as indicated in the following.
Standard fracture law. The standard fracture law is based on the maximum
tensile stress in a beam with a scaling of the bending stress component.
¡ ¢
N max |M(i) |, |M(j) |
f= +α − ft > 0 (16.1)
A W
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16.1 Input Data 125
syntax
’MATERI’
1 5 6 12 13 80
FRCLAW STNDRD
ALPHA alpha r
TENSTR ft r
FRCLAW USER
USRVAL usrval r...
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126 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
THICK tr
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16.2 Analysis Commands 127
syntax
’GEOMET’
1 5 6 12 13 80
RECTAN hr br
PRELAT is a command block for the lattice preprocessing which involves particle
definition, particle mapping, and connection of the continuum region to
the lattice region [§ 16.2.1 p. 127].
INITIA is a command to initialize the lattice analysis. To customize the initial-
ization you may specify commands in block format [§ 16.2.2 p. 132].
EXECUT is a command block to execute the lattice analysis, which involves the
determination of the load history [§ 16.2.3 p. 132].
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128 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
syntax
BEGIN PRELAT
BEGIN PARTIC
··· particle definition
END PARTIC
BEGIN MAP
··· heterogeneity mapping
END MAP
CONNEC continuum–lattice connection
END PRELAT
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16.2 Analysis Commands 129
syntax
BEGIN GENERA
WIDTH=width r
HEIGHT=height r
DMIN=dmin n
DMAX=dmax n
PK=pk r
[ BEGIN WRITE
FILE=name s
END WRITE ]
END GENERA
WIDTH=width specifies the width of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is generated.
HEIGHT=height specifies the height of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is generated.
DMIN=dmin is the smallest diameter Dmin of the aggregate particles.
DMAX=dmax is the largest diameter Dmax of the aggregate particles [Eq. (14.11)
p. 98].
PK=pk is the ratio Pk of the total volume of the aggregate to the concrete
volume [Eq. (14.12) p. 98]. (Pk < 1)
WRITE asks Diana to write the generated particle structure to an external file.
Parameter FILE=name specifies the name of the file.
WIDTH=width specifies the width of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is defined.
HEIGHT=height specifies the height of the rectangular area in which the particle
structure is defined.
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130 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
FILE=name is the name of external file from which the particle structure must
be read. The format of the external file is indicated in Table 16.1 for the
programming languages Fortran-77 and C. The current implementation is
limited to 10000 particles with at most 200 different diameters.
Parameter
xcenter ycenter D
Fortran-77 F12.4 F12.4 F12.4
C %12.4f %12.4f %12.4f
file .dcf
BEGIN PARTIC
BEGIN READ
FILE="grains.data"
END READ
END PARTIC
These commands read the particle structure from the file grains.data. The
file must contain the circles representing the particles: one circle per line with
three parameters: xcenter , ycenter and D respectively the x and y coordinate of
the center of the circle and the diameter of the circle. An example of the input
file for the particle structure is shown below.
grains.data
syntax
BEGIN MAP
[ BEGIN OFFSET
[ X=xoff r ]
[ Y=yoff r ]
END OFFSET ]
BEGIN MATRIX
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END MATRIX
BEGIN AGGREG
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END AGGREG
BEGIN BOND
MATERI=matnr n
GEOMET=geonr n
[ DATA=datnr n ]
END BOND
END MAP
OFFSET defines the off-set which is applied for the mapping of the particle struc-
ture onto the lattice elements. The off-set in defined by the shift of the
finite element mesh with respect to the area in which the particle structure
is generated [Fig. 14.9 p. 105]. You may specify two parameters: X=xoff [xoff =0]
and Y=yoff for the off-set in the global X and Y direction respectively. [yoff =0]
Diana assumes a zero off-set if you do not specify it.
MATRIX assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the matrix phase of the material.
AGGREG assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the aggregate phase of the material.
BOND assigns the element material, geometry, and special properties to those
lattice elements which are located in the bond-zone phase of the material.
For all three phases the assignment of properties is specified via three
parameters: MATERI=matnr the material number, GEOMET=geonr the ge-
ometry number, and DATA=datnr the number of the special element data.
For a regular lattice analysis, the lattice elements do not need special
element data: you may omit the DATA parameter.
You must specify the actual material, geometry and special properties
in input table ’MATERI’ [§ 16.1.1 p. 123], ’GEOMET’ [§ 16.1.2 p. 126], and
’DATA’ [Vol. Element Library] respectively.
