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Abstract— Integration of distributed generation units (DGs) and Ri Resistance of ith branch in the network.
capacitor banks (CBs) in distribution systems aim to enhance the LB and UB Lower and upper boundaries, respectively.
system performance. This paper proposes water cycle algorithm PF DG units’ power factor.
(WCA) for optimal placement and sizing of DGs and CBs. The
proposed method aims to achieve technical, economic, and environ- PL an d QL Active and reactive power losses,
mental benefits. Different objective functions: minimizing power respectively.
losses, voltage deviation, total electrical energy cost, total emissions Pd and Qd Load demand active and reactive powers.
produced by generation sources and improving the voltage stabil- PrGrid Generated power cost at substations.
ity index are considered. WCA emulates the water flow cycle from C Generation cost for each source.
streams to rivers and from rivers to sea. Five different operational
cases are considered to assess the performance of the proposed a and b Fixed and variable generation cost
methodology. Simulations are carried out on three distribution coefficients.
systems, namely IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus test systems, and East Delta Gr Annual rate of benefit ($/h).
network, as a real part of Egyptian system. The simulated results LF Load factor of DGs.
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared ei , Cci CBs installation and purchase cost.
with other optimization algorithms. Also, the results demonstrate
that the proposed WCA gives superior performance for the system QCi Reactive power of the CBs.
and give distinguished improvements in both economic and envi- EGrid and EDGi Emissions generated by the grid and ith
ronmental benefits. Moreover, the results give the flexible operation DG unit, respectively
with controllable power factor DGs that is better than those using Rand Random number between 0 and 1.
DGs at fixed power factor. Rij and Xij Resistance and reactance of branch ij, re-
Index Terms—Capacitor bank (CB), distributed generation spectively.
(DG), power loss, voltage deviation (VD), voltage stability index m1, m2 Slack bus, bus number (2, 3, . . . , nbus).
(VSI), water cycle algorithm (WCA). ffi Fitness functions of a raindrop.
RP Raindrops population matrix.
NOMENCLATURE Npop, Nvar Number of raindrops and design variables,
respectively.
O& M cost Operation and maintenance cost. i i
Xstream and Xriver Position of the stream and river for ith
CO2, SO2, NOx Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitro- iteration, respectively.
gen oxides, respectively. N Sn Number of streams which flow into rivers
nL Number of branches. or sea.
PV Photovoltaic power plant. Nsr Number of rivers and sea.
WT and GT Wind and gas turbine power plants, dmax Very small number near zero.
respectively. nbus Total number of system buses.
NDG Numbers of DG units. Vi and vi Voltage at ith bus and its magnitude.
P Gi and QGi Active and reactive power at ith DG unit,
respectively.
Manuscript received February 6, 2017; revised April 22, 2017 and July 3, Pg Grid Real power produced by substation.
2017; accepted August 22, 2017. (Corresponding author: Ahmed Samir Abbas.)
A. A. A. El-Ela is with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering QCBtotal Reactive power of CBs.
Department, Menoufiya University, Shebeen El-Kom 32511, Egypt (e-mail: Ii Current magnitude of ith branch.
draaa50@hotmail.com). visp ec Specified voltage magnitude (1.0 p.u.).
R. A. El-Sehiemy is with the Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering
Department, and the Intelligent Systems Reseach Group, Kafrelsheikh Univer- k1, k2 , and k3 Priorities factors which are as 0.5, 0.25,
sity, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt (e-mail: elsehiemy@eng.kfs.edu.eg). and 0.25, respectively.
A. S. Abbas is with the Mechanical and Electrical Research Institute, NWRC, Life time Investment years of DGs/CBs.
Cairo 13621, Egypt (e-mail: Ahmd_sameer@yahoo.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2796847 min, max Minimum and maximum limits.
1937-9234 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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and sizing of combined DGs and CBs in distribution systems. f1 (x) = min Ri ∗ |Ii |2 . (1)
i=1
Jannat and Savic [15] proposed a method for solving the place-
ment and sizing problem considering the effect of renewable The second technical OF aims to improve the voltage pro-
energy uncertainty. file and preserve better voltage profile. This function can be
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EL-ELA et al.: OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND CBs IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 3
2) Economic OF: The economical OF (f4 ) aims to minimize WCA [18] begins with an initial population similar to other
the power generation costs that can be calculated from [2] metaheuristic algorithms, this initial population called the rain-
and [17]. drops (RD). The values of the problem controlled variables xi
(PGi , QGi , QCB
total , and placement of DG and CB) can be formed
N DG
as an array called “RD” for single solution. This array can be
f4 (x) = min (CDG i + Csub + CCB ) (5)
defined as follows:
i=1
f5 (x) = EDG i + EGrid (11) using a random distance (x) [18]. The same concept is applied
i=1 for flowing rivers to the sea, so the new position for the streams
and rivers can be given as
EDG i = CODG
2 + NODG
x + SODG
2 × PGi (12)
i+1
Xstream i
= Xstream + rand ∗ U ∗ ( Xriver
i
− Xstream
i
) (23)
EGrid = COGrid
2 + NOGrid
x + SOGrid
2 × Pg Grid .
