Pile Foundations

(Purpose and applications)

 Classification of pile with respect to load
transmission (End Bearing and Friction)
 Negative Skin Friction
 Driven and Bored Piles
 Cast Concrete Piles & Cast in Situ Piles
 Construction Methods & Equipment
 Functions of a pile cap
 Tremie Concrete
 Load Test on Pile
 Problems faced in Piling & Rectification
 Strategy New IRC: 109 on Thin Dia Piles
satander50@yahoo.co.in
 Structures:
• Anything that is constructed, whether, Fixed or
moveable, temporary or permanent, Buildings,
masts, towers, framework, pipelines, Transport
infrastructure, underground works (shafts, tunnels).

PILE : Heap of things laid or lying one on

top of another

Books in a pile" ·
 Purpose - Pile Foundation

• Soil at a reasonable depth is too soft

• Loads high,

• not enough plan area.

• Large lateral /inclined loads

• Uplift loads
 Function of Pile
• Piles: To transfer loads from a structure to
competent subsurface strata having adequate
load-bearing capacity.

• Load transfer mechanism : Transfer axial loads by

friction along its shaft or end-bearing or both.
 Design and Construction of Foundation
• IRC 78-2014 : Design, construction of
foundation, Substructure.

• Foundation: Bridge in direct contact with

transmitting load to founding strata.

Pier: Intermediate Support of superstructure.

• Piles: Transmitting structure weight. to f. strata.
 Objective
• Piles transmit load to competent sub surface
strata by resistance developed from bearing at
toe plus skin friction along surface.

• Required to carry lateral / vertical load.

• Design and construction of piles --IS :2911

• Safe lateral load resistance, deflection <1% dia.

Pile Construction at NCB Haryana NH2
 Sub soil Investigation IRC:SP:73 clause 7.6

• Bore location SPT- At abutment –

SPT- IS: 2131
• One bore at each foundation

• Spacing of bores- 10-12 m Sample splitter IS:9640

• RE wall IRC:SP: 102

• Drainage (NP 4 Pipe) dia 1.2 m ----- IS: 458

 ROTARY DRILLING

• Drill bit fixed to drill rod which is rotated by power

• Soil collected through Shelby tubes

• Water/Bentonite slurry - under pressure 10

SPT Videos
 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
In automatic hammer, we take 60% energy.

12
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

13
14
Geo Tropical and Geo-physical
Investigation
 Reinforcement details
Thickness of Pile Cap
• Reinforcements: Area longitudinal
reinforcement > 0.4 %, <2.5 % of actual area
of cross section.

• Lateral reinforcement- spirals 8mm dia.

• Spacing not more than 150mm.

• Pile Cap – Min. thickness - 1.5*dia of pile.
Types: based on load transmission/ Function
 Piles – types as per Load Transfer. contd
(i) End Bearing Piles:

• Transfer load to a hard strata,

• Derive its bearing

capacity from
end bearing.

(ii) Friction Piles:

• Do not rest on hard stratum

• Derives its carrying capacity
from skin friction
 Piles – types as per Load Transfer
(iii) Tension Pile: Uplift piles: Vertical pull

• Uplift due to hydrostatic pressure.

 Piles - types
(iv) Compaction Piles: Compression pile

• Compact loose granular soil to increase its bearing capacity.

• Do not carry load, can be of weaker material.
• Sand piles .
 Piles - types
(v) Anchor piles: Horizontal pull
• Provide anchorage against horizontal pull from
sheet piling.

(vi) Fender piles

and dolphins:

Fender: safety guard fence

Dolphins: structure for protecting pier

 Basics- Pile Foundation
• Load from structure transmitted settlement
(>12mm)- may result in structural damage.

• IS: 2974 for Adjacent structures Distance/vicinity

 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION AND SETTLEMENT OF PILES
• A relative movement between a pile and a soil produces:
• Swelling soils, when soil moves upward in relation to pile.
• _______________________________________________
• If movement of pile is downward, i.e., soil shear stress
induced in pile is upward, direction of shear is positive.

• ________________________________________________

• If movement of pile is upward,

shear stress direction is negative;
Mechanised Drilling rigs and Driving hammer
 A telescopic Kelly bar
• Drilling large excavations.

• Lower outer bar section,

• One middle bar sections

• An upper inner bar

• High Tensile Steel

 Kelly bars

• Transmit twisting torque to drill tool

• Outside cross-section- square,

• Torque applied from rotary, Kelly bushing, to bar.

 Classification- based on Casting- Driven Piles

Driven into soil-impact hammer.