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132 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
[ltol = 10−8 ] TOLLEN=tollen defines the spatial tolerance ltol whether two nodes coincide.
[φtol = 10 −4
] TOLPHI=phitol defines the tolerance φtol in projection of the lattice node onto
the continuum edge, φ < arccos(1 − φtol ).
[step = 0] START STEP step is the starting number of the step counter.
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16.2 Analysis Commands 133
syntax
BEGIN EXECUT
[ SOLVE · · · ]
[ BEGIN GRAPHS
··· output selection for load–displacement data
END GRAPHS ]
NSTEPS=nsteps n
END EXECUT
In short format you can invoke a task by a single command. To skip a task you
must combine the single command with the OFF option.
SOLVE is the command block to customize the solution procedure [Vol. Analysis
Procedures]. Application of substructuring is an attractive alternative for
the default solver. The combination of a limited number of substructures
(10–20) with the iterative solver often shows superior performance. If you
apply the iterative solver you should check the output file for convergence,
otherwise erroneous results may be obtained.
GRAPHS is a command block to create output files for postprocessing of the
analysis results [§ 16.2.3.1].
NSTEPS nsteps is the number of steps to be taken.
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134 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
[ BEGIN WRITE
[ FILE=name s ]
END WRITE ]
END DISPLA ]
[ BEGIN FORCE
[ TYPE=name w ]
[ FORMUL=name w ]
[ OPERAT=name w ]
[ CALCUL=name w ]
COMPON=name w
[ BEGIN WRITE
[ FILE=name s ]
END WRITE ]
END FORCE ]
END GRAPHS
SELECT is a command block to select nodes and steps for output. The selection
is only valid for the current output block. NODES nodes is the range of
selected node numbers. STEPS steps is the range of selected step numbers.
[ALL] The ALL option selects all nodes or steps.
DISPLA is a command block to produce output of displacements.
[TOTAL] Parameter TYPE=name specifies the displacement type: TOTAL for the cal-
culated total displacements. Parameter FORMUL=name specifies the dis-
[TRANSL] placement formulation: TRANSL for translations u or ROTATI for rotations
φ.
Parameter OPERAT=name specifies the transformation (operation) to be
[GLOBAL] performed on the displacements: LOCAL for local xyz direction of the sys-
tem degrees of freedom (no operation), or GLOBAL for global model XY Z
directions. Parameter COMPON=name selects the components for output: X,
Y, or Z for the displacement components in the local xyz or in the global
XY Z direction, depending in the setting of the OPERAT parameter.
Command block WRITE causes the displacements to be written to an ex-
ternal file. Parameter FILE=name specifies the file name. The default file
[displaXY.tab] name is displaXY.tab.
FORCE is a command block to produce output of the nodal forces.
[REACTI] Parameter TYPE=name specifies the force type: REACTI for the reaction
forces, or RESIDU for the residual forces. Parameter FORMUL=name specifies
[TRANSL] the displacement formulation: TRANSL for forces F or ROTATI for moments
M.
Parameter OPERAT=name specifies the transformation (operation) to be
[GLOBAL] performed on the forces and moments: LOCAL for local xyz direction of
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16.3 Output of General Analysis Results 135
the system degrees of freedom (no operation) or GLOBAL for global model
XY Z directions.
Parameter CALCUL=name specifies a mathematical operation to be per-
formed on the forces: SUM for the summation of the selected forces or [NONE]
NONE for no operation. Parameter COMPON=name selects the components
for output: X, Y, or Z for the component in the local xyz or in the global
XY Z direction, depending in the setting of the OPERAT parameter.
Command block WRITE causes the nodal forces to be written to an external
file. Parameter FILE=name specifies the file name. The default file name
is forceXY.tab. [forceXY.tab]
Output format. The text with tabular nodal data, as generated due to the
GRAPHS command block under *LATTICE is for both the displacement and the
force output given by the step number, the element number, the load factor,
and the value of the data for the selected items. The format of the data file is
indicated in Table 16.2 for the programming language Fortran-77.
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136 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
syntax
device specifies the output device: TABULA for tabular output, FEMVIE for
output to a database for the iDiana Results environment.
item specifies the output item, i.e., the analysis result to be output. For lattice
analysis you may choose strains, stresses, displacements, nodal forces and
element nodal forces via the indicated specifiers. See Volume Analysis
Procedures for full description and availability for the plane stress and
beam elements used in a lattice analysis.