(13)
i+1
Xriver i
= Xriver + rand ∗ U ∗ (Xsea
i
− Xriver
i
) (24)
where U is a constant and it equals to 2.To avoid getting
B. Constraints trapped in local optimal it is assumed that an evaporation
1) Equality Constraints: The constraints for power balance process will happen and the clouds will be formed and then
requirements it will begin to rain (new random solutions). The condition
in (25) is checked, if it is satisfied then evaporation will be
NG
NG
PGi − PL = Pd QGi − QL = Qd . (14) started.
i
i=1 i=1 Xsea − Xriver
i < dm ax , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , Nsr − 1. (25)
2) Inequality Constraints: Maximum admissible generated
After each evaporation process, the value of dm ax is as
power from DGs/CBs should not exceed to permissible limita-
m ax = dm ax − (dm ax / max iteration).
di+1 i i
tions of the distribution systems. (26)
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IV. APPLICATIONS
A. Test Distribution Systems
The proposed WCA is applied to three distribution sys-
tems. These systems are IEEE 33-bus distribution system
[17], IEEE 69-bus distribution system [18], and the East
Delta network (EDN) as a real part of the Egyptian distri-
bution network [20]. The total real and reactive loads of the
three systems are 3.715 + j2.3 MVA, 3.802 + j2.694 MVA, and
22.441 + j14.162 MVA, respectively.
The power flow calculations are carried out using backward
forward sweeping [20], [21]. The total real power losses for the
three distributions systems in the initial case are 202.67, 225,
and 805.73 kW, respectively.
B. Cases Studied
Five operational cases are introduced to show the effective-
ness of the proposed WCA and to study the impact of DGs and
CBs installation on the system performance.
Case 1: Single OF, power loss minimization, is considered
for placement and sizing of CBs alone.
Case 2: Single OF, power loss minimization, is considered
for placement and sizing of DGs that operate at unity PF.
Case 3: Single OF power loss minimization is considered
for optimal placement and sizing combination of CBs/DGs.
Case 4: Multiobjective optimal placement and sizing of
CBs/DGs. The DGs are operated with controllable PF. Three
technical objectives (f1 , f2 , f3 ) are considered. The multiOF is
Fig. 1. Flow chart of the proposed method. implemented by using weighting factors approach. The OF can
be expressed as follows:
The raining process starts after evaporation process. The new OF = min(k1 f1 + k2 f2 + k3 f3 ). (28)
streams are formed due to newly RD (random solution).
The streams that directly flow to the sea [see (27)] aim to Case 5: Multiobjective optimal placement and sizing of
encourage streams production to improve the optimal solution multi CBs/DGs. DGs are controllable units to supply active
for constrained problems. and reactive power. Technical, economic, and environmental
√ objectives (f1 , f4 , and f5 ) are optimized. Therefore, the OF can
new
Xstream = Xsea + µ × rand(1, Nvar ) (27) be formulated as follow:
where µ is the coefficient that shows the range of searching near
the sea and its value is usually equals to 0.1. OF = min(k1 f1 + k2 f4 + k3 f5 ). (29)
EL-ELA et al.: OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND CBs IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 5
TABLE I TABLE IV
CHARACTERISTICS OF DGS PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DGS AND CBS FOR 33-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 3)
DG Rated Life Capital O&M Fuel cost Emission factors Method Power loss DG size (MW) Capacitor size (MVAR) Min. voltage
type capacity time cost costs ($/kWċh) (lb/MWh) (kW) and location and location (p.u.)
(MW) (year) ($/kW) ($/kWċh)
NO X SO 2 CO 2 GA [14] 71.25 0.25 (16), 0.25 0.30 (15), 0.30 (18) 0.971∗
(22), 0.50 (30) 0.30 (29), 0.60 (30),
Grid 25 25 – – 0.044 5.06 11.6 2031 0.30 (31)
PV 1 20 3985 0.01207 – – – – BFOA [23] 41.41 0.542 (17), 0.163 (18), 0.338 (33), 0.978∗
WT 5 20 1822 0.009 52 – – – – 0.160 (18), 0.541 (30),
GT 3 12 1224 0.06481 0.0667 0.279 0.93 1239.2 0.895 (33)
WCA 24.688 0.973 (25), 0.465 (23), 0.565 (30) 0.980 (33)
1.04 (29), 0.535 (14)
0.563 (11)
TABLE II
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF CBS FOR 33-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 1) ∗
Placement of minimum bus voltage has not been mentioned.
Method Power loss CBs size (MVAR) and Min. voltage TABLE V
(kW) location (p.u.) MULTIOBJECTIVE PLACEMENT AND SIZING FOR 33-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 4)
TABLE III
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DGS FOR 33-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 2)
The proposed WCA gives a significant reduction in total
active power loss to be 71.052 kW with reduction of 64.9%
Method Power DG size (MW) and location Min.
loss voltage
referred to initial case. Three DGs are installed at buses 14,
(kW) (p.u.) 24, and 29 with penetration 0.8546, 1.017, and 1.181 MW, re-
spectively. The minimum voltage level (0.973) is obtained at
FWA [16] 88.68 0.5897 (14), 0.189 (18), 1.0146 (32) 0.968∗
BFOA [23] 98.3 0.633 (17), 0.09 (18), 0.9470 (33) 0.964∗
bus 33.
