MENTAL ILLNESS

1. Schizophrenia​​ - Greek for “split” (from reality) and “mind”

a. About 1% of the world population
b. Symptoms (need 2/5 to be diagnosed):
i. Positive (things they have)
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Disorganized speech
4. Disorganized behaviors
ii. Negative (things they lack)
1. Absence of normal cognition or affect
c. Subtypes:
i. Paranoid
1. Delusions of persecution and/or grandeur
ii. Catatonic
1. Unresponsive to surroundings
2. Purposeless movement
3. Parrot-like speech
iii. Disorganized
1. Delusions/hallucinations with little meaning
2. Disorganized speech/behavior, flat affect
d. The Main Problem:
i. Psychological
1. difficulty sequencing and coordinating thoughts/perceptions
2. Exacerbated by loss of contact with others
ii. Neurological
1. Too much dopamine?
iii. Genetic
1. Risk increases with genetic similarity
iv. Environment
1. Difficult birth; prenatal viral infection
2. Stressful circumstances; difficult family environment
2. Mood Disorders
a. Depression - 8x more likely to commit suicide
i. lethargy, sense of worthlessness, loss of appetite/pleasure, lasting 2+ weeks
ii. Women > men; poor > rich
iii. Heritable; norepinephrine and dopamine
iv. Thought patterns?
1. Herd effect?
b. Bipolar depression
i. Less common
ii. Manic and depressive spurts
3. Anxiety Disorders
a. Symptoms - anxiety + maladaptive behaviors meant to alleviate anxiety
i. Anxiety - diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehension
1. normal; only a problem when it becomes irrational and disruptive
b. GAD - Constant worry that interferes with functioning
i. About 5% of pop experience it at some point
ii. Physical symptoms: headache, stomach ache, muscle tension, irritability
 iii.Contributing factors:
1. Genetics (also related genetically to major depression)
2. Childhood trauma -> hypervigilance -> GAD
3. Modeling​ (after behavior of anxious older relatives)
c. Phobias - intense, irrational fear
i. Can focus on:
1. Category of objects
2. Event or situation
3. Social setting
ii. Can develop from
1. Classical conditioning? (e.g.: dog bite)
a. Problem: not all phobias arise from trauma, not all phobias
lead to trauma
2. Preparedness? (i.e.: evolutionary history)
d. OCD
i. O: intrusive thoughts
ii. C: repetitive actions in search of relief
1. Most common are checking things and washing things
4. Dissociative Disorders
a. Dissociation - a dissociation of memory; normal to some extent
b. 3 main recognized types
i. Dissociative amnesia (psychogenic amnesia)
1. Memory loss; often selective loss surrounding traumatic events
2. Person still has identity and most of past
ii. Dissociative fugue (psychogenic fugue)
1. Global amnesia w/identity replacement
2. Return to normal state when fugue wears off
iii. Dissociative identity disorder
1. Multiple personalities
a. Has been tried (unsuccessfully) as a criminal defense
b. Typically starts in childhood; more frequent in women, can
develop as result of trauma; biological disposition + trauma?
(people with DID more easily hypnotized, etc)
2. Less than 25% of psychologists believe it’s a real disorder
3. Extreme version of normal psychology?
5. Personality disorders
a. Extreme and inflexible - maladaptive
i. Paranoid (NOT paranoid schizophrenic)
ii. Dependent
iii. Borderline - manipulative, difficult, problems with relationships
iv. Narcissistic
v. Antisocial
1. Psychopathy - “moral insanity”
2. More typically male
3. Selfish, impulsive
4. Deficit in empathetic qualities
5. Easily bored
b. Disorders, or just sorts of people? *controversial
6. Therapy
a. types
 i. Psychodynamic therapy
ii. Behavioral therapy*
iii. Cognitive therapy*
iv. Humanistic therapy
v. Biological interventions
b. Does it work?
i. ...maybe? Just might be statistical likelihood of improvement?
ii. Studies have shown that people in therapy do fare better
c. Nonspecific factors in success
i. Support system
ii. Hope
* popular as a combo

SELF AND OTHER

Implicit egoism​ - We gravitate towards things that are more similar to ourselves
Spotlight effect​ - We think we’re noticed more than we are
Lake Wobegon effect -​ We overestimate our own capabilities
Self-serving bias -​ tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner
Mere exposure effect - We like things we’re familiar with
Name three reasons we like others.
1. If they remind us of ourselves (implicit egoism)
2. If we think they’re capable and then they make some small blunder (makes them
seem more personable)
3. Misattribution of arousal (bridge study)

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy and explain a study that supports it?