ACTIVE contains all elements which are still part of the model, including the
elements of the continuum regions. This group may be considered as the
cracked structure.
INACTIVE all elements which were removed during the analysis. These elements
may be considered as the crack pattern.
These groups are very useful to be used in selection of the model when producing
output. We give a few examples.
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16.3 Output of General Analysis Results 137
These commands give tabular output of the principal Cauchy stresses σ1,2 in
the continuum regions.
These commands produce a database for the iDiana Results environment with
the deformed cracked structure. See for instance Figure 14.12 on page 111.
These commands write the ‘removed’ elements only, i.e., the crack pattern. It
is more instructive to plot them together with the elements of the continuum
regions.
post.dcf
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138 Lattice Analysis Reference Guide
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Part V
Preprocessing
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Chapter 17
The Diana Mesh Editor provides a means for importing finite element models
of several formats, verification of those models via a graphical user interface,
editing those models in several aspects, and exporting them for analysis with
Diana [Fig. 17.1].
Input file
Mesh Editor
file .dat
Diana
The Mesh Editor can import Nastran files, FX+ Pre-Neutral files, and
Input files in Diana batch format. A Nastran file typically contains a struc-
tural model as generated by Femap. Note that there are some restrictions to the
conversion of Nastran files to models for Diana [§ 17.2]. The FX+ Pre-Neutral
file can be obtained from a modeling session with FX+ [Vol. FX+ for DIANA].
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142 The Mesh Editor
A Diana Input file may be created in the Design environment of iDiana [Vol.
Pre- and Postprocessing].
In exporting a model for a Diana analysis, the user can either generate an
Input file in Diana batch format to be read via Module input, or directly export
the model into an analysis database, i.e., a filos file. The Diana analysis also
can be started directly from the Mesh Editor, with the model information
being passed on.
The Mesh Editor can be started up either by clicking its icon, or by typing
the MeshEdit executable name on the command line of the operating system.
Optionally, after the MeshEdit command, the name of the file to be imported
can be specified:
MeshEdit file
Further, via the -style option the GUI style can be customized:
MeshEdit -style style
A list of available styles can be found in the Preferences option of the File menu.
The style specified is stored as a personal preference to be applied in future
start ups.
Open – reads a finite element model from the specified file. The Mesh
Editor can read four types of files: file .dat in Diana batch Input
format, file .nas in Nastran format 1 , and file .fxd in FX+ Pre-
Neutral format, and file .ff in Diana Filos format. Files with
extensions other than .dat, .nas, .fxd, or .ff can not be opened.
Close – closes the current model.
Save – saves the current model. If the model came from a Diana input file
then the original file will be overwritten unless you specify another
file name. If the model came from a Nastran file or an FX+ Pre-
Neutral file you can choose to save the model on a Diana input file,
or directly into a Diana Filos file.
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17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor 143
Save As – enables you to save the model on a Diana input file, or directly
into a Diana Filos file.
Print – opens a printer dialog where you can specify options to print a
screen dump of the Graphics Window. Note that the image is printed
with reversed colors, i.e., on a white background.
Preferences – opens a dialog for setting the working directory and interface
style options.
Exit – closes the current model and exits the Mesh Editor.
Model browser – toggle switch for the view of the Model browser.
Group list – toggle switch for the view of the Group list.
Toolbars – customizes the view of the tool bars: Standard Standard tool
bar toggle switch, Edit Edit tool bar toggle switch, View View tool
bar toggle switch.
Statusbar – toggle switch for the view of the Status Bar.
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144 The Mesh Editor
Help – provides help information about the Mesh Editor and its use.
Manual – opens a browser with the home page of the Mesh Editor user
documentation, i.e., this chapter.
What’s This? – displays help information about the GUI option that you
subsequently choose, for instance a menu option or a tool button.
About MeshEdit – displays release, license, copyright and support informa-
tion about the Mesh Editor.
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17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor 145
Open File – starts a dialog to open a file. Analogous to the ↑File → Open menu
option.
Save File – saves the current model. Analogous to the ↑File → Save menu option.
What’s This? – displays help information about the GUI option. Analogous to
the ↑Help →What’s This? menu option.
Undo – cancel the last editing action. Analogous to the ↑Edit →Undo menu option.
Redo – cancel the last Undo action. Analogous to the ↑Edit → Redo menu option.
