INTRODUCTION

Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force,
or by putting the victim in fear. According to common law, robbery is defined as taking the
property of another. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft, such
as burglary, shoplifting, or car theft. Whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished
as misbehaviour, robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two.
Under law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on
indictment. The word "rob" came via French from Late Latinwords (e.g., deraubare)
of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub -- "theft".

Among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated
robbery when someone brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a
deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a public place such as
a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by
force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in
the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for
robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery, usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the
verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and "steaming" (organized
robbery on underground train systems).
Soalan 1

There are a number of causes for this robbery case. One of the reasons is the economic
recession of a country. When a country develops a recession, it will cause foreign investors to
withdraw and companies are forced to fire the workers to reduce production costs to ensure
that the company can continue operating. So the unemployment rate for the country will
increase and many laborers will face problems of losing jobs. At the same time, they will also
lose their source of income such as salaries, allowances, and so on. With this, they will lose
their financial resources and in a short time they will face financial difficulties. This is because
daily necessities such as food, clothing, and others need to be paid for cash. So those who
face financial problems will have to do something for life, and one of the activities that can
earn money quickly and easily is robbing.

Apart from the cause, peer influence is also a cause of the robbery. Someone who is easily
influenced by peers can be caused by the teachings of their loose guardians. In this money
importance era, guardians are more focused on their work that they are less concerned about
their children. Children who are less observant by parents are easy to mingle with friends who
give fun to them regardless of the friend's behavior is good or not. With this,they will do
whatever their friend ordered, even though it is a violation of the law for the partner to do so.
In addition, there are people who want to show their courage to their friends not to be
considered as the coward will carry out violations of the law such as robbery.
OMNIPRESENSE

O.W Wilson said creating an impression of omnipresence that will eliminate the actual
opportunity or believe in someone to involve in crime or behavior that against the law.
Police omnipresence in crime hotspots is one of the key and most effective measures in crime
fighting, as it will serve as a deterrent to criminals and also an effort to regain public
confidence. Omnipresence also eliminate the desire of a criminal to involve in a crime or to
perform a crime on someone. Like an example, a criminal who have an intention to rob
someone, will be fear to do so in a spot where the police presence have because they will get
caught and charged if found by the police officers. Typical uses of a police car include
transporting officers so they can reach the scene of an incident quickly, transporting and
temporarily detaining suspects in the back seats, as a location to use their police radio or
laptop or to patrol an area, all while providing a visible deterrent to crime. Next is the URB
which stands for ‘Unit Rondaan Bermotosikal’ and they enhance the neighbourhood safety by
their presence.

Target Hardening

Target hardening, also referred to simply as hardening when made clear by the context, is a
term used by police officers, those working in security, and the military referring to the
strengthening of the security of a building or installation in order to protect it in the event of
attack or reduce the risk of house robbery. It is believed that a strong and visible defensive
system can prevent or delay an attack.

In terms of business and home security, target hardening is one of the suite of protective
measures that are included in crime prevention through environmental design[. This can
include ensuring all doors and windows are sourced and fitted in such a way that they can
resist forcible and surreptitious intruder attack, adding hard barriers and landscapes that resist
vehicle and pedestrian intrusion, adding fences, walls and hostile planting. All of which is
greatly assisted by removing or cropping any trees or bushes that could offer suitable hiding
places or could be used to climb to a higher level of the property. However for vehicle robbery,
some protection system is much more important, like immobilizers that does not allow the car
to ignite with the wrong keys. Next is central locking system which we call as an alarm system,
this will lock the car doors and will make sounds when the thief attempting to open the door.
Then the steering locks and locking wheel nuts. These security systems can prevent the
criminals to attempt any crime like robbery to us because the target hardening strategy creates
a visible defensive system that can prevent or delay an attack.
Target Removal

Target removal is the measure of reducing risk by either removing the perceived attractive
aspects from an attractive object, or removing the object as a whole. TARGET REMOVAL
takes the target away from the crime situation, beyond the offender’s sight or reach. For
example removing from view satellite navigation systems, mobile phones or money from cars
or prevent leaving valuables in handbags, a well-known haunt of pickpockets and bag
snatchers. Extending this concept leads to elimination of the target. This may inspire designers
to create wearable storage in clothing to remove the opportunity for thieves to snatch bags.
Quite simply, this means making sure that any object which a potential criminal might be
interested in is not visible. Like an example Removing radio/navigation set from parked cars,
keeping car keys out of sight like inside a pocket or drawer, Placing valuable items in a secure
location, and removing jewellery/valuables from shop windows at night. This kind of strategy
can remove or eliminate the desire of a criminal to perform a robbery.

