PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

NOTATION

8.0 AASHTO SPECIFICATION REFERENCES

8.1 PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING

8.1.1 History
8.1.2 High Strength Steel
8.1.3 Prestressing Versus Conventional Reinforcing
8.1.4 Concrete to Steel Bond

8.2 FLEXURE
8.2.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
8.2.1.1 Theory
8.2.1.1.1 Stage 1 Loading
8.2.1.1.2 Stage 2 Loading
8.2.1.1.3 Stage 3 Loading
8.2.1.1.4 Stage 4 Loading
8.2.1.1.5 Stage 5 Loading
8.2.1.1.5.1 Tensile Stresses - Normal Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.2 Tensile Stresses - High Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.3 Tensile Stresses - LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.2 Allowable Concrete Stresses
8.2.1.2.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.1.2.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.3 Design Procedure
8.2.1.4 Composite Section Properties
8.2.1.4.1 Theory
8.2.1.4.2 Procedure
8.2.1.5 Harped Strand Considerations
8.2.1.6 Debonded Strand Considerations
8.2.1.7 Minimum Strand Cover and Spacing
8.2.1.8 Design Example
8.2.1.8.1 Design Requirement 1
8.2.1.8.2 Design Requirement 2
8.2.1.8.3 Design Requirement 3
8.2.1.8.3.1 Strand Debonding
8.2.1.8.3.2 Harped Strands
8.2.1.8.3.3 Other Methods to Control Stresses
8.2.1.8.4 Design Requirement 4
8.2.1.9 Fatigue

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8.2.2 Flexural Strength Design

8.2.2.1 Theory
8.2.2.2 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.2.1 Ultimate Moment Capacity
8.2.2.2.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.2.1.2 Rectangular Section
8.2.2.2.1.3 Flanged Section
8.2.2.2.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.2.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.3.1 Nominal Flexural Resistance
8.2.2.3.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.3.1.2 Rectangular Sections
8.2.2.3.1.3 Flanged Sections
8.2.2.3.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.4 Flexural Strength Design Example
8.2.2.4.1 Design Requirement 1
8.2.2.4.1.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.4.1.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.4.2 Design Requirement 2
8.2.2.5 Strain Compatibility Approach
8.2.2.6 Design Example - Strain Compatibility
8.2.2.6.1 Part l - Flexural Capacity
8.2.2.6.2 Part 2 - Comparative Results
8.2.3 Design of Negative Moment Regions for Members Made Continuous for Live
Loads
8.2.3.1 Strength Design
8.2.3.2 Reinforcement Limits - Standard Specifications
8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Limits - LRFD Specifications
8.2.3.4 Serviceability
8.2.3.5 Fatigue in Deck Reinforcement

8.3 STRAND TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

8.3.1 Strand Transfer Length
8.3.1.1 Impact on Design
8.3.1.2 Specifications
8.3.1.3 Factors Affecting Transfer Length
8.3.1.4 Research Results
8 3.1.5 Recommendations
8.3.1.6 End Zone Reinforcement

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8.3.2 Strand Development Length

8.3.2.1 Impact on Design
8.3.2.2 Standard Specifications
8.3.2.3 LRFD Specifications
8.3.2.4 Factors Affecting Development Length
8.3.2.5 Bond Studies
8.3.2.6 Recommendations

8.4 SHEAR
8.4.1 Standard Specifications
8.4.1.1 Flexure-Shear Strength, Vci
8.4.1.2 Web-Shear Strength, Vcw
8.4.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.1.3.1 Minimum Spacing Requirements
8.4.1.3.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
8.4.1.4 Application of Standard Specifications to Continuous Spans
8.4.2 1979 Interim Revisions
8.4.3 LRFD Specifications
8.4.3.1 Shear Design Provisions
8.4.3.1.1 Nominal Shear Resistance
8.4.3.1.2 Concrete Contribution, Vc
8.4.3.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.3.1.4 Values of β and θ
8.4.3.2 Design Procedure
8.4.3.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement
8.4.4 Comparison of Shear Design Methods