Cognitive-Dissonance Theory (various parts and support for it)

Ex: doing a boring task for more vs less money

Attribution theory

Person bias -​ We assume other people’s inner workings; tend to blame people over situations
Fundamental attribution error​ - See person bias
Pygmalion effect​ - higher expectations lead to an increase in performance

Describe a study that explains our belief towards groups.

What is the value of making generalizations?
Evolutionary useful - help us to make quick judgements about the safety of a situation

List and explain the problems with generalizations/stereotypes.

- Not always accurate

List and explain the three types of stereotypes.

1. Public - you’re aware and share
2. Private - you’re aware and hide
3. Implicit - you’re unaware

Why do implicit stereotypes matter?

They affect how you treat other people

Explain the difference between reliable and valid.

​Reliable =
​ consistent
Valid =
​ accurate

Describe Thorndike’s study.

The cat puzzle boxes

PERSONALITY

What makes an outgroup: Proximity plus small differences

Open/nonopen
Conscientious/undirected
Extroverted/introverted
Agreeable/antagonistic
Neurotic/stable

Flynn effect - humanity is getting smarter

Heredity - genes shared

Heritability - proportion of variance due to genes

Environment - shared (family behavior) vs nonshared (random events)

Behavioral genetics, 2 big findings

High heritability for everything
Nonshared environment accounts for the rest

Better environment gives heredity more room to matter

MYSTERIES

4 stages of sleep
Protective? Regenerative?
REM - true dreams
Slow wave - sleep thoughts

Laughter
social and communicative
Contagious
Shared with other primates
Mock aggression (response to tickling, which is a mock attack)

Humor - mild social harm + friend + surprise

Art’s value given by believed origins

LOVE

Love = intimacy + passion + commitment (Sternberg)

Big Three
1. Proximity
2. Familiarity
3. Similarity
Big Four
1. Competence
a. Pratfall
2. Physical attractiveness
a. Frizzy wig experiment
3. Gain-loss effect
a. The way you frame things, pos or neg
4. Misattribution of arousal
a. Rickety bridge

ADDICTION

Drug - alters structure or function

Psychoactive drug - alters mind
There has never been a drug free society
Addiction - substance use disorder
Chronic relapsing condition
Personally devastating
High social costs
Impaired control
1. Large amounts consumed
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to quit
3. Time consuming
 4. Craving
Social impairment
5. Failure to fulfill major roles
6. Social or interpersonal problems
7. Other activities reduced or given up
Risky use
8. Physically hazardous situations
9. Continued use despite knowledge of harm
Dependence
10. Tolerance
11. Withdrawal

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment (CBT)

Focus on negative consequences of failing/positive rewards of succeeding!
Mindfulness-Based Treatments (MBT)
Urge surfing

MORALITY

Morality - we’d rather undergo pain than inflict it on an animal

- Britain Cat Woman

1. Universals
a. Selfish genes
i. Altruism, collaboration
b. Babies w/puppet show
2. Differences
a. Opinion - race, sexuality
b. THREE FRAMEWORKS OF MORAL THOUGHT
i. Ethics of ​autonomy​​ (rights/equality/freedom),
ii. community​​ (duty/status/hierarchy/interdependence),
iii. and ​divinity​​ (purity/sanctity/pollution/sin)
c. Dictator and ultimatum games
3. Emotion vs reason​ (ex: incest)
a. Disgust
i. Evolved to motivate avoiding parasites and poisons
ii. Evolved to include our feelings towards people
iii. High disgust sensitivity has a pos correlation with homophobia
b. Reason
i. Trolley problem - utilitarianism
ii. Passively selfish, actively selfless
iii. Impartiality

Evidence for the phrase “is morality innate?”

Babies - shapes going up a hill experiment; they liked the “helping shape” or puppet more
Babies have implicit bias but aren’t self-aware enough to recognize that they have it
When looking at political differences on morality, what do you find?
Liberals care most about harm and fairness

HAPPINESS
Literally just all of Psych and the Good Life