Delete – delete the selected item. Analogous to the ↑Edit → Delete menu option.
Zoom Out – zooms out from the center of the model display.
Zoom Rectangle – lets you drag a rectangular zoom window on the model display.
Copy picture – copies the model display onto the clipboard. You can paste it into
another graphical application, for instance as a picture in a document.
Draw Curved – draws curved lines according to the specified shape.
Draw Straight – draws curved lines as straight lines. This option reduces the
time to visualize complicated models containing curved lines.
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146 The Mesh Editor
any keyboard key pressed, the model will rotate around its center (a). If simul-
taneously the Ctrl key is pressed, the model will translate (b). By pressing the
Shift key, the view can be zoomed in and out (c). The view can be reset using
one of the YX Plane, YZ Plane, XZ Plane, and XYZ Plane buttons of the View
tool bar.
Data item editing. By right-clicking on a data item, the right mouse button
menu of the item can be displayed. Depending on the data item type, the
options contained by the menu are Rename, Delete, and Properties.
Rename – rename the data item.
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17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor 147
Properties – edit the data item properties. If this option is selected, a dialog
appears in which the user can edit the properties of for instance materials
[Fig. 17.9], geometries [Fig. 17.10], load combinations [Fig. 17.11(a)], and
loads [Fig. 17.11(b)]. Note that the some of the names in the properties
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148 The Mesh Editor
dialogs directly refer to the input data item names in Diana batch format.
By a click on the Help button of the dialog, a browser is opened containing
the appropriate page of the Diana on-line User’s Manual.
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17.1 Working with the Mesh Editor 149
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150 The Mesh Editor
Properties – edit the group properties. If this option is selected, a dialog appears
in which the group specification can changed [Fig. 17.12(a)].
Using the Add Group option of the right mouse button menu of the Reinforce-
ments, Elements and Nodes items, new groups can be added. Selecting this option
provides the user with a New Group dialog similar to the Group Properties di-
alog, in which the new group can be specified [Fig. 17.12(b)].
Group display. The display of selected groups is maintained using the tick
boxes of the groups tree. To display a selected group, first switch off the display
of all elements by removing the leading tick of the Elements branch. Next, by
checking the tick box of the appropriate element group, only the elements of
this group will be visible.[Fig. 17.13]
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 151
General restrictions:
When the Mesh Editor reads a Nastran file, it will skip the File Man-
agement and Case Control statements. Only the Bulk Data entries and
the SOL entry of the Executive Control statement will be read. The Mesh
Editor applies the SOL entry to determine the appropriate Diana ele-
ment types.
The Mesh Editor only supports the translation of the Bulk Data listed
in the sections to follow.
The Mesh Editor can read input data in Small Field, Long Field, and
Free format.
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152 The Mesh Editor
The Nastran identifiers are in accordance with the Nastran Quick Reference
Guide [6]. The Diana identifiers are in accordance with the description of the
batch input format in the Diana User’s Manual.
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBAR
CONNEC
PID elmtyp geonr
X1 X2 X3 ZAXIS x y z
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBAR
CONNEC
PID elmtyp geonr
X1 X2 X3 ZAXIS x y z
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBAR
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBAR[L] elmtyp geonr
GA GB L12BE no1 no2
X1 X2 X3 or G0 GA ZAXIS x y z
PA PB HINGE PHI1di PHI2di
W1A . . . W3B ECCENT ex ey ez
The defaults for PID and X1 X2 X3 are determined by the BAROR entry [§ 17.2.1].
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 153
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBEAM
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBEAM[L] elmtyp geonr
GA GB L12BE no1 no2
X1 X2 X3 or G0 GA ZAXIS x y z
PA PB HINGE PHI1di PHI2di
W1A . . . W3B ECCENT ex ey ez
The defaults for PID and X1 X2 X3 are determined by the BEAMOR entry [§ 17.2.2].
