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SEDIMENTATION:

Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are
entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in
response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal
acceleration or electromagnetism.
AERATION:

Aeration (also called aerification) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with
or dissolved in a liquid or substance.

In chemistry, to oxidise a compound dissolved or suspended in water

 To increase the oxygen content of water used to house animals, such as aquarium fish [2] or fish
farm
 Microbes play a key role in the loss of oxygen from surface waters. Microbes use oxygen as
energy to break down long-chained organic molecules into simpler, more stable end products such
as carbon dioxide, water, phosphate and nitrate. As microbes break down the organic molecules,
oxygen is removed from the system and must be replaced by exchange at the air-water interface.
Each step above results in consumption of dissolved oxygen. If high levels of organic matter are
present in a water, microbes may use all available oxygen. This does not mean, however, that the
removal of microbes from the ecosystem would solve this problem. Although microbes are
responsible for decreasing levels of dissolved oxygen, they play a very important role in the
aquatic ecosystem. If dead matter is not broken down it will "pile up," much as leaves would if
they were not broken down each year.

Filtration:
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of
solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. [1]Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but the
separation is not complete
Degasification is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous
solutions. There are numerous possible methods for such removal of gases from solids.
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine (Cl
2) or hypochlorite to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption
as drinking water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.

When dissolved in water, chlorine converts to an equilibrium mixture of chlorine, hypochlorous


acid (HOCl), and hydrochloric acid (HCl):

Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl

In acidic solution, the major species are Cl


2 and HOCl, whereas in alkaline solution, effectively only ClO- (hypochlorite ion) is present. Very
small concentrations of ClO2-, ClO3-, ClO4- are also found.[13]

Activated sludge refers to a mass of microorganisms cultivated in the treatment process to break down organic
matter into carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic compounds. Efficient removal of BOD, COD and nutrients when
designed and professionally operated according to local requirements. The process itself has flexibility and numerous
modifications can be tailored to meet specific requirements (e.g. for nitrogen removal).

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