HSA [25] 96.76 0.5724 (17), 0.107 (18), 1.0462 (33) 0.967 (29) Table IV represents the results of Case 3 that shows that the
TM [26] 91.305 0.5876 (15), 0.1959 (25), 0.783 (33) 0.958 (30) WCA gives superior power loss reduction compared with Cases
GA/PSO [27] 103.4 0.9250 (11), 0.8630 (16), 1.2 (32) 0.980 (25)
PSO [27] 105.35 1.1768 (8), 0.9816 (13), 0.8297 (32) 0.980 (30)
1 and 2. Case 3 suggests installing three DGs at buses 11, 25,
GA [27] 106.3 1.50 (11), 0.4228 (29), 1.0714 (30) 0.981 (25) and 29 and three CBs at buses 14, 23, and 30. A significant
WCA 71.052 0.8546 (14), 1.1017 (24), 1.181 (29) 0.973 (33) power loss reduction (24.688 kW) is achieved compared to GA
∗
(71.25 kW) and BFOA (41.41 kW). The minimum voltage level
Placement of minimum bus voltage has not been mentioned.
of 0.98 p.u. is obtained at bus 33.
From the results of Case 4 that is shown in Table V, it is clear
C. Results and Comments that the optimal placement and sizing of DGs (with controllable
1) Results of 33-Bus Network: Results of case 1 are shown PF (and CBs will be very effective to minimize system power
in Table II where the optimal placement and sizing of CBs loss, improve VSI and voltage deviation. A comparison between
is determined using the proposed WCA. The results of this bus voltage profiles of different cases can be seen in Fig. 2.
case are compared with other algorithms [bacterial foraging Sample of convergence curves for IEEE 33-bus distribution sys-
optimization algorithm (BFOA) [23], crow search algorithm tem is presented in Fig. 3. The evaporation process in WCA leads
(CSA) [24], and PSO [31]]. Three capacitors are installed at to optimal solutions with little number of iterations.
buses 14, 24, and 30. The results show that the proposed algo- Table VI presents the technical, economic, and environmental
rithm is efficient to find the optimal solution with lowest real benefits of simultaneous placement of DGs and CBs in 33-
power losses of 130.91 kW and the total installed CBs capacity bus distribution system. Results show that the total emission
equals 1.8484 MVAR. The lowest voltage (0.951 p.u.) is found at is reduced by 58% due to the penetration of Renewable DGs
bus 18. (PV with 0.7149 and 0.6397; WT with 0.6476; and GT with
Table III presents the optimal solution of Case 2. It shows 0.2008 MW). Also generated power cost is reduced by 18%,
the effectiveness of the proposed WCA for finding the optimal and distribution power loss is reduced to 28.962 kW.
placement and sizing of DGs only. The obtained results are 2) Results of 69-Bus System: Tables VII and VIII present
assessed comparing with that of BFOA in [23] and [25]–[27]. the results of Cases 1 and 2, respectively. It can be observed
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TABLE VIII
PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DGS ONLY FOR 69-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 2)
TABLE IX
PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DGS AND CBS FOR 69-BUS SYSTEM
FOR CASES 3 AND 4 USING WCA
OF: f1 = 33.339 kW
Fig. 3. Convergence curves of Case 2 for the first 5 runs 33-bus distribution
system. Case 4 61 1.8247 0.877 15 0.0188 0.994 (50)
(multi-OF) 36 1.0414 0.916 33 0.4578
19 0.1063 0.904 22 0.5586
TABLE VI
MULTIOBJECTIVE PLACEMENT AND SIZING FOR 33-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 5) OFs f1 = 18.7048 kW f2 = 0.0092 f3 = 0.0313
EL-ELA et al.: OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND CBs IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 7
TABLE XII
MULTIOBJECTIVE SOLUTION OF EDN FOR CASE 5
TABLE X
MULTIOBJECTIVE PLACEMENT AND SIZING SOLUTION
FOR 69-BUS SYSTEM (CASE 5)
V. CONCLUSION
Water cycle optimization algorithm has been proposed as
single and multiobjective frameworks for optimal placement
and sizing of combined DGs/CBs in distribution networks. It
Fig. 5. Voltage profiles of different cases for EDN system. aims at maximizing technical, economic, and environmental
benefits. Five operational cases of DGs and CBs have been
3) Results of EDN: The results of WCA Cases 1–4 applied applied to three different distribution systems and compared
to EDN are shown in Table XI. Results show a significant im- with other optimization algorithms. The salient findings of the
provement in system performance (VSI and VD). A comparison simulation results are summarized as follow.
between bus voltage profiles of each case is shown in Fig. 5 for 1) More effectiveness of the proposed WCA have been
EDN. The highest reduction in power losses (47.1369 kW) is obtained, for solving the optimal placement and sizing
obtained with placement of DGs and CBs in Case 4. Also, Case problem, compared with other optimization algorithms.
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
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