Professional Documents
Culture Documents
12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–182992 – Feb/2012
4
78 Leading 106 Clued-up 124 Let's applaud…
These people who
Leaders Creatives made American and
80 Alexander the Great 108 Writers on the block Canadian history
William Shakespeare 126 Glossary
82 Augustus Caesar
Voltaire
84 Charlemagne Aleksandr Pushkin 127 Index
86 Cool queens Lu Xun 128 Acknowledgments
Hatshepsut Virginia Woolf
Cleopatra 110 Thomas Cook
Maria Teresa
112 Walt Disney
Catherine the Great
Queen Victoria 114 Gallery of artists
Leonardo da Vinci
88 Genghis Khan
Auguste Rodin
90 Saladin Vincent van Gogh
92 Martin Luther Pablo Picasso
Frida Kahlo
94 Up the revolution
Maximilien Robespierre 116 Coco Chanel
Simón Bolívar 117 David Ogilvy
Vladimir Lenin
118 Ole Kirk Kristiansen
Mao Tse-Tung
Fidel Castro 120 Musicians
Johann Sebastian Bach
96 Napoleon Bonaparte
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
98 George Washington Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
100 Mahatma Gandhi Ali Akbar Khan
Toru Takematisu
102 Deng Xiaoping
122 Elvis Presley
103 Mikhail Gorbachev
104 Nelson Mandela
5
r ing
Da
Disc
o
ve
rers
Marco Polo
The man whose journey of a lifetime
brought the FAR EAST to Europe
EUROPE Karakoram
Venice
Trabzon Shangdu
Constantinople
Kashgar Beijing
Tabriz Suzhou
Balkh
Hotan
Baghdad
Acre
Basra
Kerman ASIA Kinsay
Chengdu
Hormuz
Tagoung Amoy
Khambhat
AFRICA Arabian
Sea Calicut
Return to Venice
Marco brought Khan liked Marco so much that even
the first kite to though the Polos asked to return home,
Europe from China. he refused to let them leave. Luckily,
in 1292, the Polos were sent to escort a
He also introduced Mongol princess to Persia (modern-day
Europe to the power Iran). They seized the opportunity,
of gunpowder. ESCAPED, and returned home after
24 years (see pink line on map). Marco
wrote a book about his adventures,
The Travels of Marco Polo.
8
All about me By th
BORN: 1304 I never tr e way...
route twic aveled the same
DIED: 1368 e
When I wr , except to Mecca
NATIONALITY: Moroccan people tho ote my book, many .
ught m
FACTOID: My adventures took me couldn’t b y adventures
more than 75,185 miles (121,000 km). e true.
IN A NUTSHELL: My family were rich
scholars. At 21, I went on “hajj,” a Muslim
pilgrimage to Mecca (in modern-day
Saudi Arabia), the holiest city in Islam.
Astrakhan
Feodosiya
Constantinople Sinop Bukhara Beijing
Tabriz Samarkand
Granada Algiers Alanya
Tangier Tunis Damascus
Jerusalem Baghdad Kabul ASIA
Fès Tlemcen Esfahan
Alexandria
Sijilmasa Multan Hangzhou
Cairo An Shiraz
El Minya Najaf Hormuz Delhi
Medina Quanzhou
Taghaza Chittagong
Mecca Khambhat
’Aydhab
Oualata
Timbuktu
Aden
‘Capital of Mali’? Calicut
Zeila
AFRICA
Mogadishu Male
Mombasa
INDIAN
ATLANTIC Kilwa
OCEAN
OCEAN
Country hopping
Battuta traveled to Mesopotamia
(modern-day Iraq), and then to Persia
(Iran), before returning to Mecca,
where he spent a year recovering
from diarrhea. Over the next
26 YEARS, he traveled to India,
Ibn Battuta
Anatolia, the Black Sea, the Caspian The Islamic scholar who just
Sea, Afghanistan, China, and Timbuktu.
When he finally got home, in 1354,
couldn’t stop TRAVELING
he wrote a book, the Rihla, which
means “The Journey” in Arabic.
9
C h Christopher Columbus is
known as “the man who
discovered America,” even
r
though he didn’t really know
i
T he E X P L O R
rC
ER
olumbus
wh
o
st
umb
led
across World
the New
Wind in his sails
Christopher Columbus was born in 1451
in Genoa, Italy. He was just a teenager
when he was first sent to sea, and after
lots of traveling he made Portugal his
home. Intrigued by the spices and
gold on offer in the parts of the Far
East, Columbus believed that he could
find a quicker sea route to reach there.
So at a time when most explorers sailed
east toward the Far East, Columbus
came up with a plan to search for it
by SAILING WEST.
e
took thre
Columbus he voyage—
ships on t Maria, the
the Santa the Niña.
Pinta, and
He couldn’t h
ave ut…
done it witho
The remarkable adventures Columbus got the money he
of MARCO POLO (1254–1324) needed for his expedition
in China helped to open up from Spain’s KING FERDINAND
valuable trade routes to (1452–1516) and QUEEN
the Far East. ISABELLA (1451–1504).
10
Accidental hero
After being turned down in Portugal, Columbus got
the funding he needed from Spain and, in 1492, he
By set sail across the Atlantic Ocean. Ten weeks later,
I was not the way... his ships spotted land and Columbus went ashore on
to reach the first Europea what he thought was an island near India, calling the
was actu the Americas. It n indigenous people “Indians”—he was actually in the
500 yea ally discovered
Viking ca rs earlier by a Caribbean. Of course, Columbus hadn’t found a shortcut
lled Leif to India, but he did discover the land we would come
Eriksson
. to know as AMERICA.
11
o G a l i l e i B
the y the w
a l ile R N s cience”
known moons of J ay...
and t as the Ga upiter are
he li
G “ f
M OD
at h e
E
r of
orbit first spaclean moons
Jupite
me, to
ecra
after r was namft to
o.
ed
The
Galileo was an astronomer, physicist,
mathematician, and inventor. He is
considered to be one of the most
famous scientists of all time.
He couldn’t ha
ve d
one it without…
Saturn
It might seem silly to us,
but before Galileo most
people believed that
the Sun and the planets
orbited the Earth. Venus
Earth
Sun Jupiter
Mercury
Did Moon
Galileo d you know
idn ?
right. He ’t get everythin
the tide thought that g
oceans ss were caused Mars
lo by
Earth or shing about as
bits the
Sun.
13
y
vit
a
Isaac Newton figured
EAVY with gr
out why objects fall
ot H
og
wh
an
The m Plagued with questions
Isaac Newton was born in Lincolnshire,
England, in 1643. His father died before
he was born but, despite having a difficult
childhood, he gained a place at Cambridge
University. When the PLAGUE broke out
he was forced home and, with so much
free time on his hands, Newton started
to wonder about what made things fall.
An apple a day
Newton said that he was inspired to think
about forces when he saw an apple fall
ay... from a tree. He came up with the theory
By the w
my discover
ies of GRAVITY, an invisible force that
of
I made mosthe ages of 21 and pulls all of the objects in the Universe
t
between n’t publish many
27, but did til years later. together, and the reason things don’t
of them un float off into the sky.
e
H
Dmitri Mendeleev
ta ble
revolutionized chemistry
The
he
version of the periodic
man
t
table of elements.
ho S
to 1
H PERI ODIC TABL E
w
Hydrogen
bro NT
1.0
ught t ELEME 3
Be
4
The vertical columns are
he 6.9
called groups, which contain .
11 12
elements with similar properties
Na Mg
Elementary student Sodium
23.0
Magnesium
24.3
Born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Russia, 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27
Mendeleev studied science in St. Petersburg K Ca Sc Ti V Cr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium
and became a professor of chemistry. 39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9
37 38 39 40 41 42 43
As a teacher, he thought that if he could Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
organize the chemical elements, it would Rubidium
85.5
Strontium
87.6
Yttrium
88.9
Zirconium
91.2
Niobium
92.9
Molybdenum
95.9
Technetium
99
Ruthenium
101.0
Rhodi
102.
Chemical symbol is
Fr Lanthanum
138.9
89
Cerium
140.1
90
Praseodymium Neodymium
140.9
91
144.2
92
Promethium
145
93
Samarium
150.4
94
Europ
152.
95
16
Did Order out of chaos
In Mend you know
didn’t k eleev’s day, c ? Mendeleev believed there must be
particle now about th hemists some kind of order to the elements.
but they s that make u e smaller Previously, chemists had grouped
d p
a unique id know each aan atom, the elements either by their atomic
it to an eight by comptom had
w
weight or by how they behaved
at arin
the lightom of hydrogen g (what they reacted with). Mendeleev
est elem ,
ent. turned it into a game of cards that
he called “chemical solitaire.”
He wrote each element’s name and
atomic weight on a card and tried
to organize them. Eventually, he
had a table that listed the elements
2 by their atomic weight and grouped
He
Helium
4.0
them into nine families, such as
9 10
metals, nonmetals, and noble gases.
F Ne The periodic table he created in 1869
Fluorine Neon
19.0 20.2
revealed that there was a PATTERN
16 17 18
S Cl Ar to the way the elements behaved.
Sulphur Chlorine Argon
32.1 35.5 40.0
7 33 34 35 36
As Se Br Kr
Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
s
51 52 53 54 Mendeleev left gaps for element
Ag Sb Te I Xe tha t were ST ILL UN KN OW N. By
le,
looking at the patterns of his tab
um Palladium Silver Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
9 106.4 107.9 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
3 64 69 70 71
u Gd Tm Yb Lu
ium Gadolinium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
0 157.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
17
Charles
Darwin ind
ank
Mak
ing a MONKEY of m
An incredible voyage
When he was just 22, Darwin joined
a scientific expedition on a ship called
HMS Beagle. He spent the five-year
voyage observing nature, which
included making notes and
collecting samples. While visiting
the GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS in the
Pacific Ocean, Darwin noticed that
animals that were obviously related
looked slightly different on different islands.
Natural Selection
Finches with large, strong beaks lived on islands
with lots of seeds, but those on islands with lots
of insects had narrow, pointy beaks. Darwin
realized they had adapted to fit each island’s
unique environment. The animals with features
best suited to where they lived were more likely
to survive to pass on those features to their
offspring. So, he had discovered that SPECIES
CHANGE over a long period of time—he
called this theory “Evolution by the Process
of Natural Selection.”
g book
World-changingin of Species
e Ori
His book On th hen it
m e an in st ant bestseller w
be ca eory
lis h ed in 18 59. Darwin’s th
was p ub ientific
ost important sc
is one of the m th e way
e. He changed gy
ideas of all tim r. lo
on Earth foreve
we look at life bio
Dar
w e of
in re ienc
volutio es c
nized th
Each island of the
Galápagos has its
own unique species
of giant tortoise.
Edward Jenner
(1749–1823)
In the 18th century, smallpox—a contagious
disease that causes a serious rash—was
England’s biggest killer. Jenner had the
idea that if people were given a weak dose
of smallpox, their body would be prepared
to fight off a stronger infection. Jenner
had invented a smallpox VACCINATION,
which has been saving lives ever since.
t killer E
ib gges
ld’s
w or
e
Bacteria are still th
Louis Pasteur
(1822–1895)
People used to think that bacteria
were far too small to harm a human
being. Pasteur was a French chemist
who proved that—despite their tiny
size—bacteria actually cause lots
of nasty diseases, such as cholera.
He also showed that you could kill
bacteria by boiling them—a method
The hypodermic syringe we call PASTEURIZATION.
was invented in 1853 as
a way of delivering drugs
beneath the skin.
20
The earliest known surgery was performed as ear
ly a s 1 0
, 00 0
BC
E
Joseph Lister
(1827–1912)
In the 19th century, lots of people died
after surgery. Lister was a British doctor
who believed that this was because germs
from dirty equipment and unwashed
hands were infecting patients during
an operation. He came up with the idea
of sterilizing equipment and treating
wounds with ANTISEPTICS, substances
that prevent the growth of disease-creating
microorganisms. Sterilization worked and,
as a result, less people died after surgery.
Wilhelm Roentgen
(1845–1923)
When the German physicist Wilhelm
Roentgen was experimenting with passing
electric currents through gases, he noticed
something very strange. He had produced
a mysterious form of radiation that seemed Alexander Fleming
to pass through objects. Uncertain what (1881–1955)
he was dealing with, he called his This Scottish doctor was growing
discovery X-RAYS. Today, X-rays are used bacteria on petri dishes when he
in medicine to detect everything from noticed that some dishes had grown
broken bones to various forms of cancer. moldy. Before he threw out the
dishes, he noticed that the mold
seemed to have killed the bacteria
he was growing. He called the
substance PENICILLIN, and it was
In 1816, the first
stethoscope was made the very first antibiotic.
of rolled-up paper. Later
it became a wooden tube.
21
wed
His most famous equation sho are
that mass (m) and ene rgy (E)
Albert
y piece
interchangeable. Even a tin tains
of matter (su ch as a pea ) con
ked within
HUGE amounts of energy loc object
rgy in the
The
“fat
Einstein
I C S”
its atoms. The ene
is the same as its mass times
speed of light (c) , squ are d.
the
Time warp
In his theory of SPECIAL RELATIVITY,
Einstein showed the Universe is a pretty
weird place. He suggested that space and
time are linked and that they are flexible
and can change, depending on who is looking
at them. He explained that the faster you
travel, the slower time passes for you,
and that light has a speed limit of 186,000
miles (300,000 km) per second.