Reducing the pay off

This strategy can reduce the pay-off potential like,marking our property in such a way that
others will not want to purchase the item from the thieves that they robbed from the owner.
Besides we should not purchase properties that believed or suspected as stolen. Not only that,
using the safe box to store valuable stuffs can avoid properties from robbery. Next, registering
mobile phones and gadgets on immobilise which identifies our properties using marking,
tagging and tracking system. Lastly, Using alarms in cash carrying cases and alarm tags on
clothing. So these ways can prevent the capable of the thieves robbing our properties without
the knowledge of us.

Reducing Opportunity
Crime Opportunity theory suggests that offenders make rational choices and thus choose
targets that offer a high reward with little effort and risk. The occurrence of a crime depends
on two things: the presence of at least one motivated offender who is ready or willing to engage
in a crime, and the conditions of the environment in which that offender is situated, to wit,
opportunities for crime. All crimes require opportunity but not every opportunity is followed by
crime. Similarly, a motivated offender is necessary for the commission of a crime but not
sufficient. A large part of this theory focuses on how variations in lifestyle or routine activities
affect the opportunities for crime.[1]

Opportunity thus becomes the limiting factor that determines the outcome in environments
prone to crime because the offender generally has little or no control over the conditions of
the environment and the conditions that permit particular crimes are often rare, unlikely or
preventable.
Soalan 3

Safe city program can be conducted in areas where robbery occurs most of the time. This
program can prevent robberies in an area. This program have shown a successful results in
most of the areas where it has been conducted in international level. This program was
certified by the ‘Majlis Negara Bagi Kerajaan Tempatan (MNKT) on the 11th October 2004.

Some agencies are involved in this Safe City Program, Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM), Jabatan
Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (JPBD) and the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation
(MCPF). The objective of these agencies’ involvements is to develop a safe city. The Indicator
of the ‘Program Bandar Selamat’ conclude that the crime rate decrease after this program was
established in many places. This is because the community work together to keep the place
more safe and crime free area. Next, the interaction among them built well and much more
stronger the relationship between them. Lastly the publics’ awareness and attitude in stopping
crime.

Safe City Program is a program that prevent the people from physical ,mental and social
threats. Simply, a preserved environment where does not occur any incidents that destroys
the peace and security of a place. This program ensure the safety and the free feeling in the
heart of the community. By the way, there are 23 ways in preventing robbery in a place where
always it occurs and it has been classified into 3 strategies.

First strategy is about Creating a Physical Enviroment which is preparing safety equipments
on the roads or walkways. Firstly is structuring walkways for the pedestrians. Then bollards
on the walkways will be build. This is to avoid the motorists would not able to come nearer to
perform something like snatch or rob the pedestrians who use the way because the bollards
and the barriers will block the motorbikes from entering the pedestrian walkway because there
will be no any gap to a motorbike to pass in.
Second strategy is about empowering the target area/hotspot which means a place where
crimes often occurs like robbing cars, robbing money, robbing a house and more. So, in this
case CCTV Camera is very important which plays the role as watch what is happening around
the area and if found anything happened, it becomes a evidence by displaying what has been
occurred in that place. Like an example, a robbery has been taken place in an area,then the
CCTV has been recorded the incidents happened. When, the victim reports to the police, the
CCTV becomes the evidence and the criminal will get caught for performing a robbery on the
person. Next is about sign boards which give an alert to the people that the place is a
frequently crime happening place. This will help the road users to stay much more careful
while using the road at the particular time. Not only that, the security mirror which displays
who are following behind us or corner or anywhere. So that, people will be able to think what
action need to be taken or be standby. Then preparing space to lock the motor wheels can
prevent robbing the motorbikes. Lastly, building a police station can prevent the desire of a
criminal to commit a crime in a place. When a place is dark, possibility to crime occur is big.
So, lights in the areas are more important and the bridges should be in the view of everyone.

Lastly is about managing, and involving community and public awareness which keeps the
public to be more alert. Increasing public awareness by making publicity of current issues
happening around the public can make the public to be more aware of crime. Not only that,
police rounding around the areas can prevent crimes like robbery to be occur. Not only police,
the establishment of ‘Rukun Tetangga’ can also prevent the the criminals from attempting a
crime. In advance, having meetings among the public in an area, discussing about the status
about crime rate can keep the publics to be more updated about it.

In conclusion, this Program Bandar Selamat can give some good impacts to the community
to prevent crime like robberies in an area. When the people start putting effort upon these
strategies, many changes will happen in the crime rate. To perform a crime there must be 3
elements which is desire, opportunity, and the capability. When opportunity is given to criminal
to perform a crime like robbery on us, like example we are giving opportunity to the criminal
by holding valuable items like cash, jewelleries, gadgets, in a hotspot,so they will have the
desire to rob us. Then the capability is the items they use to rob, like motorbike,knife,helmets
and more. This 3 elements can be eliminate by establishing The Program Bandar Selamat.