Review of Circuit Analysis &

Overview of
Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
 Outline

 Review of Circuit Analysis (DC)

 Overview of Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
 DC Machines

 Synchronous Machines

 Induction Machines

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Review of Circuit Analysis (DC)

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 Review of Circuit Analysis
IA 0.2 Ω

VIN + Em
–

–
If VIN = 240 V and Em = 235 V,
(a) Solve for IA.
(b) Solve for the power delivered to Em.
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 Review of Circuit Analysis
IL IA 0.2 Ω

VIN IF 120 + Em
–
Ω
–
If VIN = 240 V and Em = 235 V,
(a) Solve for IL.
(b) Solve for the power delivered to Em.
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 Assume that Em = k S IF volts
where S is speed in RPM and k is a constant.
IL IA 0.2 Ω

VIN IF 120 + Em
–
Ω
–
When Em = 235 V and IF = 2 A, speed is 1175 RPM.
What would be the new speed if VIN = 180 V and the
mechanical load is such that IL = 25 A?
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Overview of Electromechanical
Energy Conversion

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 Overview

Circuit Analysis &

Electromagnetics

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 Principles of EM
Conversion

Circuit Analysis &

Electromagnetics

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 Generalized Machine
Modelof EM
Principles
Conversion

Circuit Analysis &

Electromagnetics

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 Generalized Machine
Modelof EM
Principles
Conversion

DC Machines
Circuit Analysis &
Electromagnetics

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DC Machines

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 Features of a DC Machine
q-axis

A 2-pole DC armature
Machine
a

C d-axis
SF

compensating I shunt field

series field

interpole
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 Equivalent Armature Winding
q-axis

When present, the interpole

I
and compensating windings
are connected in series
with the armature.
C

a F S
d-axis

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 Equivalent Coil Representation
q-axis
EQUIVALENT ARMATURE

e
F S
d-axis

Shunt Series
field field
F S e F S e
F LFF LFS F
[L] = S LSF LSS [G]= S
e Lee e LaF LaS

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 Voltage and Electromagnetic
Torque Equations
From

we get
vF RF+LFFp LFSp iF
vS = LSFp RS+LSSp iS
ve ωmLaF ωmLaS Re+Leep ia

For a 2-pole machine,

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 Equivalent Circuit
The equations for the DC machine describe the
equivalent circuit shown below.
EQUIV. ARMATURE SHUNT SERIES

where

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 Separately-Excited Generator
At steady-state condition, all currents are constant.
Re RF

Ia
Eg Vt IF

VF

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 Separately-Excited Motor
At steady-state condition, all currents are constant.
Re RF

Ia
Ec Vt IF

VF

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 Self-Excited Generator
At steady-state condition, all currents are constant.
Re

Ia IL
Eg IF RF Vt

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 Self-Excited Motor
At steady-state condition, all currents are constant.
Re

Ia IL
Ec IF RF Vt

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Synchronous Machines

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 Synchronous Machine Details
d-axis
q-axis
b axis The stator has a
distributed three-
Phase b
Phase c winding
phase winding
winding (a,b,c).
Field
a axis
winding F

Damper
The rotor has a
Damper
winding D DC field winding
winding Q
(F) and short-
c axis Phase a circuited damper
winding windings (D,Q).

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 Primitive Coil Representation
b axis

q-axis d-axis
q-axis b

-
+ D
Q F a
a axis

+ -

c Note: Coils drawn outside

the circle are located in
the stator.
c axis
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 Transformation from abc to 0dq

q-axis b-axis q-axis

-
b q iq vq
+
d-axis d
a id d-axis
c
+ vd -
c-axis

a-axis

Note: The d and q windings are pseudo-stationary.

The 0 axis is perpendicular to the d and q axes.

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 Voltage Equation
Combining the stator and rotor equations, we get

v0 Ra i0 λ0 λ0
vd Ra id λd -1 λd
vq Ra iq λq 1 λq
= + + ωm
vF RF iF λF λF
vD RD iD λD λD
vQ RQ iQ λQ λQ

The equation is now in the form

[v]=[R][i]+[L]p[i]+ωm[G][i]

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Since , the equation reduces to

(motor equation)

Thus, for a cylindrical-rotor synchronous motor, the

equivalent circuit is shown below.
Ra+jXs

+ +

-
-

Define: Zs = Ra+jXs = synchronous impedance

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For a generator, current flows out of the machine

or
(generator equation)

For a cylindrical-rotor synchronous generator, the

equivalent circuit is shown below.
Ra+jXs

+ +

-
-

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Over-excited Motor: Id<0, Iq>0

q-axis
-XqIq
jEf
jXdId

Note:
jIq
(1)  The power factor
is leading Id d-axis
(1)  leads jEf by an
angle δ.
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Under-excited Motor: Id>0, Iq>0

q-axis

jXdId
-XqIq jEf

Note:
(1)  The power factor jIq
is lagging
(1)  leads jEf by an Id d-axis
angle δ.
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Over-excited Generator: Id<0, Iq<0

q-axis
-XqIq
jEf jXdId

Note: Actual
Current
(1)  The power factor Id
is lagging
jIq d-axis
(1)  lags jEf by an
angle δ.
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Under-excited Generator: Id>0, Iq<0

q-axis
jXdId
jEf -XqIq

Actual
Current
Note:
(1)  The power factor Id
is leading
jIq d-axis
(1)  lags jEf by an
angle δ.
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Induction Machines

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 Induction Machine Details
b axis
a’
B axis a’ A axis
c b
c A’ b
B
C C’
a axis
b’ B’ A c’
b’ c’

a
a
c axis
Squirrel Cage Wound
Rotor Rotor
C axis
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 Primitive Coil Representation
b axis
q axis d axis

b
B axis
A axis

a
a axis
C + -

ω  = synchronous
c speed
C axis
c axis ω r = rotor speed

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 Generalized Machine Model
We get the generalized
q-axis
machine model of the
- induction machine.
q iq vq
+
-
Q iQ v+Q
D d
d-axis
iD id
+vD - +vd -

Note: The properties of the

generalized machine apply to
this model.

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We get from (24) and (25)
(26)

(27)

These equations describe a “transformer” with a short

circuited secondary winding. An equivalent circuit is
shown.
R1+jωL11 R2/s+jωL22
jωL12
+ +

- -

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Equations (26) and (27) may also be re-written as
(28)

(29)

The equivalent circuit is shown below.

R1 jω(L11-L12) R2/s jω(L22-L12)

jωL12
-

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The equivalent circuit of an induction motor with all
quantities referred to the stator is shown below.
R1+jX1 R2e+jX2e

jXm
-

R1+jX1 = stator resistance plus leakage reactance

R2e+jX2e = referred rotor resistance plus leakage
reactance
Xm = referred magnetizing reactance
= referred rotor current
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 Comments
  Physical Construction of the Machine
  Primitive Coil Representation
  Generalized Machine Model
  Voltage and Torque Equation
  Equivalent Circuit
  Characterization
  Control

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