H e p aved
the w ay for…
The first NUCLEAR BOMB went Einstein developed a theory
off in a massive explosion of LASERS. These are used
in 1945. It proved Einstein’s to read CDs, DVDs, and
E=mc2 equation, and released BARCODES… and are often
the energy locked in atoms. seen in science fiction films!
22
Gravity and the Universe
Isaac Newton believed that gravity is the force of
a big object attracting a smaller object. Einstein’s
theory of GENERAL RELATIVITY says that space
and time are part of the same thing, which is called
“space–time,”and large objects—such as planets—
cause this space-time to bend. Imagine a bowling
ball placed on a sheet so that it causes the sheet
By th
wh e wa to bend. Smaller objects wouldn’t bend the sheet
my paren I was a y... as much as the heavy ball, so they roll into the
I might ents worri child, dent made by the bigger object. This is gravity.
hardly be ed t
ever s stupid, sinc hat
out m poke an e I
whispey sentence d I tried
ring t s
hem fir by
st.
Inspirationa
Einstein’s id
ls cientist
eas changed
physics and
astronomy fo
His theories rever.
paved the w
decades of d ay for
iscovery, fro
Did smallest kno m the
you k wn particles,
Wh the largest q to
scientisen Einstein d now? the Universe
uestions abo
ut how
him so ts wanted k ied in 1955, an icon of cr
works. Einst
ein is
c
brain f lever. So, thenow what mad eativity and
genius.
o y e
that thr testing and took out his
e part discove
mathe respo red
unusua matical thougnsible for
lly larg
e in hisht was
brain.
All about me
BORN: 1867 By
DIED: 1934 unawarethe way...
NATIONALITY: Polish I died of of the danger
s
FACTOID: My oldest daughter, Irene, (a blood aplastic anemia,
dis
to radia order) due
also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. from my tion exposure
IN A NUTSHELL: Born in Warsaw, Poland, own res
earch.
I studied physics and mathematics in Paris, France.
There I met Pierre Curie, who became my husband.
Radioactivity
The Curies worked together
to investigate radioactivity.
Marie proved that the atoms
of radioactive elements fire
off HIGH-ENERGY particles,
which we call radiation. This
proved that atoms were more
than just solid balls. They also
discovered two new radioactive
elements, called polonium and
radium, and later realized that
radiation could be used to treat
diseases such as cancer.
24
Ernest
By the w
during the Firsay...
War, I worked t World
of detecting su on ways
bm
using sound wa arines
ves. Rutherford
The man who discovered the structure
of the ATOM, split it apart, and won
a Nobel Prize in Chemistry
All about me
BORN: 1871
DIED: 1937
NATIONALITY: New Zealander
FACTOID: I am sometimes called “the father
of nuclear physics.”
IN A NUTSHELL: Born in New Zealand, I became
a professor of physics at McGill University in Canada
Electrons (-) and investigated the new discovery of radioactivity.
are tiny negatively
charged particles
that orbit Particle puzzle
the nucleus.
After Marie Curie proved that atoms
weren’t just solid balls, Rutherford figured
Protons (+) out that most of an atom’s mass is at its center,
are positively or NUCLEUS, and the rest of the atom is actually
charged particles made up mostly of empty space. He also realized
that make up part
of the nucleus. that the nucleus is made up of smaller particles,
called protons and neutrons, surrounded by
ons
a cloud of tiny particles called electrons.
neutr
Neutrons (0)
out any
are slightly bigger
than protons, but
Hydrogen is the only element with
don’t have an
electric charge.
25
at s
W on and C r ic k A chromosome is
a package of genetic
information made
up of a very long
strand of DNA.
ERED the
COV sec
ret
o UN of lif
The guys wh e
26
Credit where credit’s due
At the same time as Watson and
Crick, two scientists at King’s College,
London, ROSALIND FRANKLIN and
Maurice Wilkins, were also studying
DNA—using X-rays. Wilkins showed
Watson a copy of Franklin’s work
without her permission. They used
Franklin’s findings in their research,
but didn’t give her the credit she
deserved. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins
all shared the Nobel Prize for
Medicine in 1962, but Franklin
received no acknowledgment
for her contribution.
y p ave d t h e
e
Th wa
yf
o r…
The police can IDENTIFY Scientists can CLONE
A CRIMINALfrom the DNA an animal by making
he or she leaves behind. a copy of its DNA. The first
This is called FORENSIC mammal ever cloned was
(OR GENETIC) FINGERPRINTING. DOLLY THE SHEEP, in 1996.
27
Mary Anning
The FOSSIL hunter who found dinosaur
bones beneath her feet, and changed
our view of evolution
All about me
BORN: 1799
DIED: 1847
NATIONALITY: English
FACTOID: As a baby, I survived being
struck by lightning.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in Lyme Regis,
England, an area that is very famous
for its fossils.
Fearsome fossils
Mary spent most of her time searching Lyme
Regis beach for FOSSILS with her brother, By the w
Joseph. When she was 12, Joseph found the first I used to sea ay...
beach during rch the
fie
fossil ichthyosaur (above) and Mary excavated to find any fo rce storms
s
it. Mary discovered the first almost complete the crashing sils that
plesiosaur and the first pterosaur outside might have ex waves
posed.
of Germany. She even found a fish that was
the missing link between sharks and rays.
Evolution revolution
Mary made her discoveries at a time when
most people believed the biblical creation
story, stating that God created everything
as it is today. The spectacular creatures that
Mary uncovered, like the plesiosaur, were
so unlike anything still alive today that
they forced scientists to accept that the natural
This is a fossil world changed gradually over time. Her work
of a plesiosaur. helped to guide science toward the THEORY
OF EVOLUTION.
28
All about me
BORN: 1913
DIED: 1996
NATIONALITY: English
FACTOID: I developed a new system
for classifying ancient stone tools.
IN A NUTSHELL: Born in London, England, I spent
most of my life searching for human fossils
and artefacts in Africa.
Hunting hominins
Mary had an amazing ability to find
fossil hominins (ancient relatives
of today’s humans). In 1959, in the
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, she found
the SKULL of a human ancestor
she nicknamed the “Nutcracker
Man,” since he had huge jaws and
teeth. Later, she found the skull
and hand of a species she called “Nutcracker Man” ...
“handy-man,” which was very lived in Africa around By the way
h early
it
1.75 million years ago. my obsession w n my dad
closely related to modern humans. be ga n w he
humans cave
took me to seerance
paintings in F .
when I was 12
A step ahead
Mary’s most exciting
discovery, in 1978, was a set
of ancient FOOTPRINTS
in Laetoli, Tanzania. They
showed that humans began
walking upright much
earlier than scientists had
thought. Mary is seen as one
of the world’s best archaeologists,
scientists who specialize in unearthing
the past. Her discoveries revealed a lot
about where humans first came from.
Mary Leakey
The woman who found the SKELETONS
The Laetoli fossilized
footprints are more than
in mankind’s closet, and showed us where
3.75 million years old. humans came from
29
n a l
it o
a
ir
Insp
s
nt or
I nv e
Without these bright sparks, your daily life would
be very different. You wouldn’t be writing on
paper, or traveling by car. In fact, you wouldn’t be
reading this book. Imagine life without phones,
jeans, planes, TV, Facebook, and fast food. Sure,
life would go on, but these ingenious inventors
have made the world a much more high-tech,
versatile, and exciting place to be.
All about me
BORN: 50
DIED: 121
NATIONALITY: Chinese
FACTOID: I was an official in the court
of Emperor He of Han.
IN A NUTSHELL: Born in Guiyang (modern-day
Leiyang), China, I was made an official in charge
of manufacturing instruments and weapons.
Cai Lun
The man who mashed up tree bark,
created PAPER, and changed the
world of writing
Watt
The inventor whose engine
STEAMED ahead
Hot talent
The first commercially successful
steam engine was built in 1712
by the English inventor Thomas
Newcomen as a way to pump
water. Watt noticed that these
engines wasted a lot of fuel
because the cylinder had to be
repeatedly heated and cooled,
which required A LOT OF
ENERGY. In 1769, Watt designed
a new engine where the cylinder
stayed hot—it was far more
efficient, using just a quarter of
the fuel of the old design.
34
Steaming ahead Watt on Earth
Up until Watt made his changes, the steam Watt’s engine designs were the driving
engine was used mainly to pump water from force behind decades of social and
mines. Knowing that his new engine could economic change that are still being felt
be used for so much more, Watt took on today. However, apart from the steam
a business partner called Matthew Boulton engine, Watt also invented the process
of manufacturing chlorine on a large
(1728–1829) to help market it. With Boulton’s
scale, for use in bleaching.
help, IT WAS A GREAT SUCCESS, and,
by 1783, it had almost completely replaced
the old Newcomen model.
35
Alessandro Volta
The man who gave the world its first
BATTERY and unlocked the secrets By the way
…
every
of electricity my name is on ount of
m
battery. The a ntial a
electrica l pote
measured in
All about me battery has is after me).
“volts” (named
BORN: 1745
DIED: 1827
NATIONALITY: Italian
FACTOID: I discovered methane gas.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in Como,
Italy. I was a professor of experimental
physics and I spent most of my life
studying electricity.
Getting a leg up
In 1786, an Italian anatomist, Luigi Galvani,
discovered he could make a frog’s leg twitch
when he pressed steel rods against it. Volta
realized that the wet leg caused an ELECTRIC
CURRENT to run between the steel rods and
the tin plate beneath the frog. The key to this
was the two different metals.
s
ic pile wa
The volta unner of
the foreratteries.
modern b
Volta’s battery
Volta tried to recreate
the effect in his own way.
In 1800, he used disks of
copper and zinc for the
different metals and, to
replace the frog’s leg, he used
cardboard soaked in salt water.
When he stacked them up in layers,
electricity flowed through the pile.
When Volta demonstrated Volta called the device a “voltaic pile.”
his device to Napoleon, He had just INVENTED THE BATTERY.
he made Volta a count.
36
All about me
BORN: 1791 Michael
DIED: 1867
NATIONALITY: English
FACTOID: My face has
Faraday
The man who invented the electric
been on the £20 note.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was MOTOR and the electric generator
born near London, England.
My father was a blacksmith,
and I had very little
formal education.
By t
I discove he way...
A notion of motion “Faraday red that a meta
” l
In 1821, Faraday showed that when you whatevercage can protect
a huge ele is inside from
flow electricity through a coil of wire, it
by condu ctric current,
creates a magnetic field. He realized ctin
around t g it safely
that this electromagnetic energy could be he cage.
used to produce motion, and invented the
ELECTRIC MOTOR, which is still used in
countless ways today.
per disk
When a copt the poles
s
is spun pa net, it
of the mag lectricity.
produces e
Faraday designed
the first transfor
mer.
All in a spin
Faraday continued to
experiment with magnetism,
and, in 1831, he realized that
if he reversed his process he
could produce an electrical
current. By spinning a copper
disk between the poles of a
magnet, he could generate a
steady flow of electricity through
a wire. Faraday had invented the first These are now us
turn high voltages ed to
DYNAMO (pictured above), which would low ones that are into
eventually become the electric generator. enough to use in ousafe
r homes.
37
y d a y
Ever ntions t
inveNG stuff we can’t live withou
INVENTI ne c o m e s along
s
f t e n , someo that makes u
so o ething d without it.
Every t s s o m
ven r di e
and in how we eve behind som
r
wonde re the people inventions.
”
Here a “must have
e
of thos
Charles Goodyear
(1800–1860)
If your car’s tires were made of natural
rubber, they would melt in the summer
Vulca and
ru
ires
ab bber
le, is tou flexible
rt ,
mak gh,
ing it perfect fo
Levi Strauss
(1829–1902)
Can you imagine Elvis wearing
corduroy? An American tailor named
Jacob Davis started putting metal
rivets on work trousers to give
them extra strength. His business
partner, a German named Levi
Strauss, patented, produced,
and promoted the new “JEANS.”
E
rs
Kodak built the camera?
tt
the Apollo 11 space prog for
ime
that sent pictures backram
from the Moon.
Wallace Carothers
(1896–1937)
This American chemist has been helping
women cover their legs for more than
70 years. He created NYLON, the first
synthetic polymer (a bit like plastic),
which, when pulled out into threads,
can be used to make anything from
guitar strings to stockings.
y movie stars E
b
nly
n o
wor
were
The first nylon stockings
39
Alexander
Graham Bell
The man whose invention got the world
TALKING, and made it seem a little
bit smaller
All about me
BORN: 1847
The first words
DIED: 1922 spoken by telephone
NATIONALITY: Scottish were: “Mr. Watson,
FACTOID: I also invented the come here, I want
first metal detector. to see you.”
IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in Edinburgh,
Scotland, but lived and worked in both
the US and Canada.