8.5 HORIZONTAL INTERFACE SHEAR

8.5.1 Theory
8.5.2 Standard Specifications
8.5.3 LRFD Specifications
8.5.4 Comparison of Design Specifications

8.6 LOSS OF PRESTRESS

8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Definition
8.6.3 Significance of Losses on Design
8.6.4 Effects of Estimation of Losses
8.6.4.1 Effects at Transfer
8.6.4.2 Effect on Production Costs
8.6.4.3 Effect on Camber
8.6.4.4 Effect of Underestimating Losses
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8.6.5 Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation Material Properties

8.6.5.1 Prediction of Creep Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.1.1 Creep Modification Factors
8.6.5.1.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.1.3 Example
8.6.5.2 Prediction of Shrinkage Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.2.1 Shrinkage Modification Factors
8.6.5.2.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.2.3 Example
8.6.5.3 Prediction of Relaxation of the Prestressing Steel
8.6.6 Methods for Estimating Losses
8.6.7 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.1 Computation of Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.2 Elastic Shortening Example
8.6.8 Losses from the Standard Specifications
8.6.8.1 Shrinkage Loss
8.6.8.2 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.8.3 Creep Loss
8.6.8.4 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.8.5 Lump Sum Losses
8.6.9 Standard Specifications Example
8.6.10 Losses from the LRFD Specifications
8.6.10.1 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.10.2 Shrinkage and Creep Losses
8.6.10.3 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.10.4 Washington State Study
8.6.11 LRFD Specifications Example
8.6.12 Losses by the Tadros Method
8.6.12.1 Tadros Method Example

8.7 CAMBER AND DEFLECTION

8.7.1 Multiplier Method
8.7.2 Improved Multiplier Method
8.7.3 Examples
8.7.3.1 Multiplier Method Example
8.7.3.2 Improved Multiplier Method Example
8.7.4 Camber and Deflection Estimates Using Numerical Integration
8.7.4.1 Numerical Integration Example

8.8 DECK SLAB DESIGN

8.8.1 Introduction

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8.8.2 Design of Bridge Decks Using Precast Panels

8.8.2.1 Determining Prestress Force
8.8.2.2 Service Load Stresses and Flexural Strength
8.8.2.3 Standard Specifications
8.8.2.3.1 Minimum Thickness
8.8.2.3.2 Live Load
8.8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Requirements
8.8.2.3.4 Shear Design
8.8.2.3.5 Crack Control
8.8.2.4 LRFD Specifications
8.8.2.4.1 LRFD Specifications Refined Analysis
8.8.2.4.2

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8.9.4 Lateral Post-Tensioning Detailing for Skewed Bridges

8.10 LATERAL STABILITY OF SLENDER MEMBERS

8.10.1 Introduction
8.10.1.1 Hanging Beams
8.10.1.2 Beams Supported from Beneath
8.10.2 Suggested Factors of Safety
8.10.2.1 Conditions Affecting FSc
8.10.2.2 Effects of Creep and Impact
8.10.2.3 Effects of Overhangs
8.10.2.4 Increasing the Factor of Safety
8.10.3 Measuring Roll Stiffness of Vehicles
8.10.4 Bearing Pads
8.10.5 Wind Loads
8.10.6 Temporary King-Post Bracing
8.10.7 Lateral Stability Examples
8.10.7.1 Hanging Beam Example
8.10.7.2 Supported Beam Example

8.11 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES DUE TO

VEHICULAR LIVE LOADS
8.11.1 HS20 Truck Loading
8.11.2 Lane Loading, 0.640 kip/ft
8.11.3 Fatigue Truck Loading

8.12 STRUT-AND-TIE MODELING OF DISTURBED REGIONS

8.12.1 Introduction
8.12.2 Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.2.1 Truss Geometry Layout
8.12.2.2 Nodal Zone and Member Dimensions
8.12.2.3 Strengths of Members
8.12.3 LRFD Specifications Provisions for Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.3.1 Compression Struts
8.12.3.1.1 Unreinforced Concrete Struts
8.12.3.1.2 Reinforced Concrete Struts
8.12.3.2 Tension Ties
8.12.3.2.1 Tie Anchorage
8.12.3.3 Proportioning Node Regions
8.12.3.4 Crack Control Reinforcement
8.12.4 Steps for Developing Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.4.1 Design Criteria
8.12.4.2 Summary of Steps
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8.12.5 Pier Cap Example