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CBUSH
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PBUSH elmtyp geonr
If GA 6= GB SP2xx no1 no2
If only GA SP1xx no1
If GA = GB SP1xx no1
X1 X2 X3 XAXIS x y z
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CGAP
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PGAP elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 N6IF no1 no2 SURFAC 1
If G1 6= G2 XAXIS x y z
If G1 = G2 XAXIS 1 0 0
X1 X2 X3 YAXIS x y z
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’ELEMEN’
CHBDYE
CONNEC
EID elem
EID2 SIDE elmtyp nodes
TYPE=REV (2 nodes) B2AHT no1 no2
TYPE=REV (3 nodes) BC3AHT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=LINE B2HT no1 no2
TYPE=AREA3 BT3HT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=AREA4 BQ4HT no1 no2 no3 no4
TYPE=AREA6 BCT6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6
TYPE=AREA8 BCQ8HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 no7 no8
’ELEMEN’
CHBDYG
CONNEC
EID elem
Gi elmtyp nodes
TYPE=REV (2 nodes) B2AHT no1 no2
TYPE=REV (3 nodes) BC3AHT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=LINE B2HT no1 no2
TYPE=AREA3 BT3HT no1 no2 no3
TYPE=AREA4 BQ4HT no1 no2 no3 no4
TYPE=AREA6 BCT6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6
TYPE=AREA8 BCQ8HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 no7 no8
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 155
’ELEMEN’
CHEXA
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSOLID elmtyp Model type
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no2 no3 no4
HX24L Structural
G5 G6 G7 G8 no5 no6 no7 no8
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no2 no3 no4
HX8HT Heat flow
G5 G6 G7 G8 no5 no6 no7 no8
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 no1 no3 no5 no7 no13
G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 no15 no17 no19 no2 no4
CHX60 Structural
G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 no6 no8 no9 no10 no11
G16 G17 G18 G19 G20 no12 no14 no16 no18 no20
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 no1 no3 no5 no7 no13
G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 no15 no17 no19 no2 no4
CHX20H Heat flow
G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 no6 no8 no9 no10 no11
G16 G17 G18 G19 G20 no12 no14 no16 no18 no20
’ELEMEN’ ’MATERI’
CONM2
CONNEC
EID elem matnr
G elmtyp no1
M 6= 0 PT3T
Iii 6= 0 PT3RO
M MASS mx
The mass moments of inertia I31, I32, and I21 cannot be translated because
Diana does not support an appropriate data item.
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156 The Mesh Editor
Diana does not support torsion parameters. Therefore, the data items J and C
are ignored.
’BOUNDA’ ’MATERI’
CONV
ELEMEN
EID elem
PCONID → PCONV matnr
TAi EXTEMP phi1 ... phin
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 157
’ELEMEN’
CPENTA
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSOLID elmtyp Model type
TP18L no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 Structural
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
TP6HT no1 no2 no3 no4 no5 no6 Heat flow
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 no1 no3 no5 no10 no12 no14
G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 CTP45 no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 Structural
G12 G13 G14 G15 no9 no11 no13 no15
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 no1 no3 no5 no10 no12 no14
G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 CTP15H no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 Heat flow
G12 G13 G14 G15 no9 no11 no13 no15
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CQUAD4
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no2 no3 no4
T1 T2 T3 T4 THICK t1 t2 t3 t4
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
Diana does not support eccentric plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS
data item is ignored.
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’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CQUAD8
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL
elmtyp geonr
PID → PCOMP
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no3 no5 no7
G5 G6 G7 G8 no2 no4 no6 no8
T1 T2 T3 T4 THICK t1 t3 t5 t7
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CQUADR
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no2 no3 no4
T1 T2 T3 T4 THICK t1 t2 t3 t4
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 159
’ELEMEN’
CROD
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PROD elmtyp
G1 G2 L6TRU no1 no2
’ELEMEN’
CTETRA
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSOLID elmtyp Model type
TE12L no1 no2 no3 no4 Structural
G1 G2 G3 G4
TE4HT no1 no2 no3 no4 Heat flow
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no3 no5 no10
CTE30 Structural
G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 no9
G1 G2 G3 G4 no1 no3 no5 no10
CTE10H Heat flow
G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 no2 no4 no6 no7 no8 no9
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CTRIA3
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 G3 no1 no2 no3
T1 T2 T3 THICK t1 t2 t3
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
Diana does not support eccentric plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS
data item is ignored.
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160 The Mesh Editor
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CTRIA6
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL
elmtyp geonr
PID → PCOMP
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 no1 no3 no5 no2 no4 no6
T1 T2 T3 THICK t1 t3 t5
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
The thicknesses for the mid-side nodes, t2 t4 t6 , are interpolated from the
thicknesses in the adjacent corner nodes. Diana does not support eccentric
plate and shell elements. Therefore, the ZOFFS data item is ignored.