40
Thomas Edison
A prolific inventor whose ideas helped to
make the world a much BRIGHTER place
for everybody
All about me
BORN: 1847
DIED: 1931
NATIONALITY: American
FACTOID: I patented almost 1,100 inventions.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in Ohio, USA. By the time I
was 12, I was almost completely deaf. I didn’t really mind
though—it helped me to concentrate!
Electric revolution
To make his invention useful, people needed
an ELECTRICITY SUPPLY. So Edison invented
a way to produce electricity and distribute
it through wires into homes and businesses.
In 1882, he built the first public power station,
the Edison Electric Light Station in London,
England, and eight months later, he built
America’s first power station in New York. By
the 1890s, hundreds of towns throughout the
world had Edison power stations, and soon
electricity became part of everyday life.
41
Alfred
N o b eBAlNG In life Nobel invented new
The man who put the ways to blow things up, but
into peace in death his name promotes
peace and learning.
Young chemist
Alfred Nobel was born in 1833 in Stockholm,
Sweden. His father was an engineer and
inventor. In 1842, his family moved to Russia
where his father started an engineering
firm that built equipment for the army
of the Tsar (Russia’s king). When he
was 17, Nobel was sent abroad to study
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
Making a bang
Nobel was fascinated by EXPLOSIVES
and wanted to make them safer—in
particular nitroglycerine, which was very
unstable and dangerous (it could
explode if you dropped it). He mixed it
with a type of silica, which made it much
more stable and safer to work with. Nobel
called the new explosive “dynamite”
and it made him very rich.
a v e done it without…
d n ’ th
c oul
He R S
AGNAR (1870–1948)
OHLMAN B ERTHA VON SUTTNER (1843–1914)
spent five years turning Nobel’s was a PEACE CAMPAIGNER who
slightly vague will into the influenced Nobel to include
Nobel Prize we know today. a PRIZE FOR PEACE in his will.
42
By the way...
I thought that dynamite
would end war. I believed
that when people saw
its destructive power,
they would be afraid
to attack each other.
The environmentalist
Wangari Maathi was
the first African
woman to receive
the Nobel Prize.
ward for a e
ne
chieveme
wa s
the world nt in
. It
progress o contributes to the
xp
f science
and cultu
lo s
and the p
he r
romotion re,
o f peace…
ion
because a all
newspape
ot
r
ng
en
ro
a n exp t w
eriment wen
Many big engineering projects, like
the HOOVER DAM in the United States
(constructed between 1931 and
1936) were only possible because
H e p ave d of the BLASTING POWER of dynamite.
fo r...
t h e w ay 43
m a d e
o d
Fo easy
fo o d to last,
f yo u wanted , you ate
o, i od t.
t s o l ong ag s. For fast fo nged all tha
No ha
ent
ip
u g r e w turn These men c
yo ip raw
.
en i
e t u r n know?
th Did youin cans were
nv
o t
The first hey had to be
or ec t
so thick open. The can
D m hammered asn’t invented
The men who made FOO opener w er 50 years.
for anoth
Peter Durand
(1766–1822)
The Napoleonic wars were raging in
Europe and the army needed a way of
safely feeding its soldiers. The British
merchant Peter Durand heard that the
French were preserving food in glass bottles
by heating the food so it became sterilized.
Since bottles break easily, Durand came
up with the idea of using TIN CANS
instead of fragile bottles.
a n in 1810 E
tin c
t
the firs
Durand invented
Clarence Birdseye
(1886–1956)
The American inventor Clarence
Birdseye was working in the Arctic when
he noticed that fish caught by the locals
were almost instantly frozen by the icy
winds. Since it had frozen so quickly, the
E
his
d
flash-
freezing process in 1924
44
Percy Spencer
(1894–1970)
Percy Spencer was an American engineer
who built machines that were used to
generate microwaves. One day he was
standing too close to one of his machines
when he noticed the chocolate bar in his
pocket had melted. He experimented with
popcorn and realized MICROWAVES could
be used for cooking.
$5 ,0 00 in 1947
g
ho ppin
a w
t
os
n c
e ov e
The first microwav
E
Did you k
Today, there anow?
than 31,000 M re more
cD
restaurants aroonald’s
the world, loca und
119 different co ted in
untries.
Ray Kroc
(1902–1984)
Kroc m
ta
ame a Big Mac t In 1955, he used his idea in a small
s
All about me
BORN: 1874
DIED: 1937
NATIONALITY: Italian
FACTOID: I was an engineer and physicist.
IN A NUTSHELL: Born in Bologna, Italy,
I was a bad student, but was fascinated
with science and electricity.
46
John Logie
Baird
The man who invented the first
TELEVISION, and gave the world
something to watch
All about me
BORN: 1888
DIED: 1946
NATIONALITY: Scottish
FACTOID: I was an engineer and inventor.
IN A NUTSHELL: As a child, I built a telephone
exchange in my bedroom so I could talk with my friends.
The TV star
Scientists had been trying to build a television for
decades. Baird’s first attempt was quite crude, and
was made of odds and ends, but, by 1924, he had
managed to transmit a flickering image a short
distance. In 1926, he demonstrated the WORLD’S
FIRST TELEVISION to 50 scientists in London.
Young tinkers
Wilbur Wright was born in 1867 in Indiana, USA,
and his brother, Orville, was born four years later.
From an early age the boys were obsessed with
all things MECHANICAL and with the idea of Things look up
flight. By 1895, they started building their own Wilbur wrote to the Smithsonian Institute—
bicycles, but it wasn’t long before they started to a famous museum in Washington, DC—and
dream about building their own flying machines. asked for all the information they had on
aeronautics (the science of flight). The brothers
studied BIRDS and used what they had learned
to build their own gliders. They built a wind
tunnel to test all their designs, but soon realized
T hey co
uld that, if their flying machine were to travel any
n’t distance, it would need something to propel it.
ha
Flying high
The brothers started work on building
their own ENGINE and created a
completely new propeller design with
blades based on the shape of a wing.
By 1903, their powered glider was ready
for a test flight and, on December 17,
the Wright Flyer took to the air with
Orville at the helm. Their first attempt
lasted just 12 seconds and they traveled
only 120 ft (36.5 m), but they had
achieved their childhood dream.
!
ay
h ey p ave d t h e w a
T y fo
r…
Giant passenger aircraft Just 58 years after Orville’s
were made possible by the first flight, a Russian called
invention of the JET ENGINE YURI GAGARIN (1934–1968)
by English engineer FRANK became the first human
WHITTLE (1907–1996). to fly into SPACE.
49
Henry Ford
The man who DROVE the world to change
First gear
Henry Ford was born in Dearborn,
Henry Ford pioneered the use Michigan, USA, in 1863. He grew up
of assembly lines and transformed on the family farm and loved
the car from a luxury item for the tinkering and experimenting with
rich into a method of transport machinery. After he built his first
horseless carriage in 1896, he met
everyone could afford.
the inventor THOMAS EDISON,
who encouraged Ford to build more.
by increasing hours.
reducing working
Tw
as
b
uilt
ve n d
e
ry o
24 sec
In 1804, the American In 1885, the German
inventor OLIVER EVANS engineer KARL BENZ (1844–19
29)
(1755–1819) invented built the FIRST AUTOMOBILE
a steam-powered land powered by an internal
vehicle called the combustion engine.
ORUKTOR AMPHIBOLIS.
50
By t
I got th he way...
e
conveyo idea for using
assembly r belts on my
them be line when I sa
ing w
slaughteused in a pig
r house
.
51
Steve Jobs &
Steve Wozniak
The guys who gave us HOME COMPUTERS
52
Before Apple I, computers
were just circuit boards
and switches.
The microchip is
used in almost every
electronic device.
53
All about me
BORN: 1955
NATIONALITY: English
FACTOID: I am a computer scientist.
ANOTHER FACTOID: I was caught
hacking when I was at Oxford University.
IN A NUTSHELL: I worked as a software
engineer for the European Organization
for Nuclear Research (CERN)
By the in Geneva, Switzerland.
my invention way... Creating the web
made me ve could have In 1991, Tim created the World Wide Web so
I wanted th ry rich, but that people would have an easy way to access
e
be free for Internet to
everyone. the information stored on the Internet, the
global network of computers and servers. His
first WEBSITE wasn’t very impressive—it was
A webpage is just green and black—but it changed the way
created and we access information forever.
the information
is uploaded onto
a server.
The information is
stored on servers
and split into small
packets of code.
www
54
Mark
Zuckerberg
The young fella who created
FACEBOOK, got very rich,
and turned people into friends
All about me
BORN: 1984
NATIONALITY: American
ay...
By the -wblind, so FACTOID: Facebook’s first head office
I am color book mostly was in my bedroom.
ce
I made Fa se I can’t tell ANOTHER FACTOID: Facebook was
u
blue beca rence between originally called “The Facebook.”
the d if fe
reen. IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in White Plains,
red and g
New York and I was very good
at science at school.
Whiz kid
When Mark was 12, he created a messaging
program called “ZUCKNET,” and while he
was at high school he designed an online
music program, called “Synapse.” Then, at
Harvard University, he invented “Facemash,”
which allowed people to compare student’s Profile: Build your
faces and rate how attractive they were. page so your friends
can find out more
about you.
6HDUFK$
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Mark and his friends soon expanded )ULHQGV
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menu to see a
list of all of
your friends. Events: Tell people
Wall: This is where about an upcoming
you keep up to date birthday party using
with friends, and post the events page.
messages and photos.
55
Tho
u gh
t
fu l
ers
nk
h i
T
When this brainy bunch put their thinking caps
on, they came up with some new and very
influential ideas. Some tried to figure out how
the world works, while others decided to do
something about suffering and injustice. Whether
philosophers, religious leaders, human rights
activists, or conservationists, these trailblazers all
gave us something to think about.
CohinensefPHuILc iuswho
The C OSOPHER
ion
accidentally started a new relig
Confucius taught China’s rulers
le.
to take better care of their peop
ll
His simple yet powerful ideas sti
influence governments today.
Scraping a living
Confucius was born in 551 BCE near Qufu,
China. His once rich aristocratic family
had fallen on HARD TIMES, so Confucius
did many things to earn a living, including
working as a shepherd and bookkeeper.
In his lessons,
Confucius
encouraged his
students to find
knowledge by
asking questions.
Path to knowledge
Confucius began teaching when he was about
30 years old. He believed that everyone had the right
to education no matter what their social standing. He
opened a SCHOOL in his home and even allowed some
of his poorer students to live with him. Confucius also
worked as a minor official in the state of Lu, but he
quickly became concerned about what he saw there.
58
Ren is the virtue of
Li is the virtue of charity and humanity.
correct behavior
By th and propriety.
my real e way...
Ch’iu, b nam
ut my fo e is K’ung
me “K’u llowers Yi is the virtue of
Master ng Fu-tzu” (G called honesty and integrity. Xin is the virtue of
K’u re
Confuciu ng), which bec at Zhi is the virtue of
faithfulness and loyalty.
s in the am
west. e knowledge and learning.
Leading by example
Confucius realized that government corruption was
everywhere. Rulers did as they pleased, even testing
new weapons on their servants. He developed a new
moral code, called the “FIVE VIRTUES.” He believed
that for a society to be happy and prosperous, you
need a good government run by good officials. He
left his post as an offical and spent 12 years traveling,
teaching, and gathering students and disciples. He became
a minister in the state of Lu, and used his methods to
virtually eliminate crime and unrest.
The accidental
By 136 BCE, Conf religion
ucius’s teachings
became the state
religion of China,
known as Confuc
ianism. For more
than 2,000 years
all Chinese offic
had to pass an ex ials
am based on his
ideas. Even toda
y, many of the w
governments and orld’s
religions are still
influenced by hi
s philosophies.
During his travels around China,
Confucius attracted a following
of students and disciples.
59
A r i s t o t l e
w hoo t ried t
p h e r
The philos AKE SENSE of the world
o
M
s
e e k p h il o sopher wa cher
This Gr la t o
ea
, and the t lso
t o f P
a studen t h e Great. He
is a
n d e r
of Alexa b e the father
of
r e d t o od.
conside c ie ntific meth
d e r n s
the mo By
I once the way
four said th
at
…
leg fl
can se s and, althouies have
e they
repeat have s gh anyone
Thirst for knowledge e ix
more t d my mistak , books
han 1,0 e
Aristotle was born in Stageira, Greece, 00 yea for
in 384 BCE. His father, Nicomachus, was rs.
the personal doctor to King Amyntas
of Macedon. Had his father not died when
Aristotle was 10, he would have followed
Aristotle wore
his father’s trade, but instead he became a simple robe-like
interested in the pursuit of KNOWLEDGE. garment wrapped
about his body
called a “himation.”
60
Searching for order
Aristotle used Socrates’s method of logic
to try and figure out how the world worked.
He tried to classify plants and animals in
a way that would make sense. For example,
he grouped animals that seemed similar into
two groups: those with red blood and those
without red blood. He then divided those
groups into SPECIES.
Did yo
Aristotle is reu know? Pioneer of sc
ience
great thinke membered as a Aristotle wro
te more than
r
he didn’t thinin many areas, but 200 books. H
e pioneered
He branded t k much of women. the use of log
he
citizens, unfit m second-class of mysticism,
ic instead
for and founded
or political ri any legal the science o
f zo
ghts. paved the way ology. He also
to the creatio
the modern sc n of
ientific metho
which emphas d,
izes observat
and experimen io n
tation.