Boring is not used .
Driven into granular soils -densifies soil
 Driven Cast-in-situ Concrete Pile-
UNCASED
• Provide enlarged base.

• Displacing subsoil, casing may be driven with a

plug or a shoe at bottom.

• Casing is taken out, it is termed as UNCASED.

 Cased
Driven
Cast-in-situ Pile

Uncased
Driven
Cast-in-situ
Pile
 Classification based on Installation
• Bored Piles:

• Constructed in pre-bored holes using a casing or by

circulating bentonite slurry.

• Filled concrete after placing reinforcement.

• Under-reamed piles : 300 to 450mm diameter

 Bored Piles: CAST-IN-SITU PILE-
uncased,
• Concrete poured, comes in direct contact with soil.

• Rammed, vibrated or just poured.

• Upto adequate bearing strata or

• Adequate skin friction

 Bored Cast In-situ Pile
• Pile + bulb ‘under-reamed bored compaction pile’.

• Piles < 600 mm dia - small diameter piles

• Piles >600 m diameter -large diameter piles.

• Minimum pile diameter -450 mm

• Pile 200 mm Thin dia pile IRC:109

BORED CAST-IN-SITU UNDER REAMED PILE FOUNDATION
Where- weak or expansive like black cotton soil
 IS Codes
• IS 13920 : 1993 ‘Ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic.

• IS 4326 : 1993 ‘Earthquake resistant design

and construction of buildings
 Raker Piles
• Vertical piles cannot resist applied horizontal forces.
• Limited to 1 horizontal to 6 vertical
Concreting -
Tremie Pipe
Pre cast Pile – Operation Techniques
Pre Cast Pre-stressed Concrete Piles- Less
requirement for coffer dam
Composite Cement- IS: 16415-2015
• Cement 35-65% - 35 kg cement
• Fly ash 15-35% - 35 kg fly ash
• Slag 20-50% - 30 kg slag

• 3 day compressive strength 16 MPa,

• 7 days “ 22 MPa
• 28 days “ 33 MPa
Performance improver Mineral admixtures, lime stone
powder, slag etc 5%
Properties 33 Grade 43 Grade 43 Grade, S, 53 Grade 53 Grade,
OPC OPC Sleeper OPC sleeper S
FINENESS 225 225 370 225 370
m2/kg
Setting IS 30 30 60 30 60
Time FS 600 600 600 600 600
Min CS 3 D 16 23 23 27 27
Min 7D 22 33 37.5 37 37.5
Min 28 D 33 43 43 53 53
Max 28 D 48 58 - - --
IS: 383 -2016 Manufactured Aggregate
• Sand or fine aggregate means- Passing 4.75 mm
% passing 75 µ silt
Ö Ö

Size 4. 0 mm Size 4. 0 mm
Silt 3% Natural, 15% Crushed
Texture Smooth Rough
Area Less with no fine More with more fine

Crushe
Natural ..r dust ..
sand ... ..
 Grading Zone 1 Grading Zone II Grading Zone III Grading Zone IV
Sieve FM 3.0 -3.5 2.5 – 3.0 FM 2- 2.5
size FM Less than 2

10 mm
100 100 100 100
4.75
mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100

2.36
mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100

30

15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100

5 50

0 15

out side limit except 600 micron upto 5% Permissible

Fineness Modulus of sand 2-3.5 MORD clause 2009 page 574 49
No change in blue values, 150 micron value 0-20% crushed stone sand
• Fullers Formula • Abram’s Law

1
½ Strength = ---------------
Size whose % passing to find
W/C
----------------------
Maximum size

(4.75mm/20mm)½

48.8% say 50 ( 40-60)

 Chemical Admixture
• Cl = 0.2%by weight of admixtures

• pH = 7-8

• Water reduction minimum 20% at Slump

variation less than 15 mm

• 3/7 days strength 25% more

• 28days same

51
 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE -- IS 9103

• CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE, liquid < 2%

• Mineral admixture -powder

• Fly ash IS: 3812 upto 35%

• Slag IS: 12089 50-70%

• Silica fume IS: 15388 ----- 5-10%

52
 Cement and Concrete IRC 112-2011
• OPC, PPC, PSC, sulphate resistant, Low heat cement = 450 Max.
• Fly ash 20-35% IS: 3812
• Slag 50% IS:12089
• Silica fume IS: 15388
• Agg size 1/4th Section, 10 mm less cover
• 10 mm less distance betw bars