’ELEMEN’ ’GEOMET’
CTRIAR
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PSHELL elmtyp geonr
G1 G2 G3 no1 no2 no3
T1 T2 T3 THICK t1 t2 t3
THETA MCID XAXIS x y z
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 161
’ELEMEN’
CTRIAX6
CONNEC
EID elem
MID → MAT1
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 CT12A no1 no3 no5 no2 no4 no6
’ELEMEN’
CTUBE
CONNEC
EID elem
PID → PTUBE elmtyp
G1 G2 L12BE no1 no2
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
FORCE
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F N1 N2 N3 FORCE dirnr value dirnr x y z
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
FORCE1
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F FORCE value
G1 G2 FORCE dirnr dirnr x y z
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’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
FORCE2
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
F FORCE value
G1 G2 G3 G4 FORCE dirnr dirnr x y z
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
GRAV
WEIGHT
SID CASE case
A WEIGHT gracce
N1 N2 N3 dirnr dirnr x y z
’LOADS’
LOAD
COMBIN
SID loset
Li S Si case factor
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 163
MAT1 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
E YOUNG e
NU POISON nu
RHO DENSIT rho
A THERMX alpha
MAT3 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
EX ETH EZ YOUNG ex ey ez
NUXTH NUTHZ NUZX POISON nuxy nuyz nuxz
GXZ SHRMOD gxy
RHO DENSIT rho
A1 A2 A3 THERMX alphax alphay alphaz
MAT4 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
K CONDUC k
CP CAPACI c
RHO DENSIT rho
H CONVEC k
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164 The Mesh Editor
MAT3 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
E1 E2 YOUNG ex ey ez
NU12 POISON nuxy nuyz nuxz
G12 G1Z G23 SHRMOD gxy gxy gxz
RHO DENSIT rho
A1 A2 THERMX alphax alphay alphaz
MATT1 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
T(E) → TABLEMi TEMYOU te1 e1 te2 e2 · · ·
T(NU) → TABLEMi TEMPOI te1 nu1 te2 nu2 · · ·
T(A) → TABLEMi TEMALP te1 al1 te2 al2 · · ·
MATT4 ’MATERI’
MID matnr
TEMPER te1 te2 · · ·
T(K) → TABLEMi
CONDIS k1 k2 · · ·
TEMPER te1 te2 · · ·
T(CP) → TABLEMi
CAPATT c1 c2 · · ·
TEMPER te1 te2 · · ·
T(H) → TABLEMi
CONVTT k1 k2 · · ·
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 165
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
MOMENT
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M N1 N2 N3 MOMENT dirnr value dirnr x y z
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
MOMENT1
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M MOMENT value
G1 G2 MOMENT dirnr dirnr x y z
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
MOMENT2
NODAL
SID CASE case
G node
M MOMENT value
G1 G2 G3 G4 MOMENT dirnr dirnr x y z
MPC ’TYINGS’
SID
G1 snode
C1 = 1 2 3 FIX TR 1 2 3
C1 = 4 5 6 FIX RO 1 2 3
Gj mnode
Cj = 1 2 3 TR 1 2 3
Cj = 4 5 6 RO 1 2 3
A1 Aj fac (17.1)
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166 The Mesh Editor
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 167
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168 The Mesh Editor
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 169
’ELEMEN’ ’MATERI’
PBUSH
CONNEC
PID elmtyp matnr
K1 K2 K3 SPn TR SPRING k
K4 K5 K6 SPn RO SPRING k
B1 B2 B3 SPn TR DAMP c
B4 B5 B3 SPn RO DAMP c
The translation of the PCOMP entry into a Diana element type elmtyp depends
on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier PID.
PCONV
FORM=1 ’MATERI’
EXPF=1
MID matnr
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170 The Mesh Editor
The translation of the PCOMP entry into a Diana element type elmtyp depends
on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier PID.