61
Karl Marx
The man who thought society should
be different, and put the REVOLT
into revolting peasants
All about me
BORN: 1818
DIED: 1883
NATIONALITY: German
FACTOID: I died before my ideas were
widely recognized.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was born in Trier, Germany.
I started off as a journalist, but had some
radical ideas about how people should live.
62
All about me
BORN: 1856
DIED: 1939
NATIONALITY: Austrian
Sigmund
FACTOID: The Nazis hated my ideas
so much that they burned my books.
IN A NUTSHELL: I was the oldest of
Freud
The psychologist that got inside his
eight children, but I’m sure that I was
my mother’s favorite. patients’ MINDS, and tried to unlock
the mysteries of dreams
Talk therapy
Freud believed that things that happened during
a person’s childhood can have an effect on
their adult life. He came up with a technique
called PSYCHOANALYSIS, in which a person
would talk about events from their past. Freud
would then interpret those events to get to the
root of the problem.
Freud’s pa
would lie o tients
during ses n a couch
sions.
ay...
By the dwwas divided
min
I said the “id,” the “ego,”
into the uperego,” which
s
and the “ different parts
nt
represe personality.
of the
63
All about me
BORN: 1805 By th
DIED: 1881 when I re way...
NATIONALITY: Jamaican England eturned to
,
FACTOID: I was awarded medals
and sickI was penniless
festival , so a benefit
by Britain, France, and Turkey. to raise was organized
IN A NUTSHELL: My father was money f
or me.
a Scottish soldier and my mother
was black, which made me
mixed race.
Mary Seacole
A pioneering NURSE who, like Florence
Nightingale, cared for soldiers in the
Crimean War, but got less recognition
Mother Seacole
With no money, she built a hospital with
salvaged driftwood, old packing cases, and
sheets of iron, which became a home for sick
soldiers. During the fighting, she even visited
battlefields to nurse the wounded. Her immense
BRAVERY and nursing skills made her as famous
as Nightingale, who looked down on Mary’s low
social status and mixed-race background. Her
patients called her Mother Seacole.
64
All about me
BORN: 1910
DIED: 1997
NATIONALITY: Albanian
FACTOID: My real name is
Mother Teresa
Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. The CATHOLIC NUN who spent 45 years
IN A NUTSHELL: I heard stories caring for the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying
about Christian missionaries as
a child and decided that was
what I wanted to do.
The Missionaries
Teresa was horrified by the poverty and
suffering she saw on the streets when
she was teaching in Kolkata (formerly
known as Calcutta), India. She started
a new order, called the Missionaries
of Charity, who took in the
sick and dying (including
lepers) and cared for
them. She also created
many ORPHANAGES.
International recognition
Teresa’s service to humanity drew worldwide
recognition. She received 124 awards for her
charitable work and was given the NOBEL
PEACE PRIZE in 1979. When she died, the
Missionaries of Charity had 610 missions in
123 countries, which care for the sick, dying,
and orphaned, and feed and educate the poor.
By the way...
I was beatified by Pope
John Paul II in 2003,
which is the first step
to becoming a saint.
to b e a n un
By 17, Ter she wa nted
esa knew that 65
Into every battle Joan
carried a flag decorated
Peasant girl
Joan of Arc was born in the French
hamlet of Domrémy in 1412. Her parents
were peasant farmers so Joan didn’t go
to school. When she was nine, her home
region was RAIDED by the English. From
that day on, Joan hated them. ...
By the waythe leg
in
I was once shot while trying
with a crossbowris, but even
to liberate Pa ugh to make
Strange visitors that wasn’t enobattlefield!
One day, when Joan was me leave the
just 12, she claimed she
was working on her parent’s
fields when she saw
something unusual. Saint
Michael, Saint Catherine,
and Saint Margaret turned
up in the field and told her
to DRIVE THE ENGLISH
OUT of France.
66
Teenage warrior
Not wanting to disobey a heavenly
vision, Joan talked her way into
the French army when she was
17 years old. After persuading
the French ruler, the Dauphin
Charles, to support her, she
was given command of the army,
rescued the city of Orléans from
an English siege, and went
on to lead the army to a series
of SPECTACULAR victories.
National hero
Even if you don’t believe in
heavenly visitations, Joan’s
story is pretty impressive. Her
actions helped to give France
a sense of national pride, and Did
Pope Ca you know
women all over the world see ll ?
her as a source of inspiration. that Jo ixtus III declar
an e
25 year was innocent d
execu s after her
proclaim tion, and then
ed her a
martyr.
67
t i n
M uther KinALg
a r
L ion of race EQU ITY o
an wh d
mp
The cha rg y m an
cle
A m e rican Americans t.
n g w as an e of black s movemen
i c t
K
m e t he voi e civil righ
beca d er of t
h
l e a
the
68
Fighting for a dream
After Rosa Parks was arrested, King led a
boycott of the bus system. He organized
mass protests, which, although they were
peaceful, were attacked, and King was arrested
and imprisoned. After being released, he led
a huge march on Washington in 1963, where
he delivered a speech, famous for the words:
“I HAVE A DREAM that my four little children
will one day live in a nation where they will not
be judged by the color of their skin but
by the content of their character.”
A bitter end
King’s ideas were very unpopular among many
white Americans. His house was firebombed, and
he was arrested more than 30 times. On April 4,
1968, he was shot and KILLED by an assassin in
Memphis, Tennessee. His death set off riots
in more than 100 American cities.
rue
a m c omes t 1963,
e
ng’s dr
in
Ki ingtonWash il e civ
e m a rch on s p e e c h, mad ould
h rring
T
ng’s sti cians c
and Ki a t politi
n g t h , race
omethi n 1964
rights s nger ignore. I ade illegal.
no lo tion wa
sm the
King is buried with
disc r i m i n a
K i n g became ive
his wife near his e year , e
e to rec
childhood home. The sam erson to dat ize.
st p Pr
younge Nobel Peace
th e
69
lig i o u s The teachings of
Re leaders
the Buddha, Jesus,
Muhammad, and Guru
Nanak have had a huge
impact on human history
into the mean
HTS ing o and the lives of billions
of people.
IG f
w INS life
Ne
Gautama Buddha
(563–483 BCE)
Growing up in a palace in modern-day Nepal,
Gautama discovered the world was filled with
the old, sick, and dying. He set out to find the
answer to human suffering and experienced
“enlightenment,” knowledge of the truth
about life. BUDDHISTS try to live
a life of kindness and morality,
detached from material desires.
f Buddhism E
h o
t
pa
old
htf
eig
he
The wheel represents t
Jesus
(4 BCE–30 CE)
Jesus was born in Bethlehem into the Jewish
community living under the Roman Empire.
After his baptism by John the Baptist, he
began preaching that the reign of God
was about to begin. He healed the sick,
performed wonders, and taught repentance
and forgiveness. He was crucified as a
troublemaker by the Roman authorities,
but CHRISTIANS believe he rose from
This fish the dead and lives eternally.
was
an e
arly Chri mbol E
stian secret sy
70
Muhammad
(570–632 CE)
Muhammad grew up in Mecca, in
modern-day Saudi Arabia. Muhammad
taught that he received the direct
word of God (or Allah in Arabic),
the Qur’an, from the angel Gabriel,
and that he was sent as the prophet
of Allah to spread the message.
Although he faced opposition at first,
Muhammad succeeded in gathering
a large following, and ISLAM, which
means “submission to Allah” in Arabic,
Islam doesn’t allow images spread widely throughout the world.
of Muhammad—this is his
name in Arabic.
Guru Nanak
(1469–1539 CE)
Guru Nanak was born a Hindu in
Nankana, in modern-day Pakistan.
Nanak sought the truth about
God, and had an experience that
he described as being taken to the
court of God. From this experience,
he set out to teach people that a
profound awareness of God was
more important than the customs
of religions. His followers are
called “SIKHS,” which
means “disciples”.
ve power
71
m e lin e
Em ankhurst
P W OMEN a voice
B y t h e
every c
not ke we did
y
.
way..had
ountr omen
.W
ave in New
who g
li
t fight en the vote and
o
om a n were givland in 1893, alia.
he w Zea in Aust
r
T in 19 02
A fighting start
Emmeline was born
At a time when women in 1858 in Manchester,
should be seen and not England. Her family had
heard, Emmeline Pankhurst a history of RADICAL
got herself seen, and she POLITICS, and her husband,
was certainly heard. Richard Pankhurst, a supporter
of women’s rights, wrote an
act of parliament that allowed married
women to keep their own property.
Taking a stand
In 1889, Emmeline founded the
Women’s Franchise League, who
campaigned for women to have the
right to vote in local elections. In
1903, Pankhurst helped to create the
more aggressive Women’s Social and
Political Union (WSPU). The WSPU
soon had a reputation for radical
activities. Its members were given
the nickname “SUFFRAGETTES”
as a joke by a newspaper.
The suffragette colors
were purple (for dignity),
white (for purity), and
green (for hope).
She couldn’t ha
ve done it w it hout…
NICHOLAS DE CODORCET
(1743–1794) and OLYMPE
DE GOUGES (1748–1793) The English writer MARY
argued for women’s WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759–1797)
rights in France. argued that women were
not inferior to men.
72
A tough battle
Anything could happen when suffragettes
demonstrated—they smashed windows, set
fire to buildings, and held hunger strikes.
Emmeline was ARRESTED MANY TIMES
and went on hunger strike herself. In one
protest, in 1913, a suffragette named
Emily Davison was killed when
she threw herself under the
king’s horse during a race.
Success at last
During the First World War,
Britain’s men were away fighting,
f e
Wo or s
TO VOTE. Ten years later, just
after Emmeline’s death, they
were allowed to vote at age 21,
Pris
o n go
vernors were ordered to force-feeisdon
suffr i n pr
E
73
Eleanor
Roosevelt
The social CAMPAIGNER who
is one of the most influential
women of the 20th century
All about me
BORN: 1884
DIED: 1962
NATIONALITY: American
FACTOID: My husband was President
of the United States.
IN A NUTSHELL: At 15, I was sent to
finishing school near London, England, Eleanor wrote her
where my headmistress taught me the popular newspaper
columnn, “My Day,”
importance of independent thinking. from 1935 to 1962.
A symbol of hope
In 1988, Suu Kyi returned to Burma
from her home in London to care for
her mother. At the time, the country was
torn apart by violence. The people were demanding
democracy, but the ruling military party was using
the army against them. Suu Kyi dared to stand up
at a rally and CALL FOR FREEDOM.
By
t
in B hen myhe wa
w
ritai h y
atte n in 19usband ...
fear nd his f 99, I c died
o u ou
back f not b neral fo ldn’t
into eing r
Burm let
a.
Out of Africa
Jane Goodall was born in London, England,
in 1934. From a young age, she DREAMED OF
WORKING WITH ANIMALS in the wild. At just By the way...ers,
ch
26 she traveled to Gombe National Park in East unlike most resear names.
I gave al l my ch im ps
st give
Africa to study chimpanzees. The paleontologist Other scientists ju they
Louis Leakey funded Goodall’s research, noting them a number, so ched.
her observational skills and patience. don’t get too atta
76
Amazing discoveries
After many years watching and studying
chimps, Jane realized how similar they are
to humans. She saw that they have a social
structure, look after their friends, and even
go to war. She also witnessed chimps
CREATING TOOLS from rocks, twigs,
branches, stems, and leaves.
Monkey business
To help protect her hairy friends, in 1977
she founded the Jane Goodall Institute
for Wildlife Research, Education, and
Conservation. The group was set up to
continue research into wild chimpanzees
and to PROTECT THEIR HOMES.
panzee
A vet examines a protected chim ctuary
on Ngamba Island, Uganda, a san
l Institute.
associated with the Jane Goodal
Great apes
gest
Jane’s work is now the lon
im al in
continuous study of any an
how
Did you k the wild. She has shown us
Chimps use chenow?
live in
chimps have personalities,
wed up tha t the y are
leaves as a s
p o n complex societies, and
ge to soak u an d me.
up water, and
u s e not so very different to yo
tools to reac t wigs as
h tasty bugs.
77
e a d in g
L
This group made their mark by leading the pack.
Some had a thirst for battle, power, and glory, and
won great empires and riches. Others kicked out
their rulers because they thought they could do a
better job. But they didn’t all want to start a fight;
a few just wanted peace and equality. Whether
monarchs or generals or freedom fighters, these
leaders were all very good at telling other people
what to do.
Leaders
l e xa nd e r e a
TheA th e G
e
r t
UNS g ma chin
T ri n
OPPABLE conque
10
In just nder
Alexa
years, he mighty
dt ed
crushe pire, found
n Em , and
Persia an 70 cities ore
h
more t an empire m les
i
created million sq m
)
than 2 llion sq km
(5 mi al size.
in tot
ouldn’t
He c h ave
d o ne it w it h out…
PHILLIP II (382–336 BCE) Alexander’s tutor ARISTOTLE
transformed Macedon into (384–322 BCE) wrote a
a great power, REVOLUTIONIZED book called ON KINGSHIP
THE ARMY, and made his to try to teach his pupil
son’s conquests possible. how to be a good ruler.