• Temp of concrete 30OC

• Minimum 5 OC

• Maintain 2OC for 7 days

 Reinforcing steel IRC 112/IS: 1876
• Grade % Minimum
Elongation
• Fe 415 IS 1786 14.5
• Fe 415 D 18
• Fe 500 12
• Fe 500 D 16
• Fe 550 10
• Fe 550 D 14.5
• Fe 600 10
 IS 1786-2008- Fe 500, 16 mm/ clause 1001.6.2.2 page 239 MORD
• Carbon Max 0.3%
• Sulpher Max 0.055
• Phosphorous Max 0.055
• Sulphur +Phorphorous Max 0.105

• Carbon Equivalent, C + Mn + Cr+ Mg+ V + Ni + Cu

(Morth 530p) IRC: 112 6 5 15
Guaranteed weldability, Carbon Equivalent, < 0.4% (For
special grade Fe 415) page 239 MORD--- 2 times bar dia, away
from bends
• Tensile Strength (8% More YS) > 545 Mpa
• Yield Strength > 500 Mpa
• % elongation 5.65 ( Area)1/2 12% minimum
• Mass / meter 1.580+/- 5%
• Rate of stressing 30 MPa/sec

• Oxy-acetelyne welding
 DESIGN STRNGTH
f ’ck = fck + t x s

f ’ck = target mean compressive strength at 28 days, N/mm2

fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, and, N/mm2

s = standard deviation, N/mm2

t = standard normal variate which is taken as 1.65 as per IS:456-2000

for accepted proportion of low results 1 in 20.

56
 CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH
The term characteristic strength indicates that value of the strength below
which not more than 5 % of the test results are expected to fall.
 ASSUMED STANDARD DEVIATION

Grade of concrete Assumed Standard Deviation N/mm2

M25 4.0
M30
M35
M40
5.0 (Roads and building)
M45
6 Mpa for structures
M50
M55
M60

TARGET STRENGTH = 40+ 1.65 * 5 MPa as Standard Deviation =

40+ 8.25 Mpa = 48.25 MPa

58
PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WATER – CEMENT RATIO

Sl No. Target mean strength/ Approximate Water

Grade of Concrete Cement Ratio
1 M 25 0.50
2 M 30 0.45
3 M 35 0.42
4 M 40 0.38
5 M50 0.34
6 M60 0.28

W/C = Let us take 0.36 for M 48

59
 APPROXIMATE WATER CONTENT PER CUBIC METRE OF
CONCRETE FOR NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATE
(WITH OUT PLASTICISER /SUPERPLASTICISER)

Nominal Maximum Approximate Water

Size of Aggregate Content
mm kg
10 208
20 186
40 165

• 1) Water content for angular coarse aggregate and for

20-50 mm slump say 35 mm

For each increase of 25 mm slump, 3% water is increased

in case of mixes without chemical admixtures.
60
 Water Content (Contd.)

• with Super-plasticizing, water reduction up to 30%

Water content is 186 kg/m3 for 20 mm MSA without admixture,

148.8 kg/m3 assuming 20 % reduction

186 litre – 20 % 0f 186 = 186 – 37.2 = 148.8 litre or

(186 X 0.80 ) = 148.8 litre water for 1 cubic m concrete

(2400 kg = 24 kN/cum = 2.4 tonnes/cu m of concrete

61
 EXAMPLE FOR EACH CUBIC M OF CONCRETE
• Water 186 l /cubic m.

• Let us take 80% after adding admixture

•
=0.80*186 =148.8 litre/cubic m.

• W/C = 0.36 148.8 = 0.36

C 1
• 0.36 * C = 148.8 donot add admixtures then cement content =
W/C= 0.36
186 /C= 0.36
Cement content = 186/0.36
• C= 148.8 = 516.7 kg/ cu
0.36 Extra Cement required = 516.7- 413.3 = 103.4 kg

= 413.3 kg < 450 kg/cu m -- IS: 456

62
 EXAMPLE

• Absolute volume of water 148.8/1000 = 0.1488 cum

• Absolute volume of cement = 413.3/3150 =0.1312 cum

• Absolute volume of admixture sp gr 1.2 = 1% of 413.3 kg

• 4.133 kg/1200 cum = 0.0034 cum (1% by wt of cement)