8.12.5.1 Flow of Forces and Truss Geometry
8.12.5.2 Forces in Assumed Truss
8.12.5.3 Bearing Stresses
8.12.5.4 Reinforcement for Tension Tie DE
8.12.5.5 Strut Capacities
8.12.5.6 Nodal Zone at Pier
8.12.5.7 Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control

8.13 DETAILED METHODS OF TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS

8.13.1 Introduction
8.13.1.1 Properties of Concrete
8.13.1.1.1 Stress-Strain-Time Relationship
8.13.1.2 Effective Modulus
8.13.1.3 Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus
8.13.1.4 Properties of Prestressing Steel
8.13.1.5 Reduced Relaxation under Variable Strain
8.13.2 Analysis of Composite Cross-Sections
8.13.2.1 Initial Strains
8.13.2.2 Methods for Time-Dependent Cross-Section Analysis
8.13.2.2.1 Steps for Analysis
8.13.2.2.2 Example Calculations
8.13.3 Analysis of Composite Simple-Span Members
8.13.3.1 Relaxation of Strands Prior to Transfer
8.13.3.2 Transfer of Prestress Force
8.13.3.2.1 Example Calculation (at Transfer)
8.13.3.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation after Transfer
8.13.3.3.1 Example Calculation (after Transfer)
8.13.3.4 Placement of Cast-in-Place Deck
8.13.3.5 Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation
8.13.3.6 Application of Superimposed Dead Load
8.13.3.7 Long-Term Behavior
8.13.4 Continuous Bridges
8.13.4.1 Effectiveness of Continuity
8.13.4.2 Applying Time-Dependent Effects
8.13.4.3 Methods of Analysis
8.13.4.3.1 General Method
8.13.4.3.2 Approximate Method
8.13.4.3.2.1 Restraint Moment Due to Creep
8.13.4.3.2.2 Restraint Moment Due to Differential Shrinkage

8.14 REFERENCES
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8.14 References

8.14 1975 AASHTO Interim Specifications for Highway Bridges, Section 1.6.7 (B) -
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ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI
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Concrete,” ACI Journal, V. 54, 1958, pp. 545-1299

Badie, S.S., Baishya, M.C, and Tadros, M.K., “NUDECK – An Efficient and
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No. 5, September-October 1998, pp. 56-74

Bakht, B., Jaeger, L.G., and Cheung, M.S., “Transverse Shear in Multibeam Bridges,”
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Bazant, Z.P., “Prediction of Concrete Creep Effects Using Age-Adjusted Effective

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Construction,” ACI Journal, V. 63, No. 3, March 1996, pp. 345-367

Branson, D.E., and Kripanarayanan, K.M., “Loss of Prestress, Camber and Deflection
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Breen, J.E., Burdet, O., Roberts, C., Sanders, D. and Wollmann, G., “Anchorage
Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders,” NCHRP Report No.
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Buckner, C. D., “An Analysis of Transfer and Development Lengths for

Pretensioned Concrete Structures,” Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-049, Federal
Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA,
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Buckner, C.D., “A Review of Strand Development Length for Pretensioned

Concrete Members,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 40, No. 2, March-April 1995, pp. 84-105

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8.14 References

Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings, CAN3-A23.3-M84, Canadian Standards

Association, Rexdale, ON, Canada, 1994

Collins, M.P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991, 766 pp.