80
r.
a r m a c h ine to r y a fter anothe
The w army to on
led his
e v ic
Egypt d
Alexander s ia M in o r, Syria, an arius,
t across A ian king, D
They swep g th e P e r s e
lly defeatin 1 BCE. At th
before fina of Gaugamela in 33 acedonia,
le M
at the Batt xander was king of ia Minor, The legend
age of 25,
A le f s
A
G r e e k s , overlord o NG” of Persia. Alexander was surrounded by
e I
leader of th gypt, and “GREAT K at its peak. many MYTHS AND LEGENDS.
o f E p ir e
pharaoh
ow s A le x ander’s em One legend says that he heard
sh
This map of a prophecy that foretold that
whoever untied the (impossible)
EUROPE Gordian knot would rule all of
ASIA Asia. Alexander’s solution was
MACEDON
THRACE Samarkand
Troy to simply hack through the knot
Athens Sardis Bactra
Halicarnassus sus ASSYRIA BACTRIA
with his sword. Another myth
Tar
Mediterranean Nineveh
MEDIA PARTHIA says he was the son of Zeus.
Sea ES
M
Tyre Babylon
OP
Alexandria Gaza OT Susa
AMI Pasargadae
Siwa Memphis A
Persepolis GEDROSIA Did yo
Alexand u know?
Pattala
EGYPT Pura
Master strategist
Alexander was a BRILLIANT
W
GENERAL. At the Battle of meetest
Issus in 333 BCE, his 40,000 Alexa s Eas
w
nder
di t
as ed w
men faced 100,000 Persians legac just 32. Ho hen he
y incl
on ground that suited the that s udes wever, his
p a va
enemy. Even though Alexander as far read weste st empire
as rn c
was wounded, his army won trade India, and ulture
the day, and the Persian king, route open
last fo s that wou ed
r cent l
Darius III, had to flee. uries. d
81
Augustus
CaROe saer
R of Rom
The first EMPE
Young warrior
Augustus was originally called Octavian, and was born in
Rome in 63 BCE. When his great-uncle Julius Caesar was
assassinated in 44 BCE, his will named Augustus as his heir.
Although he was only 18, Augustus raised an army and
defeated Caesar’s assassins. He then defeated his former
ally, Mark Anthony, and TOOK CONTROL OF ROME.
H e c o u l d n ’ t h ave
done it without…
82
The empire builders
BRITANNIA By Julius Caesar’s death in 44 BCE, the Roman
Augusta
ATLANTIC
Durocortorum
Treverorum Empire covered most of the Mediterranean,
OCEAN
Burdigala
GALLIA NORICUM Aquincum
RAETIA DACIA
France, and some of Spain. Augustus made
Black Sea
Narbo Salona
THRACIA Byzantium
ARMENIA
it much bigger, and, by 14 CE, he had added
HISPANIA Tarraco
Roma
ITALIA MACEDONIA
ASIA
GALATIA
CAPPADOCIA
Egypt, the rest of Spain, and large parts of
Corduba
M e d i t
Ephesus Antiochia
SYRIA MESOPOTAMIA
central Europe. He tried to invade Germany,
e
r
MAURETANIA
Carthago r a
n e a n
Tyrus but was met by barbarian hordes and it turned
AFRICA S e a
Cyrene Alexandria ARABIA out to be a disaster. The empire reached its
CYRENAICA
At the end of Julius Caesar - 44 BCE
At the end of Augustus - 14 CE
peak under EMPEROR TRAJAN in 117 CE.
AEGYPTUS
At the end of Trajan - 117 CE
y...
Remodeling Rome
y t h e wa Gaius After decades of civil war,
B is
l name d it to Rome was a mess, so Augustus
my rea but I change future
us, All set about rebuilding it. He built
Octavi tus Caesar. known as
e
Augus rs would b gustus.” many new temples, including
empero sar,” or “Au the famous “PANTHEON”
“Cae (pictured right), and rebuilt
almost every major building
in Rome. He also restored the
city’s sewer and water systems.
83
lre m a gn
The man who would be king
a
e
Charlemagne was born in 747 near Liège
e r of
Ch
“ fa t h
in modern-day Belgium. He was the son
The U R O PE”
of the Frankish king Pepin the Short. E
Pepin died in 768 and left his kingdom modern ian
to Charlemagne and his brother, a n d Christ e
ks n
Carloman. When his BROTHER DIED o f t h e Fran t, Charlemag
g s
suddenly in 771, Charlemagne As kin or of the We s of modern
became sole ruler of the Franks. emper e foundation he’s also
laid th e. That’s why e Great.
Europ s Charles th
a
known
By
before m the way...
capital le e, people wrot
t e
Charlemagne personally lowercas ters. I introdu in
Caroling e letter ced
led 53 campaigns and ian scrip s, called
took part in hundreds is easier t, w
of battles. to read hich
.
l d n ’ t h ave d
He cou one
it w it h out…
Charlemagne defended POPE The Frankish scholar EINHARD
LEO III (750–816) from a (775–840) wrote a BIOGRAPHY
rebellion in 800, so the Pope of Charlemagne, which
declared him EMPEROR OF recorded his life and
THE ROMANS. achievements in history.
84
Charlemagn The great teacher
used in the e’s crown was Charlemagne was appalled by how few
of every F coronation people in France were able to read and
until 1722 rench king write—even many of the country’s priests
.
were illiterate. He called in SCHOLARS
from Britain and Ireland to restore the
schools of France. He also organized
a school at his royal palace at Aachen
(in modern-day Germany), and introduced
monastic schools all over Europe.
Charlemagne would
visit his new schools
to make sure they
reached his standards.
Sha
Charle ping Euro
p
of squ agne took a e
m
abblin group
Franki g
sh kin and separat
the fou gdoms e
n a
countr dations for t nd laid
yo he
encou f France. Hi unified
raged s
of a m the em empire
ore en e rgence
better ligh
educat tened and
ed Eur
ope.
an
A scepter is d held
ornam e nta l ro
onarch.
by a ruling m
Cleopatra
(69–30 BCE)
This EGYPTIAN QUEEN was as
deadly as she was beautiful. She
seduced the Roman general, Julius
Caesar, and convinced him to get
rid of the pharaoh, who was her
brother and her husband. Then,
she used another Roman, Mark
Anthony, to kill her sister.
86
Fra a q u een
y
nce has never been ruled b
Maria Teresa
(1717–1780)
Maria became EMPRESS OF THE AUSTRIAN
EMPIRE when her father, Charles VI, died. She
reorganized Austria’s army, and introduced
compulsory schooling, which brought
the flagging empire back to life. She had
16 children, which included two queens, a few
duchesses, and two Holy Roman Emperors.
Queen Victoria
(1819–1901)
Victoria was only 18 when she became QUEEN
AND EMPRESS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. She
might have been short, but for 64 years she ruled
more than 450 million people in an empire that
covered a quarter of the globe. Her 42 grandchildren
occupied the thrones of most of Europe, earning her
the nickname “the grandmother of Europe.”
87
h an en
G en ghi s h a s e K v er s e
rld
he w o t
The greatest CONQUER0R
In just 25 years, Genghis Khan
conquered more lands and people
than Alexander the Great and
Napoleon combined.
A tough start
Genghis was born in 1162, and his father,
Yesugei, was a local tribal chief. After
his father was killed, his family was forced
into HIDING and had to scrape a living
on the Mongolian plains.
t…
He couldn’t have done it withou
TOGHRUL (died 1203) was ÖGEDEI KHAN (1186–1241)
a close friend of Genghis’s was Genghis’s third son and
father. He adopted Genghis SUCCESSOR. He expanded
and made him his HEIR. the Mongol Empire.
88
The great conqueror
Mongol Empire - 1206 CE
After years in the wilderness, Genghis Mongol Empire - 1227 CE
took back his father’s tribe and united the Mongol Empire - 1279 CE
INDIAN OCEAN
ire
m ig h ty emp ’s longest
A e world
th us
created ligio
aged re
War on the move Genghis e. He encour laws, and
empir ew
duced n stem to the
Every Mongol warrior usually owned three lasting e , in t r o y
toleranc new writing s fortunately,
or four horses, which they kept roped together. brou g h t a p Un
le .
By frequently changing horses, the army t e M o n gol peo le might have
illitera n peop ts.
could cover huge distances very quickly. p t o 4 0 millio of his conques
u
a result
The Mongols were NOMADIC, so they were died as
used to traveling around. At the end of the day
they would build camp and practice their battle
skills by hunting for their dinner.
89
faith”
ss of
Saladin
The man who took hteousne
d i n means “Rig
JERUSALEM from the Crusaders
Saladin was a great Muslim leader who retook
the Holy Land and who, despite his fearsome
reputation, treated his enemies with respect.
Sala
The young warrior
Saladin was born in Mesopotamia
ic,
(modern-day Iraq) in 1138. As a young
rab
man, he helped his uncle, a general for
the Sultan of Syria, win a great victory
In A
against the Crusaders. His uncle became
ruler of Egypt and, when he died, Saladin
took power for himself.
The name s
“Crusaders” comein
from “crux” (L at
e
for cross) becaus
they ca rr ie d th e
cross with them
as a symbol.
A clash of religions
Jerusalem was a very important city to Jews,
Christians, and Muslims. For centuries, its
Arab rulers had allowed Christian and Jewish
pilgrims into the city. However, by 1095,
the Muslim rulers of Jerusalem were making
travel to the city more difficult for pilgrims.
The crusades were started by the Christians
to RETAKE JERUSALEM.
e
H
90
Saladin’s revenge
In 1097, before Saladin was born,
the Crusaders had captured Jerusalem,
killing many of its inhabitants, and
taken control of the Holy Land. Saladin
was determined to retake it for Muslims,
and he declared a holy war against the
Crusaders. In 1187, with a huge army,
Saladin CRUSHED HIS ENEMIES at
the Battle of Hattin, and the Crusader
King of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan, was
forced to surrender (pictured right).
Saladin retook Jerusalem, but, unlike
the Crusaders, he allowed its inhabitants
to leave the city peacefully.
ay... d
By the w
that Rich
ar
ard
when I he art had a fever, I e
e ic
the Lionhaches, pears, and n, Chival
ro
o
knight us
e m
sent him p top of Mount Her .
from t h e a w ay In the
(160 km) M
100 miles Saladin uslim world,
is rem
as the
man w embered
Arab p ho uni
eo ted
Jerusal ple and libe the
em rate
Saladin . Even in Eur d
o
The Crusaders strike back chivalr was revered pe,
ous kn as a
In 1189, England’s king, Richard an epic igh
poem w t—in fact,
the Lionheart, led the Third about h as w
is expl ritten
Crusade. They retook the city of oits.
Acre, but the siege took two years,
and the other kings returned home.
Richard couldn’t beat Saladin alone,
so they MADE PEACE. Christians
were allowed to visit Jerusalem
again, but their rule of the Holy Did yo
Land had ended for good. After a u know?
campaig lifetime
ning , of
an empir Sa
e stretc ladin left
from Eg
ypt, but hing north
almost p he
enniless died
.
91
Martin Luther
The man who SPLIT the church in two
Struck by God
Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Eisleben,
Germany. His parents wanted him to be a lawyer,
so he studied law at university. One day he was
almost struck by lightning during a storm. He
thought that the close call was a SIGN FROM GOD
that he should leave law, and he joined a monastery.
92
By A Bible for everyone
I had a the way... Heretics were burned at the stake. Luther
of myse fairly low opin
lf io didn’t want to be burned, so he went into
“I am bu . I even said th n
t
of worm a stinking ba at hiding. In 1534, he translated the Bible
s.” Hug, g from Latin into German so everyone would
anyone?
have the chance to read it. He even wrote a
sort of CHILDREN’S VERSION that parents
could use to teach their kids about faith.
ra cticed today
p
idely
tillw A church divid
ed
Luth s From C
eranism is hristianity’s earl
been dominated y days, it had
by the Catholic
As Luther’s wri Church.
tings spread ar
Europe, more p ound
eople started to
Did you know? the Catholic Chu question
rch. His ideas ev
Luther even insisted that, split Christianity entually
in two, and crea
when he died, all his books church called P ted a new
rotestantism, w
and writings should be named after Lu hich was
ther’s protest, an
burned… they weren’t. a century of re d led to
ligious warfare
His new translat in Europe.
ion of the Bible
normal people gave
access to the ch
teachings, and ur ch’s
encouraged
the spread of lit
ved t h e way for
eracy.
p a
He …
The French priest JOHN CALVIN Luther’s translation paved
(1509–1564) created his own the way for versions of
branch of Protestantism THE BIBLE translated in
called Calvinism. every country of the world.