Absolute volume of all agg =1- 0.1488- 0.1312-0.0034

= 0.7166 m3

63
 ESTIMATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE CONTENT
Nominal Volume of Coarse Aggregate Per Unit
Maximum Volume of Concrete for Different Zones
Size of of Fine Aggregate
Aggregate Zone Zone III Zone II Zone I
mm IV
10 0 .50 0. 48 0 .46 0. 44
20 0 .66 0. 64 0 .62 0. 60
40 0 .75 0. 73 0 .71 0. 69
For pumpable mixes 10% coarse aggregate is decreased and Fine
aggregate content is increased.
Proportion is for W/C ratio 0.5.
For each decrease in 0.05 W/C ratio, there shall be increase of 1% coarse aggregate
0.50 – 0.36 = 0.14. For Change in - 0.05 there is + 1%
1 +1/0.05
for 0.14 + (1/0.05)*0.14= + 2.8 %
2.8 + 62% = 64.8 % Coarse agg
 Absolute volume of agg = 0.7166 cum

coarse aggregate 64.8% of 0.7166 cum =

0.648* 0.7166 = 0.4644 cum

Coarse aggregate down 20 mm = 0.2522 cum

Fine agg = 35.2% of 0.7166 cum

= 0.352*0.7166 cum = 0.2522 cum

Total volume of all agg = 0.7166 cum

65
 ABSOLUTE VOLUME in CUM

• Absolute volume of water 1 = 0.1488 cum

• Absolute volume of cement = 0.1312 cum

• Absolute volume of admixture = = 0.0034 cum

• coarse agg = 0.4644 cum

• fine agg = 0.2522 cum

• Total Volume = 1.000 cu m 66

 SSD Weight
• Weight of water = 0.1488 cum *1000 = 148.8 litre

• Weight of cement = 0.1312 cum *3150 = 413.3 kg

• Weight of admixture = 0.0034 * 1200 = 4.1 kg

• coarse aggregate = 0.4644 cum *2600 = 1207 kg

• fine aggregate = 0.2522 cum * 2600 = 656 kg

• Total weight =2429 kg in one cubic meter of concrete

6767
 DRY Weight Basis
Say absorption 1%
• Absolute volume of water = 148.8 +12.1 + 6.6 =

= 167.5 Litre or kg

• coarse agg = 1207– 12.1 = 1195 kg

• fine agg = 656 – 6.6 = 649.4 kg

6868
 MIX PROPORTION mixing time 2 minutes
• Weight of water == 167.5 L

• Weight of cement = 413.3 kg

• Weight of admixture = 4.1 kg

• Dry coarse aggregate = 1195 kg
• Dry fine aggregate = 649 kg
• Total weight =2429 kg
• Cement : sand : Coarse agg : Water Admixture

• 413.3/413.3 : 649/413.3 : 1195/ 413.3 : 167.5 /413.3

By weight

1: : 1.571 : 2.891 : 0.41 free water/binder ratio

By volume
1 * 1440 : 1.571*1440 : 2.891*1440 = 1 cu m: 1.41 cum :2.60 cum
1440 1600 1600
69
IRC: SP 13 - standard designs
i) Minor bridge – length upto 60 m.

ii) Small bridge - length - 30 m

iii) Individual span not > 10 m.
iv) Culvert- slab length 1-6 m
Minor bridge bridge -length upto 60 m. IRC:5

A small bridge: overall length of bridge

between inner faces of dirt walls is upto 30 m,
individual span is not more than 10 m.

Long span bridge > 150 m – APPROACHES-50m

Major Bridges > 60 m – APPROACHES- 50m
Stone slab upto 2m span 200 mm thickness.
 Design part - similar to IRC:SP:13-2014.
• Catchment area <1 sq km, a culvert

• Catchment a. > 1 km sq, small bridge

• Length of span =

1.5 times height

of abutment
or piers from the bottom of its
foundation to its

top in metre .
Detailing:
Vertical IS CODE:above
clearance 13920 Clause
water level1001 MORDof Foundatio
+ Depth
NP 1 Un reinforced Drainage/irrigation

(0.07 Mpa 7 m head)

NP 2 Reinforced , Light duty Drainage/irrigation/CD/Culverts

(0.07 Mpa 7 m head)

NP 3 Unreinforced/Reinforced, medium duty Drainage/irrigation/CD/Culverts

(0.07 Mpa 7 m head)

NP 4 Unreinforced /Reinforced, heavy duty, Drainage/irrigation/CD/Culverts

(0.07 Mpa 7 m head)

