Computer College Fairview Campus

SHS Department

Mark Clein Toriano FVS1

18001569100 Earth and Life Science (ELSC)
Mr. Jacob Castrence September 29, 2018

Assignment #2

Cell Membrane - separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The basic function of the cell membrane is to
protect the cell from its surroundings.

Nucleus - the main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication
of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully
enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected
network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae and transport of
synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.
Cytoplasm - It is made up of mostly water and salt. Cytoplasm is present within the cell membrane of all
cell types and contains all organelles and cell parts. most chemical processes take place here, controlled
by enzymes

Cell Wall - The cell wall is the protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell. A major function of
the cell wall is to give the cell strength and structure, and to filter molecules that pass in and out of the
cell.

Golgi Bodies – It is part of the cell's endomembrane system. A major function is the modifying, sorting
and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and
the creation of lysosomes.

Chloroplast - The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic
pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage
molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.

Vacuole - usually found in all plant and fungal cells. These membrane-bound structures are basically just
enclosed compartments that are filled with both inorganic and organic molecules, along with water to
support the organelle. Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Containing waste
products.

Vacuole Membrane - are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are
much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They
can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

Nucleolus - The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. ... The
nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA. It then
sends the subunits out to the rest of the cell where they combine into complete ribosomes.
Mitochondria - are organelles, or parts of a eukaryote cell. They are in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.
They make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a
source of energy. Their main job is to convert energy.

Ribosome - Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions
such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the
cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell Membrane - separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The basic function of the cell membrane is to
protect the cell from its surroundings.

Nucleus - the main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication
of DNA during the cell cycle. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully
enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected
network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae and transport of
synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

Nucleolus - The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. ... The
nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA. It then
sends the subunits out to the rest of the cell where they combine into complete ribosomes.

Vacuole - usually found in all plant and fungal cells. These membrane-bound structures are basically just
enclosed compartments that are filled with both inorganic and organic molecules, along with water to
support the organelle. Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell. Containing waste
products.
Cytoplasm - It is made up of mostly water and salt. Cytoplasm is present within the cell membrane of all
cell types and contains all organelles and cell parts. most chemical processes take place here, controlled
by enzymes

Mitochondria - are organelles, or parts of a eukaryote cell. They are in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.
They make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a
source of energy. Their main job is to convert energy.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected
network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae and transport of
synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes - are membrane bounded organelles found in animal and plant cells. They vary in shape, size
and number per cell and appear to operate with slight differences in cells of yeast, higher plants and
mammals. Lysosomes contribute to a dismantling and re-cycling facility.

Golgi Complex - gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex.
It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends
them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes.

Secretory Vesicles - a vesicle that mediates the vesicular transport of cargo - e.g. hormones or
neurotransmitters - from an organelle to specific sites at the cell membrane, where it docks and fuses to
release its content.
 Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical
energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the plant leaf through stomata, i.e., minute epidermal pores in
the leaves and stem of plants which facilitate the transfer of various gases and water vapor.

Water enters the leaves, primarily through the roots. These roots are especially designed to draw the
ground water and transport it to the leaves through the stem.

As sunlight falls on the leaf surface, the chlorophyll, i.e., the green pigment present in the plant leaf, traps
the energy in it. Interestingly, the green color of the leaf is also attributed to presence of chlorophyll.

Then hydrogen and oxygen are produced by converting water using the energy derived from the Sun.
Hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide in order to make food for the plant, while oxygen is released
through the stomata. Similarly, even algae and bacteria use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to prepare food,
while oxygen is let out as a waste product.
The electrons from the chlorophyll molecules and protons from the water molecules facilitate chemical
reactions in the cell. These reactions produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which provides energy for
cellular reactions, and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diphosphate), essential in plant
metabolism.
The entire process can be explained by a single chemical formula.

6CO2 +12H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O

While we take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide to produce energy, plants take in carbon dioxide
and give out oxygen to produce energy.