93
E
Up the
revolution
ion
volut
Rising up AGAINST the establishment!
h Re
c
Fren
Maximilien Robespierre
the
(1758–1794)
This French politician hated the
of
bol
aristocracy and everything they
ame a sym
stood for, so in 1791 he became
one of the leaders of the French
Revolution and CHOPPED OFF
THEIR HEADS (including the king
and queen’s). His period of power
c
was known as the “Reign of Terror”
e
because he sent around 30,000
ine b
people to the guillotine.
illot
gu
The
Is your king crushing your freedom? Is
your government just plain useless? If so,
you need to start a revolution… but who
should lead it?
Mao Tse-Tung
(1893–1976)
Another Communist icon, Mao
led the Red Army to victory
over the Nationalists in 1949,
and established the PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
Ruthless and ambitious, in his
first four years in power, he was
responsible for the deaths of
nearly 1.5 million people.
Despite this, he was loved in
China for making the country
a modern power.
Fidel Castro
(1926–)
Castro’s first attempt to overthrow
Cuba’s dictator Fulgencio Batista
ended with him being exiled to
Mexico. After he teamed up with
another revolutionary, Argentinian
CHE GUEVARA (1928–1967), he
led the successful Communist party
in Cuba from 1956 to 1959. The
CIA spent almost 50 years trying
to overthrow him (they failed).
95
Napoleon
Bonaparte
The man who CONQUERED Europe
With his many successes on the battlefield,
Napoleon was a military genius who soon
had the whole of Europe looking up to him.
A fighting start
Napoleon was born in Corsica, France, in 1769.
He went to a MILITARY ACADEMY in Paris,
where he was teased for his Corsican accent
and his provincial manners. However, with
his leadership skills, Napoleon became By
I was c the wa
an artillery officer when he was just 16, Pius V ondemned y...
and rose quickly through the ranks. part o II when I to by Pope
f o
Churc Italy that t k over the
h ruled he Cat
in pris ,
on, wh so I threw hholic
ere he im
died.
Zero to hero
During the early years of the FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1789–1799), when France broke free of its Imperial
rule, Napoleon became a national hero. In 1799, he
led a plot to overthrow the revolutionary government,
and he became the First Consul of France.
MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE
(1758–1794) led the French
He couldn’t have done it without… Revolution, got rid of the
royal family, and helped
create the FRENCH REPUBLIC.
CHARLEMAGNE (742–814) brought
together the separate Frankish
kingdoms and created
France as A SINGLE COUNTRY.
96
Emperor of Europe
Napoleon set out to conquer other
countries and, in 1804, he crowned
himself EMPEROR. Soon every
country surrounding France (except
Britain) was part of his empire. In
1812, he tried to conquer Russia,
but it ended in disaster and he
was sent into exile off the coast
of Italy. He returned to France
and seized power again, but
was beaten by Britain at the
Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
Sent into exile again—to
the South Atlantic island
of St. Helena—Napoleon
died in 1821.
Legal eagle
In 1804, Napoleon replaced the old French legal
system with a new NAPOLEONIC CODE of laws.
The old system was based on local feudal laws
and was old fashioned and confusing. The
new system was much clearer and fairer.
Lasting impression
Napoleon’s reforms brought
stability back to France, which
had been torn apart by the
French Revolution. Many of
the laws of his Napoleonic code
In just eight years, (above) are still used in France
Napoleon managed and form the basis of the legal
to conquer most systems of many of the countries
of Europe. that Napoleon conquered.
97
George
a s h i n g t o n
W RESIDENT of the United States
The first P
out
e W as hi ng to n he lp ed to kick the British
Georg st
er ic a. H e be ca m e a national hero, the fir
of Am d
id en t of th e U ni te d States of America, an
Pres
s fa ce on a lo t of co ins and banknotes.
got hi
ut …
He couldn’t h it h o
ave do ne it w
Merchant and statesman
JOHN HANCOCK
(1737–1793) was the
first person to sign
the DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE.
98
By the way... The first president
after the American On October 19, 1781, the British surrendered
Revolution, I became so at Yorktown, Virginia. The Americans had
popular that some peop
le won their independence, but still had to figure
wanted to make me
King of America. out how to run the country. In the beginning,
they struggled, but, in 1787, Washington
helped to write the US CONSTITUTION,
which organized the government. In 1789,
Washington had spring- he was unanimously elected the first
loaded false teeth made President of the United States.
of cow’s teeth and ivory.
mpire
Mahatma
ne
a
The man who FI E D
DE
By the w
Early struggles I believe that ay...
Mohandas Gandhi (known as Mahatma or to violence w reacting
is foolish. In it h m o re viole
“great soul”) was born on October 2, 1869 a speech, I o nce
in Porbandar, India. He studied law in London, said “an eye nce
for an eye
England, and then spent 20 years in South makes the wh
o
Africa, joining the struggle for BASIC RIGHTS world blind.” le
for Indian immigrants. He was arrested many
times, before the government gave in
to his demands. When Gandhi returned
to India, he found that the British,
who had ruled India
as a colony since 1858,
had passed strict Did you k
laws to control the When Gandhi now?
Indian population. owned only 10 died, he
including a wa possessions
tch,
eyeglasses, a sandals,
nd
eating bowl. an
A bitter victory
In 1947, Gandhi won and India
was granted independence from
Britain. But the British split the
country into two, divided along
Path to peace religious lines into Muslim Pakistan
Though his life was cut and Hindu India. This was very
short, Gandhi accomplished unpopular and RIOTS spread across
a great deal. He helped to the area. Gandhi tried to bring calm,
gain independence for the but he was assassinated in 1948.
land he loved and end many
injustices against his people.
He spoke of peace, and his
life inspired many who
WEST
came after him. PAKISTAN
EAST
PAKISTAN
INDIA
He gave speeches
INDIAN
sitting at a spinning OCEAN CEYLON
wheel to encourage
people to make their
own clothes and
to live a simple life. t Pakistan
In 1971, Eas independent
became the Bangladesh.
country of
All about me
BORN: 1904
DIED: 1997
NATIONALITY: Chinese
FACTOID: My name is pronounced
as “dung.”
IN A NUTSHELL: I discovered Marxism
as a young man. I joined the Communist
By th Party of China, but I didn’t agree with
I became ve way... the way that they ran the country.
when, in 19ery unpopular
the army 89, I ordered
demonstra to kill students Opening China to the world
ting
in Tiananm for democracy Until the 19th century, China had been one
en Square
. of the world’s largest economies. However,
under Communist rule, the country was
closed off from the rest of the world and,
by the middle of the 20th century, it was
struggling. Deng made economic reforms
that allowed China to trade with the world
again, which attracted foreign investment.
Chinese students were also allowed to travel
abroad to learn the latest TECHNOLOGIES.
Deng turned China’s
backward cities into
modern economic
powerhouses.
A mixed legacy
In just 20 years, under Deng’s guidance,
China went from being a farming nation to
one of the world’s largest economies. He improved
living standards and gave citizens more freedom.
However, to control the exploding population, he
only allowed families to have ONE CHILD, which
led to a lot of baby girls being abandoned because
boys were seen to be more useful.
102
Mikhail
Gorbachev
The Communist who killed off
COMMUNISM in the USSR
All about me
BORN: 1931
NATIONALITY: Russian
FACTOID: I graduated from the Moscow
State University Law School in 1955. In 1989, the fall
ANOTHER FACTOID: I won the Nobel of the Berlin Wall,
Peace Prize in 1990. which divided East
y...
IN A NUTSHELL: I became general
(communist) Berlin By the wead to bring
from West (democratic) help
secretary of the Communist Party in Berlin, symbolized the my reforms r to an end and
a
1985, and president of the USSR in 1988. end of the Cold War. the Cold W he beginning of
signaled t he Communist
t
the end of the USSR.
Party in
Communism before Gorbachev
The philospher Karl Marx (1818–1883)
said that power should be in the hands
of the people and wealth should be shared
equally. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)
led the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION and, in 1922,
Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). Under Communist rule,
the USSR became closed off from the rest
of the world and, by the time Gorbachev
took over, its economy was in a mess.
103
lso n
Ne Mandela
who gave AFRICA
n
The maack to its people
b
Young activist
Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei,
South Africa, in 1918, and was later given
the name Nelson by his teacher. After he
qualified as a lawyer he became involved
with a group trying to bring about political
change in South Africa, called the
AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC).
104
By the way...her
my great-grandfat
d as king
Ngubengcuka rule an tribe
of a South Afric people.
called the Thembu
ds
From prison to power
r
During his total of 27 years in prison,
aw a
Mandela became a symbol of resistance
to apartheid around the world. In 1990,
Nationa l hero
Mandela fo
isto
ace when a
ended, eve p
n though m artheid
wanted rev any people
le
eng
land-owners e against white
op
. In 2009, th
e UN
pe
announced
that Mande
birthday, Ju la’s
de
d
ly 18, would
r be “Mandela
awa Day.”
s t
h e mo
Mandela is one o ft
nd
2 – 2 0 03) a
ired ISULU
(191 1993)
was insp AHATMA L TER S (1917 w
–
M a n d e la
tM WA
MBO
n actvis T A lo
l
by India 1869–1948) OLIVER andela’s fe vists,
M ti
GANDHI’ a” methods were artheid ac
S(
ah - a p BE S.
R
“satyagr ENT protest. anti C MEM
L A N
of NONVIO and
105
e d -u p
C lu
v e s
ati
Cr e
The world just wouldn’t be the same without these
rare talents who have brightened our lives with
their creations. They have entertained us with their
stories, art, games, music, fashion, and movies—
even the package vacation. Thanks to them,
boredom isn’t an option.
ite rs o n Believe it or not,
Wr e block
people were writing
books long before
a ting
Cre
William Shakespeare
(1564–1616)
School children all over the world
might think this English writer is
BORING, but with the likes of
Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,
and Macbeth, he created some
of literature’s greatest characters.
He was a real wordsmith, too,
inventing around 1,700 of
the words we use today.
w e re all illiterate
re n
il d
ch
Sha nd
kespeare’s wife a
Voltaire
(1694–1778)
This French writer just couldn’t stop.
He wrote more than 2,000 books and
pamphlets, and an incredible 20,000
letters. He used his wit to criticize the
king and government, and spent most
of his life in FEAR OF BEING JAILED.
108
Aleksandr Pushkin
(1799–1837)
Books in Russia were pretty boring until
Pushkin came along and shook things up.
He threw away the formal language style
used before him and wrote his books in the
sort of language people used in EVERYDAY
LIFE. His work has influenced Russian
literature ever since.
Virginia Woolf
(1882–1941)
This English feminist author came up with a
new kind of storytelling. Her stories were
told in the same way that people think—by
using her character’s inner voice to tell
the tale through their thoughts in
a STREAM OF CONCIOUSNESS.
109
C o o k C KI N G
s
maThe man who ent B rit ai n PA By the way...
when I organized my first
Tho
s around-the-world tour,
I traveled more than
25,000 miles (40,000 km),
and was away for
222 days.
know?
Did youote one
Cook wr travel
t
of the firs ndbook of
Ha
guides, A o Liverpool.
the T r ip t
H e p ave d t h
e w ay for…
A pioneer of package
vacations, Russian entrepreneur The Mayor of Benidorm,
VLADIMIR RAITZ (1922–2010) Spain, PEDRO ZARAGOZA
was the first person (1922–2008) turned the
to use CHARTER FLIGHTS. town into the first PACKAGE
VACATION RESORT.
110
Cook invented the tr
avele
r’s
che
ck
in
1874
Steaming forward
Cook started running regular railway trips
and was soon conducting tours of Scotland.
His trips grew in popularity and, by 1863, he
had moved to London and was organizing
tours to exotic locations like Egypt. By 1872,
Thomas Cook was offering a 212-DAY
The world is your oyster AROUND-THE-WORLD TOUR. For only
The idea of buying one ticket to 270 guineas, people could travel by steamship
cover an entire trip was revolutionary. across the Atlantic, catch a stagecoach across
Cook’s package vacations made America, and take a paddle steamer to Japan.
affordable travel available to ordinary
citizens at a time when only the rich
could afford such luxuries.
111
Walt Disney
The man who brought
DRAWINGS to life
Early sketches
Walt Disney was born in 1901 in Chicago,
Illinois. From the age of four, he lived on
a farm where he discovered his love of
drawing animals. He won a scholarship
to art college and, when he left, he started
a company with his animator friend Ub
Iwerks (1901–1971), making short
ANIMATED films for a chain of theaters.
Unfortunately, the company went bankrupt,
so Walt and Ub moved to Hollywood. t h e way..k.ey
By r Mic
acte ed
my chars originally call my
wa ut
Mouse er Mouse”, b er”
im
“Mort hought “Mort im
wife t too serious.
Did was
Disney you know
59 Osc as nominated ?
w
22 of ars and he w for
anyone them—more on
else in th
the wor an
ld.
and
p in n in g t h e cylinder lits makes
S ough the s
looking thr ce of images inside
the sequenmove.
appear to
without…
He couldn’t have done it
WILLIAM GEORGE HORNER (1786–1837)
invented the modern ZOETROPE in
1834. It created the illusion that
a drawing was moving.
112
First feature
In 1934, Disney came up with the idea of creating a
movie-length cartoon called Snow White and the Seven
Dwarfs. Everyone in Hollywood thought it was a silly
idea and joked about it being “Disney’s Folly.” However,
Snow White was a HUGE SUCCESS and even won an
Oscar. In 1946, Disney also pioneered mixed animation
with live-action in Song of the South.