PRESSURE and Non Pressure Pipe- Very Severe

IS: 458
 PRESSURE PIPES
P1 Reinforced, Light duty, Pressure 0.2 MPa

Gravity 20 m head

P2 Reinforced, medium duty, Pressure 0.4 MPa

Pumping 40 m head

P3 Reinforced, Heavy duty, Pressure 0.6 MPa

Pumping 60 m head
 Stitch Segment
3 Mtr Long Segment End Span

Pier Pier
Head Head

Pier 1 P2 P3 P4
Stitch
Segment
 CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
1. BATCHING PLANT.
2. TRANSIT MIXERS.
3. CONCRETE PUMP.
4. WELDING GENERATOR.
5. CONCRETE VIBRATORS.
6. CONCRETE NEEDLES.(6O&25MM DIA).
7. COMPRESSOR.
8. TYRE MOUNTED CRANE.
9. HAND WINCH.
10. CHAIN PULLEY BLOCK.
11. PIPE WRENCH.
12. GANTRIES (80T)-4NOS.
13. GROUT PUMP.
Quality Check on the Depth of Bore Hole for Pile with Chain
Quality of Density of Bentonite Slurry = 1.05 gm/ cm3 Minimum
Clause 1204.13.2 page 298 of MORD specification/MORTH
Marsh Cone Viscosity of Bento. Slurry 30-40 Sec
 Bentonite slurry Tolerances p-474-- dimension
• Silt Content < 1%, LL > 400 %

Quality Check of pH = 9.5-12

Welding of Bar = ?
Insertion of Cage- Placement of Concrete without compaction below 4 m from Top
Placing of Pumpable Concrete Through Boom/Tremie Pipe
Cut-Off Level - Level where installed pile is cut-off to
support pile caps or beams or any other structural
components at that level.

Cleaning soil around Piles

One Pile can take load of about 200 Tonnes
9 Piles *200 Tonnes= 1800 Tonnes
One Segment max 60 Tonne
5 *2 segment 5*2* 80= 800 Tonnes
 Pile
IS: 2911
• Clause 1104 MORTH/ Table 1200 MORD
• : M 35, Cement 400 kg/cum
• : W/C = 0.4
Slump 150-200 mm (tremie), pre cast 50-75 mm

• Rate not less than 6 m /hour 1204.7.2 last line

• Top steel liner 6 mm, 3 m vibrator – page 290

• Cold Joint slurry
 Pile
• Tremie dia 200 mm
• 20 mm agg
• Plug steel plate
• Through tremie, no need to add extra cement
10% clause 1204.7.4 (vii), page 292 MORD
• Continuous or reject
• Embedment of pile cap concrete 50 mm
• Below pile cap 80 mm, M-15
• Pile cape protected with coating
 Load Test page 296 MORD/MORTH
routine test

• 2.5 time the design load- Lateral

• Lateral load test – Deflection < 5 mm

• Routine Vertical Load test

• 2% of Total pile , 2 for 50 cum, 3 for 150 cum

• Vertical Settlement 12 mm
• 1.5 times the design load- Vertical load
Kentledge - Dead-weight used for applying a
test load’on piles.
Ultimate Load Capacity - The maximum load which a pile or
pile shaft can carry before failure of ground ( when the soil
fails by shear as evidenced from the load settlement curves )
or failure of pile.
 Ultrasonic Test Equipment
(Portable Ultrasonic Nondestructive Indicating Tester)
Testing Arrangement and Effects of Internal Defects

If no signal is received it indicates that there may be large

interface present
 IS: 13311 (Part 1)
NDT -UPV
• Pulse Velocity Km/sec Quality
• Above 4.5 Excellent
• 3.5 to 4.5 Good
• 3 to 3.5 Medium
• Below 3 Doubtful.

• We can find E value dynamic

• Static is 50% of dynamic

Ultrasonic Crosshole Pile Integrity Test System
FOR LARGER DIA PILES page 299 4th para
 Integrity Test on Pile
• Surface Impact Method

• Velocity –time is plotted

• Nylon tipped hammer generates low strain comp.

waves
 Problems- solution
• Improper penetration ( Less length)
• Un-expected Hard rock
• Lateral movement of pile
• Out of alignment/location
• Pile develop cracks
• Pile spalling
• cold joints.

Remedial Measures:
i) Load test extra piles
ii) Questionable pile may be replaced
iii) Another location
 Pier Type – Steel Bridges

Alignment Land

Alignment River
Over lap staggered

Max dia 36 mm

Fastener/coupler
Pre cast components Piers/Mould NH 2 L&T
Pre cast Concrete Pile Cap
Launching/Lifting Pre cast panel NH-2
Transportation 180 ton
Girder (Pre-stressed)-
each side of Pier Head

Transportation 80-90 ton

Pier Head
Dowel bars
Segm
 EPOXY Segment Bonding
• 1 mm thickness

• compression 0.3 Mpa- 24 hours

• Mixer 400 rpm 350 W

• 60 Mpa at 24 hrs

• 75 Mpa at 7 d

• 20 Mpa at 12 hours
 Avoid Diagonal Crack
Good compaction Filter Media

Poor Good
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