PGAP ’MATERI’
PID matnr
U0 SIGDIS tn1 tn2 tn3 (17.2)
F0 KA KB SIGDIS un1 un2 un3 (17.3)
KA KT DSTIFF d11 d22
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 171
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
PLOAD1
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID →[CBAR CBEAM] elem
(a) If only X1 or X1 = X2 POINT
(b) If X1 = 0 and X2 = l LINE
(c) If X1 > 0 and X1 < X2 ≤ l POINT
TYPE= FX FY FZ DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
X1 X2 P1 P2 FORCE f
TYPE= MX MY MZ DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
X1 X2 P1 P2 MOMENT m
TYPE= [FXE FYE FZE] DIRELM [X Y Z]
X1 X2 P1 P2 FORCE f
TYPE= [MXE MYE MZE] DIRELM [X Y Z]
X1 X2 P1 P2 MOMENT m
X1 ISO xi
’LOADS’
PLOAD2
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EIDi elems
ELEMEN
FACE
DIRELM Z
P1 FORCE f1
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172 The Mesh Editor
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
PLOAD4
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID elem
EIDi elems
ELEMEN
P1 [P2 P3 P4 ] FORCE f1 [ . . . fk ]
G1 G3 G4 FACE fcenam
N1 N2 N3 DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
’LOADS’ ’DIRECT’
PLOADX1
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EID elem
ELEMEN
PA PB FORCE f1 [ . . . fk ]
GA GB EDGE edgnam
THETA DIRECT dirnr dirnr x y z
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 173
For a structural model, the translation of the PSHELL entry into a Diana element
type elmtyp depends on the entry it is referenced from via the property identifier
PID, and on the values of the material identifiers MIDi. For a heat flow model
the translation into a Diana element type only depends on the PID.
PSOLID ’MATERI’
MID matnr
’BOUNDA’
QHBDY
NODAL
SID CASE case
Gi node
FLAG Q0 AF Q value
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174 The Mesh Editor
’BOUNDA’
QVOL
ELEMEN
SID CASE case
EIDi elem VOLUME
QVOL FLUX q1
’TYINGS’
RBAR1
FIX six degrees of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
CMB mtype mdirnr
ALPHA fac
’TYINGS’
RBE1
FIX degrees of freedom
GNi snode
CNi mtype mdirnr
GMi mnode
CMi mtype mdirnr
’LOADS’
RFORCE
CENTRI
SID CASE case
A omega
CID R1 R2 R3 axipt1 axipt2
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 175
’TYINGS’
RJOINT
EQUAL
GA snode
GB mnode
CB type dirnrs
’TYINGS’
RROD
FIX degress of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
CMA stype sdirnr
CMB mtype mdirnr
’TYINGS’
RTRPLT1
FIX degrees of freedom
GA snode
GB mnode
GC mnode
CMB mtype mdirnr
CMC mtype mdirnr
ALPHA fac
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176 The Mesh Editor
SPC1 ’SUPPOR’
SID
C=123 TR 1 2 3
C=456 RO 1 2 3
Gi nodes
TEMP ’INIVAR’
SID TEMPER field
Gi node
Ti phi
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17.2 Conversion from NASTRAN to DIANA 177
TEMPD ’INIVAR’
SIDi TEMPER field
nodes
Ti phi
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178 The Mesh Editor
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
Bibliography
[4] Herrmann, H. J., and Roux, S. Statistical Models for the Fracture of
Disordered Media. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992.
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
180 BIBLIOGRAPHY
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
Index
CALCUL command, 75
CALCUL parameter, 135
A CALCULATE option, 83
ACTIVE group, 109, 114, 136 Calibration of Young’s moduli, 107
AGGREG command, 105, 131 CASES command
ALPHA input design checking, 12
lattice analysis, 125 CIRCUM input, 60
Analysis menu CMS, see Component Mode Synthesis
Mesh Editor, 144 COMBIN command
ASAPL command design checking, 11, 12
design checking, 15 COMCRV input
ASRAT command sequential linear analysis, 30, 33
design checking, 15 Commands
ASREQ command lattice analysis, 127
design checking, 15 loads optimization, 74
ASSEMB command parameter estimation, 66
loads optimization, 75 COMPAR input
sequential linear analysis, 40 sequential linear analysis, 34
COMPON parameter, 134, 135
COMPOS command
B design checking, 12
COMSTR input
Backward analysis, 47, 48
sequential linear analysis, 34, 35
*BALANC command, 74
CONNEC command
BALANC command, 76
lattice analysis, 104, 121, 128, 132
Beam elements
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182 INDEX
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
INDEX 183
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
184 INDEX
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
INDEX 185
Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V) November 8, 2010 – First ed.
186 INDEX
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)
INDEX 187
Vector plots, 83
VECTORS option, 83
VIEW command, 83
View menu
Mesh Editor, 143
Viscoelasticity
parameter estimation, 59
VONMISES option, 83
Von Mises stress
linear static analysis, 83
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188 INDEX
November 8, 2010 – First ed. Diana-9.4.3 User’s Manual – Application Modules (V)