Disneyland
In 1955, Disney gave his creations a new home when
he opened the “DISNEYLAND” theme park in California.
This brought together characters from his cartoons, films,
and TV series. Disneyland soon became one of
the world’s most popular tourist attractions.
neer
A colorful pioson to create
first per
Walt wasn’t the rst to add
im at io n s, bu t he was the fi
an ng
r. His pioneeri
sound and colo the
s transformed
film technique ut smiles
industry and p
entertainment ple.
millions of peo
on the faces of
Flip books have one image
on each sheet. Each image
is slightly different to
the previous one.
113
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452–1519)
Italian RENAISSANCE MAN da Vinci
was not content with creating some of
art’s greatest works, including the Mona
Lisa and the Last Supper, so he also
studied anatomy, geology, gravity, optics,
and flight. He designed the first bicycle,
helicopter, and parachute. He even
created a robot knight!
e
w
Leonardo’s ideas
Auguste Rodin
(1840–1917)
This French sculptor wasn’t afraid to show man’s
bad points. His sculptures showed misery and
weakness, as well as beauty and passion. Some
of his most famous works, such as The Thinker
and The Age of Bronze, were SO REALISTIC that
many people believed he had somehow cheated.
a l le r y of
G artists Rodin showed his
subjects as they
really appeared—
even when he
sculpted himself.
d
Bring
ing mor worl
e COLOR to t he
114
Vincent van Gogh
(1853–1890)
This tortured Dutch painter created all his
work in just 10 years. His paintings are
known for their BRIGHT COLORS AND
BOLD BRUSH STROKES. Even though
he is considered to be one of the greatest
post-impressionist painters, he lived
in poverty, and sold only one
painting while he was alive.
Frida Kahlo
(1907–1954)
Kahlo was a Mexican artist who mixed
traditional Mexican art with modern
“SURREALISM” (a strange dreamlike style).
After a bus crash left her crippled and
in constant pain, she started creating oil
paintings to distract herself. Many of her
paintings are self-portraits, which, despite
their bright colors, reflect her suffering.
115
All about me
BORN: 1883
DIED: 1971
NATIONALITY: French
FACTOID: I lived in the Ritz hotel for more
than 30 years.
IN A NUTSHELL: My mother died of tuberculosis,
and my father left the family, so I spent six years
in an orphanage.
Chanel’s clothe
custom-made uss were
the highest qu ing only
ality fabric.
Trendsetter
Coco opened her first shop in Paris,
France, in 1909. At first she sold hats,
but soon she started selling luxury
clothes, fabrics, and jewelry. Coco
introduced styles to the fashion world
... that were seen to be RADICAL at
t h e way abrielle the time, such as the bobbed haircut,
By e was G left
I trousers for women, bathing suits,
y r e al namanel. After ed as
m I work
ur Ch I and the little black dress. She
Bonhe rphanage, er, where ” even (accidentally) made the sun
o g
the baret sin as “Coco .
a ca e known tan fashionable when she got
becam sunburned while on holiday.
Chanel No 5 is
still the world’s
bestselling perfume.
Going global
Coco’s little fashion boutique became one of the most
profitable and iconic fashion houses of all time. Her most
famous product was a perfume, Chanel No 5, which made
her one of the richest women in the world. Even today, she
is regarded as an ICON OF STYLE AND ELEGANCE,
and her classic designs still influence fashion.
Coco Chanel
The woman who STYLED the 20th century,
and changed the face of fashion
116
David Ogilvy
The man who created the idea of
a BRAND and became the “father
of modern advertising”
All about me
BORN: 1911
DIED: 1999
NATIONALITY: English
FACTOID: I was also a cook, a farmer,
and a spy.
IN A NUTSHELL: I started selling Aga cooking
stoves door-to-door in Scotland. My big break
came after I wrote a manual for other
Aga salesmen on how to sell more ovens.
...
t h e wayions of A new approach
By nfess
o ame
c
y b o ok, Cing Man bear and A big advertising agency were so impressed
m
vertis popul ing. by David’s Aga manual that they gave him
an Adf the mostn advertis a job as an account executive. His first
one o s books o bestseller. success came when he was put in charge
famout’s still a
I of a hotel opening. He printed lots
of postcards and sent them to
everyone in the local phone
Starting blocks
Kristiansen was born in the village of Filskov,
Denmark, in 1891. When he finished school,
he became a carpenter and started his own
business. He built houses, and made stepladders
and ironing boards, but he also made toys,
including trains, cars, and ducks. In 1934,
he named the company LEGO, deriving from
two Danish words leg godt, or PLAY WELL.
By the way...
in 1949, I launched "Automatic
Binding Bricks," but it wasn't
until 1958 that my son,
Godtfred Kirk Kristiansen,
invented the LEGO brick
as we know it today.
ouldn’t ha
He c ve d o
ne it
w ithout…
The FIRST BUILDING BLOCK American toymakers JESSE
SET was made of wood (1858–1920) and CHARLES
by the brilliant German CRANDALL (1833–1905)
educator FRIEDRICH FROEBEL made the first INTERLOCKING
(1782–1882) in 1840. blocks in the 1860s.
118
Building excitement
LEGO bricks could LINK TOGETHER, which meant
children could build all sorts of exciting shapes.
After the LEGO Group launched the brightly
colored plastic bricks, intensive work was carried
out to improve the bricks. In 1955, the LEGO
Group produced the “LEGO System of Play,”
focusing on the endless possibilities of the LEGO
brick. They even brought out a version for
smaller hands, called LEGO® DUPLO®.
Building
imaginations
LEGO bricks gave
children a tool to be cre
ative
like no toy before or aft
er it,
and is still one of the wo
rld’s
most popular toys. In
60 years,
the company has made
an amazing
400 billion parts—that’s
62 bricks
The number of for every person on the
planet.
sold each year LEGO bricks
five times arou could reach
nd the world.
119
M u i ci ns
s a
Making music from their IMAGINATIONS
A composer can turn a bunch of
squiggles into music so powerful
it casts a spell on you. Meet some
masters of musical magic.
piano was in 17
The vented in Italy around 00
120
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
(1840–1893)
Russian composer Tchaikovsky
began piano lessons when he was
five and could read music better
than his dad by the time he was
eight. His ballet The Nutcracker
is a winter holiday favorite, and
Swan Lake remains popular.
Toru Takematisu
(1930–1996)
This SELF-TAUGHT Japanese musician and
composer brought together jazz, popular music,
western classical music, and Asian music. He
composed the score for more than 90 Japanese
films, but is better known in the Western world
as a classical composer.
121
Elvis ley The KING
o f r o c k a n d roll
Young rocker
Elvis Aaron Presley was born in Tupelo,
Mississippi, USA, in 1935. When he was
just a young boy he entered a singing
competition, but came only fifth. For his
tenth birthday he was given a GUITAR,
even though he really wanted a bicycle.
He soon started taking his guitar to school
and would play and sing at lunchtime.
A new sound
His first single, “That’s alright,” was
released in 1954. The first time it
was played on the radio, the
listeners loved it so much that the
DJ played it again and again for two
whole hours. His unique sound
that he took from traditional blues
music and his hip-shaking dance
moves were unlike anything
that people had ever heard or
seen before. By the time Elvis died in
1977, he had sold more than
600 MILLION singles and albums.
He pa
ved the w
ay for… With songs like “Johnny
be Good”and “Roll over
Beethoven,” CHUCK BERRY
(1926–) was a pioneer
of rock and roll music
122 in the 1950s.
Yes
m’a m.
ha.
Uh-hu-
Top o
Elvis m f the pops
a
to chan y have done m
ge Ame ore
culture ric
By than an an popular
My gyra the way music p yone els
me the ing hip moves e..
t . av
African ed the way fo His
e.
nickname “ arn -Americ r more
Pelvis.”
T his Elvis th ed become an mus
icians t
to be “t move wa e fans vis p opu la o
o st
cameraso much” for TVhought it “Grac r. Millions of
eland,”
to film m were only all , and in Mem
phis, Te his ho
e from o
the hips wed nnessee me
up! .
Sacajawea (c.1788–1812)
A young Native American woman who became an
interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition
in 1804, Sacajawea accompanied the explorers from present- The original ruules
day North Dakota to the Pacific Northwest and back again.
of basketball didd nott
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) include three-point
As President of the United States, Lincoln led the Union shots, dribbling, or
dunking the ball
during the greatest crisis in the country’s history, the Civil
War. He was assassinated on April 15, 1865, six days after
the war ended.
126
Index
A Confucius 58—59 Guevara, Che 95 Maria Teresa, Empress Roosevelt, Eleanor 74
Alcott, Louisa May 124 Cook, Thomas Gutenberg, Johann 33 of Austria 87 Rutherford, Ernest 25
Alexander the Great 110—111 Mark Antony 83, 86
60, 80—81 Copernicus, Nicolas 13, H, I, J Marx, Karl 62, 103 S
Anning, Mary 28 61 Hamilton, Alexander McLuhan, Marshall 125 Sacajawea 124
Aquinas, Thomas 61 Crick, Francis 26—27 99 Mendel, Gregor 26 Saladin 90—91
Archimedes 12 Curie, Marie 24 Hatshepsut 86 Mendeleev, Dmitri Salk, Jonas 125
Aristotle 60—61, 80 Hippocrates 20 16—17 Seacole, Mary 64
Augustus Caesar D Hopps, John A. 125 Montgomery, Lucy Shakespeare, William
82—83 Daimler, Gottlieb 51 Ibn Battuta 9 Maud 125 108
Aung San Suu Kyi 75, Dalai Lama 101 Jefferson, Thomas 59, Mozart, Wolfgang Sisulu, Walter 105
101 Darwin, Charles 124 Amadeus 120 Spencer, Percy 45
Averroes 61 18—19 Jenner, Edward 20 Muhammad 71, 90 Steinem, Gloria 125
Democritus 16 Jesus 70 Muir, John 76 Stephenson, George
B Deng Xiaoping 102 Joan of Arc 66—67 34
Babbage, Charles 52 Descartes, René 14 Jobs, Steve 52—53 N, O Strauss, Levi 38
Bach, Johann Disney, Walt 112—113 Naismith, James 124
Sebastian 120 Douglas, Tommy 125 K Nanak, Guru 71 T
Baird, John Logie 47 Douglass, Frederick Kahlo, Frida 115 Napoleon Bonaparte Takematisu, Toru
Banting, Fredrick 125 124 Keller, Helen 125 85, 96—97 121
Beatles, The 123 Durand, Peter 44 Kepler, Johannes 14 Newcomen, Thomas Tambo, Oliver 105
Bell, Alexander Khan, Ali Akbar 121 34 Tchaikovsky, Peter
Graham 40 E, F King, Martin Luther Newton, Isaac 14—15 Ilyich 121
Benz, Karl 50 Eastman, George 39 68—69, 100 Nobel, Alfred 42—43 Teresa, Mother 65
Berners-Lee, Tim 54 Edison, Thomas 41, 50 Kristiansen, Ole Kirk Noyce, Robert 53 Theophrastus 60
Berry, Chuck 122 Einstein, Albert 22—23 118 Ogilvy, David 117 Trevithick, Richard
Birdseye, Clarence 44 Ellington, Duke 125 Kroc, Ray 45 O’Keefe, Georgia 125 34
Bolivar, Simon 94 Erasmus, Desiderius 92 Kublai Khan 8, 89 Turing, Alan 52
Boyle, Robert 16 Eriksson, Leif 11 P Tutu, Desmond 104
Brahe, Tycho 13 Faraday, Michael 37 L Pankhurst, Emmeline Twain, Mark 124
Branson, Richard 111 Ferdinand and Isabella Laker, Freddie 111 72—73
Buddha, Gautama 70 of Spain 10 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Parks, Rosa 68, 69 V, W, Z
Fleming, Alexander 21 18 Pasteur, Louis 20 Van Gogh, Vincent
C Fleming, Sandford 124 Lange, Dorothea 125 Pearson, Lester B. 125 115
Caesar, Julius 82, 83, Ford, Henry 50—51 Lavoisier, Antoine 17 Picasso, Pablo 115 Victoria, Queen 87
86 Fossey, Dian 77 Lenin, Vladimir 62, 95, Polo, Marco 8, 10 Volta, Alessandro 36
Cai Lun 32 Fox, Terry 125 103 Presley, Elvis 122—123 Voltaire 108
Calvin, John 93 Franklin, Benjamin 124 Leonardo da Vinci 114 Ptolemy (astronomer) Wallace, Alfred Russel
Cannizzaro, Stanislao Franklin, Rosalind 27 Lincoln, Abraham 68, 12, 61 19
17 Freud, Sigmund 63 124 Ptolemy I, pharaoh Washington, George
Carnegie, Andrew 124 Linnaeus, Carl 18 of Egypt 81 98—99
Carothers, Wallace 39 G Lister, Joseph 21 Pushkin, Aleksandr Watson, James 26—27
Carver, George Gagarin, Yuri 49 Lu Xun 109 109 Watt, James 34—35
Washington 125 Galilei, Galileo 12—13, Luther, Martin 92—93 Webster, Noah 124
Cassatt, Mary 124 61 R Whitman, Walt 124
Castro, Fidel 95 Gama, Vasco da 11 M Revere, Paul 99 Whitney, Eli 124
Cather, Willa 125 Gandhi, Mahatma 69, Maathi, Wangari 43 Richard the Lionheart Whittle, Frank 49
Catherine the Great 87 100—101, 105 Magellan, Ferdinand 91 Wollstonecraft, Mary
Chanel, Coco 116 Genghis Khan 88—89 11 Robespierre, 72
Charlemagne 84—85, Goodall, Jane 76—77 Malthus, Thomas 19 Maximilien 94, 96 Woolf, Virginia 109
96 Goodyear, Charles 38 Mandela, Nelson 100, Rodin, Auguste 114 Wozniak, Steve 52—53
Cleopatra 86 Gorbachev, Mikhail 104—105 Roentgen, Wilhelm 21 Wright, Wilbur and
Columbus, Christopher 103 Mao Tse-Tung 95 Romulus and Remus Orville 48—49
10—11 Gosling, James 125 Marconi, Guglielmo 46 82 Zuckerberg, Mark 55
127
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Mary Evans Picture Library 59tl, 65cr, 83br, 86br, 91c; 41tc, 41tr, 41c (background), 41ftl; Danussa 61cl (fish), Hulton Archive 1cb (head), 10br, 11tl, 12cr, 13tl, 14cl
Moviestore Collection Ltd. / Disney SSNW 010FOH 61clb; Designer_Andrea 100-101c; Devilpup 36br (body), 15clb, 24br, 26cr, 40tr, 42cl, 42crb, 46cr, 53tr,
113tc; Nitschkefoto 118clb, 118cb, 118fcr, 119clb; (hands); Jamalludin din 8clb (kites); Lev Dolgatsjov 60bl, 66clb, 67fcla, 87br, 96br, 97br; Universal Images
North Wind Picture Archives 33cr, 33bc, 82tr, 83bl, 90tr, 63fcla; Electriceye 123tl; Emily2k 38tl; Enens 62cl; Group / Leemage 84bc, 85br. NASA and The Hubble
92bl; Christine Osborne / World Religions Photo Library Extezy 108bl; Fakegraphic 4-5 (ship); Igor Fjodorov 39cl; Heritage Team (AURA/STScl): 15br. The Kobal
71br; Photo Researchers 19bc; Photos 12 / Oasis 97bl; Paul Fleet 23tr, 37br; Google 65clb; Kheng Guan Toh Collection: Paramount 123tr. Mary Evans Picture
Pictorial Press Ltd 52br, 121cr; Maurice Savage 119crb; 45bl; Hallgerd 111tl; Heywoody 93cl; Hfng 102cl, 102fcl; Library: 65cl. The Natural History Museum, London:
Robert Stainforth 83cra; Stella / Imagebroker 119cl; Adrian Hillman 104-105b; iNNOCENt 63br (cat); Irochka 28bl. The Nobel Foundation: 42bl. Press Association
stu49 53bl; Gary Woods 117c (oven); World History 61tl (scroll); Kalim 18cl (frame); Kayros Studio 63b Images: Polfoto 118tr. Rex Features: Everett Collection
Archive 13crb, 36cra, 37cr, 85tl, 85clb. The Art Archive: (sofa); Andrey Kiselev 36br (body); Sabri Deniz Kizil 117tl. Peter Sanders: 71tl. Photo Scala, Florence: White
46ca; Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Venice / Gianni 124cr; Kjolak 80cla; Klipart.pl 45cl; Georgios Kollidas Images 88bc. Science Photo Library: 32br; Des Bartlett
Dagli Orti 84cl; Bibliothèque Nationale Paris 89cl. 123crb; Dariusz Kopestynski 9cr; Ralf Kraft 8cr; 29tr; John Reader 29clb; Science Source 27tc; Paul D.