Collins, M.P., and Mitchell, D., “Shear and Torsion-Design of Prestressed and
Non-Prestressed Concrete Beams,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 25, No. 5, September-
October 1980, pp. 32-100

Cousins, T., Johnston, D.W. and Zia, P., “Bond of Epoxy Coated Prestressing
Strand,” Publication No. FHWA/NC/87-005, Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, DC, December 1986

Design Supplement to Short-Span Bridges, Publication No. SSB-Z, Precast/Prestressed

Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 1985, 80 pp.
Devalapura, R.K., and Tadros, M.K., “Critical Assessment of ACI 318 Eq. (18-3)
for Prestressing Steel Stress at Ultimate Flexure,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No.
5, September-October 1992-A, pp. 538-546

Devalapura, R.K., and Tadros, M.K., “Stress-Strain Modeling of 270 ksi Low-
Relaxation Prestressing Strands,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 37, No. 2, March-April 1992-B,
pp. 100-106

Dilger, W. H., “Creep Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Structures using Creep-

Transformed Section Properties,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 27, No. 1, January-February
1982, pp. 98-118

Dilger, W.H., “Methods of Structural Creep Analysis,” Z.P. Bazant and F.H.
Wittmann (Editors), Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, John Wiley and
Sons Ltd., 1982

El-Remaily, A., Tadros, M. K., Yamane, T., and Krause, G., “Transverse Design of
Adjacent Precast Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 41,
No. 4, July-August 1996, pp. 96-113

Farrington, E.W., “Creep and Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete,” Master of

Science Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 1996

Freyermuth, C.L., “Design of Continuous Highway Bridges with Precast, Prestressed

Concrete Girders,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 14, No. 2, April 1969, pp. 14-39

Gallt, J.G., “Computer Program TDA: Time Dependent Analysis of Prestressed

Beam, Version 2.02,” 1996

Gamble, W.L., “Proposed Amendment to the AASHTO Standard Specifications

for Highway Bridges, Article 1.6.7(B), Prestressed Losses,” Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, April 1972

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8.14 References

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8.14 References

Kumar, N. V., and Ramirez, J. A., “Interface Horizontal Shear Strength in

Composite Decks with Precast Concrete Panels,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 41, No. 2,
March-April 1996, pp. 42-55

Lane, S. N., “A New Development Length Equation for Pretensioned Strands in

Bridge Beams and Piles,” Publication No. FHWA-RD-98-116, Federal Highway
Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA,
December 1998, 127 pp.

Loov, E.R., and Patnaik, A.K, “Horizontal Shear Strength of Composite Concrete
Beams With a Rough Interface,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 1, January-February
1994, pp. 48-69, and also Reader Comments, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 5,
September-October 1994, pp. 106-109

Ma, Z. (John), Saleh, M., and Tadros, M.K., “Shear Design of Stemmed Bridge
Members - How Complex Should It Be?” Problems & Solutions, PCI JOURNAL, V.
42, No. 5, September-October 1997, pp. 88-93

Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges, American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1994

Martin, L. D., “A Rational Method for Estimating Camber and Deflection of

Precast Prestressed Members,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 22, No. 1, January-February
1977, pp. 100-108

Mast, R.F., “Auxiliary Reinforcement in Concrete Connections,” ASCE Journal, V. 94,

No. ST6, June 1968, pp. 1485-1504

Mast, R.F., “Unified Design Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Flexural and Compression Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No. 2,
March-April 1992, pp. 185-199

Mast, R.F., “Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams-Part 1,” PCI
JOURNAL, V. 34, No. 1, January-February 1989, pp. 34-53

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JOURNAL, V. 38, No. 1, January-February 1993, pp. 70-88

Mattock, A.H., “Anchorage of Stirrups in a Thin Cast-in-Place Topping, “PCI

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Mattock, A.H., “Precast-Prestressed Concrete Bridges 5: Creep and Shrinkage

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Mattock, A. H., “Shear Transfer in Concrete Having Reinforcement at an Angle to

the Shear Plane,” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, ACI Special Publication SP-42, V. 1,
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Norway, June 1987, Tapir, Trondheim, pp. 27-38

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8.14 References

Oesterle, R.G., Glikin, J.D., and Larson, S.C., “Design of Precast Prestressed
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Downsview, ON, Canada, 1992

Pang, J.P., “Allowable Compressive Stresses for Prestressed Concrete,” Master of

Science Thesis, The University of Oklahoma, May 1997, 178 pp.

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8.14 References

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