Atticpaper.com: 118br. benidormytu.com: 110br. Christine Krahl 125br; LaCatrina 52-53c (button); Paul Stewart 28cl; Barbara Strnadova 29ca; Sheila Terry
The Bridgeman Art Library: Galleria degli Uffizi, Laroque 22bl, 43c; Lazypit 112t, 113t; Leks_052 82cr; 34tr. SuperStock: 11tr; Bridgeman Art Library 115cl;
Florence, Italy 114tl; Mentz, Albrecht (15th century) Lineartestpilot 44cr; Luminis 49bl; Magann 91cr; Anatoly Fotosearch 86br. Thomas Cook Archives: 110cl, 111tr.
(after) / Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France 33c; Maslennikov 63cla, 63ca; Mircea Maties 81cra; Bram J. TopFoto.co.uk: 73c, 111cla; AP 105br; UPP 110bl.
Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy / Giraudon Meijer 8cb (fireworks); Mipan 22clb, 34ftr, 110crb, 111c; U.S.F.W.S: 77bc. Wikipedia: 12bl, 16bl, 18bl, 26bc,
80cr; Private Collection 28cra, 97cl; Private Collection / Alexandr Mitiuc 23br; MM 32cr; Igor Nazarenko 98tl; 48c, 50bl, 50br, 51br, 59bl, 72bl, 73bl, 87tr, 88br, 97crb,
Look and Learn 34c; Private Collection / The Stapleton Ooz 4-5 (brain), 23cb, 56-57; Patrimonio Designs 44bl; 104bl, 105bl, 109br, 121tl; Thenobleageofsteam 119bl.
Collection 67tc; The Stapleton Collection 86c; Private Andrejs Pidjass 80cra (arm), 80c (arm); Regisser.com
Collection / Ken Welsh 81cb. CERN : 54tr. Corbis: 3, 32fcr; Rixx 108c (frame), 108br (frame), 109tr (frame), JACKET CREDITS:
17tl, 21cl, 35cra, 59br, 103bl; Henny Ray Abrams / 109cl (frame), 109br (frame); Rolffimages 92tr; FRONT: Alamy Images: Archive Pics bc (ford).
Reuters 111br; Albright-Knox Art Gallery 115br; Sabphoto 37fcrb; Sellingpix 85clb (grass); Silavsale Corbis: Bettmann ca, ftr (orville), ftr (wilbur), fcra;
Bettmann 12cl, 19tl, 21tl, 21cr, 22cra, 24cl, 25tl, 38tr, 68cr (podium); Alexander Spegalskiy 90crb; StarJumper Car Culture bc (car). The Gallery Collection fcla;
48bl (orville), 48bl (wilbur), 48br, 49tl, 49tc, 58br, 63clb, 22-23t; Statsenko 22br; Sandra van der Steen 13fcla, Jon Hursa / EPA cra; Barry Lewis / In Pictures
63fcla (freud), 73bc, 76clb, 82-83c, 98br, 99tr, 99bl, 60cr (hand); James Steidl 99cl; Studiogriffon.com fcla (helmet); Michael Ochs Archives clb (elvis).
99br, 109cl; Stefano Bianchetti 61cr, 85cra; Car Culture 82-83b; Stephen Sweet 49br; John Takai 61tl (whale), Dorling Kindersley: The British Museum fcl
50tr, 50c, 50ftr, 50-51c, 51tl, 51tl (convertible), 51tc, 81fcrb; Tombaky 25c (background); Tomislav 68cr (1st (boots), fcl (knife). Fotolia: Electriceye clb (crown).
51ftl; China Photos / Reuters 102br; Dean Conger 89br; mic); Valdis Torms 25clb, 38tc (pin), 38clb, 39cb, 39ftr, Getty Images: Apic / Hulton Archive fcrb; Imagno /
Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive 91br; Pascal Deloche Tomasz Trojanowski 53cl (body); Unpict 12fcra, 13cla; Hulton Archive bc (catherine); Time & Life Pictures
/ Godong 70br; DLILLC 77tr; EPA / Everett Kennedy Pavlo Vakhrushev 8cb; Rui Vale de Sousa 52cr; Sergey / Wallace Kirkland tc. BACK: Corbis: Shift Foto
Brown 75cl; The Gallery Collection 20br, 88cra; Lynn Vasiliev 37cb (hand); Vege 98tr; Vlorzor 33cl; Slavcho fcla. Fotolia: Auris fcr (flask); Paul Laroque bl.
Goldsmith 122bc; Heritage Images 19tr; Heritage Vradjev 8bc; VRD 8clb, wenani 98-99b; Bertold Getty Images: Apic / Hulton Archive fcr; Central
Images / Ann Ronan Picture Library 108c; Yves Herman Werkmann 86br (frame), 87cl (frame). fotoLibra : Ime Press / Hulton Archive ftr; Hulton Archive br;
/ Reuters 43tr; Hulton-Deutsch Collection 72-73cb; Jon Udoma Ufot 45tl. Getty Images: AFP 69tr; AFP Photo / Imagno / Hulton Archive ftl; Keystone-France /
Hursa / EPA 105cla; Kim Kulish 55tl; Lebrecht Authors / Walter Dhladhla 100br; Apic / Hulton Archive 17br, 23tl, Gamma-Keystone fcl; SSPL fclb; Universal History
Lebrecht Music & Arts 109tr; Lebrecht Music & Arts 24tr, 60clb, 65bl, 97tr, 104c, 120cl; Archive Photos 116cl Archive / Hulton Archive tr. SPINE: Getty Images:
98cl; Lester Lefkowitz 43bc; Barry Lewis / In Pictures (blouse); Archive Photos / Stringer 80bc; Erich Auerbach Apic / Hulton Archive t. ENDPAPERS: Fotolia:
88tr; Library of Congress - digital version / Science / Hulton Archive 121clb; Bachrach / Archive Photos HD Connelly (light bulb); Fakegraphic (ship);
Faction 48cl; John Marian / Transtock 117cl; Michael 45cr; Mathew Brady / Archive Photos 68br; The Ooz (brain).
Ochs Archives 122cla, 123cla, 123bl; Newton / Bridgeman Art Library / After Nicholas de Largilliere
PoodlesRock 15tl; Michael Nicholson 62br, 95bl; Richard 108br; The Bridgeman Art Library / Antoine Jean Gros All other images © Dorling Kindersley
T. Nowitz 123br; Ocean 25br; PoodlesRock 85bl; The 96cl; The Bridgeman Art Library / French School 90cl; For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Print Collector 99tl; Reuters / Apichart Weerawong 75tr; The Bridgeman Art Library / Gaston Melingue 20cl;
Reuters / Paul Yeung 102tl; Flip Schulke 69cl; Stapleton The Bridgeman Art Library / Vincent van Gogh 115tr;
Collection 58cr; Jim Sugar 111bl; Sunset Boulevard Central Press / Hulton Archive 26cra; China Span /
122crb; Swim Ink 62tl; Swim Ink 2, LLC 95cr; Frank Keren Su 58cra; Don Cravens / Time & Life Pictures
Trapper 104br; David Turnley 104clb; Peter Turnley 69bl; G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini 91tr; DEA / Veneranda
103tr; Penny Tweedie 77cl; Underwood & Underwood Biblioteca Ambrosiana 84bl; Walter Dhladhla / AFP
73tr, 116tl; Ivan Vdovin / JAI 91bl; Kimberly White / 105tr; Digital Vision 15bc; Digital Vision / Alexander
Reuters 52c; Adrianna Williams 53cl (iphone). Dorling Hassenstein 13clb; Emmanuel Dunand / AFP 101fbr;
Kindersley: The British Museum 88c, 88crb, 88fcrb, Evening Standard / Hulton Archive 67br; Express 26ca;
89fcl; The Science Museum 52bl; The Science Museum, Silvio Fiore 8tr; Flickr / Roevin 90bl; Fotosearch 38bl; Bill
London 35c, 36br (voltaic pile), 41c, 46cb. Dreamstime. Hogan / Chicago Tribune / MCT 116br; Hulton Archive
com: 74tl, 74tc, 74c; Petrisor Adrian 76bl, 76fbr, 77fbr; 11br, 12br, 16br, 18cl (ship), 19bl, 26bl, 42br, 44br, 47tl,
Alohashaka82 29c, 29bl, 29fcrb; Andrey Armyagov 76cr 61br, 66br, 67bl, 81bc, 81br, 92cl, 92cr, 96bc; Hulton
(clothing); Badlatitude 66cr;Gary Bass 112bl; Raynald Archive / Archive Photos 1bl, 10fbr, 10-11, 41tl, 112cr
Bélanger 66-67b, 67cb; William Berry 47cl (popcorn); (body); Imagno 80br; Imagno / Hulton Archive 11bc,
Cammeraydave 74cr (wood); Gino Crescoli 11crb; 14br, 96cr; Kean Collection 96cra; Kean Collection /
Deckard73 117c (book); Evgeny Dubinchuk 14cb; Hulton Archive 61bl; Keystone Features / Hulton Archive
Henri Faure 74cr (chair); Michael Flippo 68cr (3rd mic); 13bl; Keystone-France / Gamma-Keystone 72-73ca;
Frenta 70-71; Martin Haas 68cr (2nd mic); I3alda 27cr; Alvin Langdon Coburn / George Eastman House /
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