College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology

De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

Engineering Department – Mechanical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Braza, Neil Jose C. ________________

MEE42 Signature

Date Performed: Date Submitted:

October 9, 2018 October 16, 2018
OBJECTIVES

 To determine the relationship of the speed of rotation of a direct current motor to its
counter emf
 To determine the relationship of the armature current to the output torque of a DC motor

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Unlike generators which in operation develop voltage, a motor in operation develop torque,
which in the tendency to produce rotation. We can say therefore that as generators convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy, motors on the other hand convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Motor drive devices such as hoist, fans, pumps, cars etc.

The construction of direct current motors is built the same way as direct current generators.
It is for a fact that a dc machine can either be operated as a DC motor or a DC generator.

According to the principle of motor action, in order for torque to be produced, there must
be the presence of magnetic lines of force and there must be current to passing through the
conductors.

As the

.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Power supply (fixed, variable and three phase)
 D.C. Motor / Generator Module
 Synchronous Motor / Generator Module
 Resistance Module
 Data Acquisition Interface Module or Voltmeter and Ammeter
 Connecting Wires
 Timing Belt

PROCEDURES:
1. Before performing this experiment, ensure first that the brushes of the DC

Motor/Generator are adjusted to the neutral point.

2. Couple the Synchronous motor and the DC generator using a timing belt.

Then connect the set-up shown in Fig. 6.1.

3. Connect terminals 4, 5, and 6 of the synchronous motor windings to wye

connection and the other ends (terminals 1, 2, and 3) to a fixed three phase AC

source, terminals 1, 2, and 3.

4. Be sure that the field rheostat is set between the minimum and maximum

resistance.

5. Set the resistances switches for no-load position.

6. Turn on the power supply. The motor and the generator should start running at

this moment.

7. Notice that the voltage in the armature starts to build up. If not, interchange any

two of the stator leads of the synchronous motor (terminals 1, 2, and 3).

8. Record the value of the armature voltage (generated voltage) at no-load.

9. Try adjusting the field rheostat, what do you observe with the generated

voltage?
 10. Set the load resistance to 120 Ω and adjust the field rheostat until the voltage

indicated by the voltmeter is 120 Vdc. This is the correct setting of the field

rheostat. This setting must be maintained throughout the experiment.

11. Record the readings of the voltmeter and current I2 (load current) in Table 6.1.

12. Adjust the load resistance according to the values indicated in Table 6.1.

Record the values indicated by the voltmeter and the current I2 (load current).

13. Plot the relationship of the terminal voltage and the load current on Graph 6.1

and Graph 6.2 and name it cumulative compound generator.

14. Adjust the voltage control knob back to its zero position and turn the power

supply off. Interchange the connection to the series field.

15. Turn on the power supply and repeat procedures 10 to 12. Only now, record

the values in Table 6.2. Note: For trials 1-4, make quick measurements

because at these trials, the current rating of the shunt field is slightly exceeded.

16. Adjust the voltage control knob back to its zero position and turn the power

supply off. Remove all connections.

17. Plot the relationship of the terminal voltage and load current on Graph 6.1 and

Graph 6.2 and name it differential compound generator.

18. Plot also the external characteristic curve of the generators you obtained in

Experiment No. 3, No. 4, and No.5 and on Graph 6.2, and label the curves

according to their type generators.

19. Compare the two curves on Graph 6.1. Write your observation.

20. Compare the two curves on Graph 6.2. Write your observation.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Trial 𝑹𝑳 (Ω) Terminal Voltage Load current

(V) (𝑰𝟐 )

1 Infinite 119 V 5 mA

2 1200 120.8 V 91 mA

3 600 121.3 V 195 mA

4 300 122 V 405 mA

5 240 121.7 V 502 mA

6 200 120.2 V 688 mA

7 171 120.7 V 699 mA

8 150 119.6 V 805 mA

9 120 120 V 1.005 A

10 100 115.8 V 1.175 A

Table 6.1 Behavior of Terminal Voltage under-load of a Cumulative

Compound Generator

Trial 𝑹𝑳 (Ω) Terminal Voltage Load current

(V) (𝑰𝟐 )

1 Infinite 162.7 V 5 mA

2 1200 157.7 V 122 mA

3 600 152 V 246 mA

4 300 141.2 V 470 mA

5 240 135.9 V 562 mA

6 200 131.5 V 647 mA

7 171 124.3 V 720 mA

8 150 117.9 V 776 mA

9 120 107 V 892 mA

10 100 92.32 V 931 mA

Table 6.2 Behavior of Terminal Voltage under-load of a Differential

Compound Generator

Graph 6.1 Relationship of the terminal voltage and the load current

Graph 6.2 Relationship of the terminal voltage and the load current
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
- The relationship between the terminal voltage and the resistance is a directly
proportional relationship all throughout. In trial 2, the resistance we used was 1200 Ω
and the voltage was 149.7 volts. In trial 3 we decreased the resistance to 600 Ω. The
voltage went from 149.7 volts to 145.4 volts. This relationship was constant until we got
to trial 10 in which the resistance is 100 Ω the voltage also decreased to 109.1 volts.
- the relationship between the two became an inversely proportional relationship.
In trial 4, we decreased the voltage to 138.3 volts and the current increased to 474 mA.
As the voltage decreased (except in trial 6), the load current increased.
- We can also observe that the terminal voltage is also inversely proportional to
the load current. When there is a decrease on terminal voltage, there is also an increase
on load current.

OBSERVATION:
-There is voltage build up because of the shunt field that exists in the generator.
The shunt generator should have some residual magnetism in the generator poles and
the shunt filed is correctly connected to the armature.
-Noted that for differential compound generator, the voltage is constant as the load
is increased. This is because of the current that flows in the series winding which cause
extra magnetic flux, which cause the voltage to be kept constant.
- The voltage increased in trial 6 which is not expected because the terminal
voltage and the resistance showed a directly proportional relationship all throughout the
experiment.
-The relationship with the terminal voltage and the load current was different. It is
not that consistent, and the graph further shows that conclusion. There is a point wherein
the curve goes up and right but there is also a point where the curve goes down and right.
- The graph shows the change in the relationship between the terminal voltage
and the load current. the voltage increased as the current increased but there are trials
that made the relationship of the two to become an inversely proportional relationship.

CONCLUSION:
 - We can say that the objectives are verified. We have studied the properties of
compound dc generators under no-load and full-load conditions. From this experiment
also, we learn how to connect both the compound and the differential-compound
generators. For compound generator when load current increases, the armature voltage
decreases just as in the shunt-wound generator.

- This causes the voltage applied to the shunt-field winding to decrease, which
results in a decrease in the magnetic field. This same increase in load current, since it
flows through the series winding, causes an increase in the magnetic field produced by
that winding. The increase in the magnetic field strength of the series winding will
compensate for the decrease in shunt field strength.

-Therefore, the overall strength of the combined magnetic fields remains almost
unchanged, so the output voltage will remain constant.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by the following:

a) Undercompound generators
- has a load characteristic in which the full load voltage is somewhat less
than no-load voltage, but whose aiding series-field ampere-turns cause its
characteristic to have better regulation than an equivalent shunt
generator.Flat-compound generators
If the series fluxes are adjusted in such a way that, both no-load voltage
and full load voltages are equal then it is called flat compound generators.
b) Overcompound generators
one whose terminal voltage rises with the application: of load so that its
full-load voltage exceeds its no-load voltage (negative regulation). If the
 series field flux aid the shunt field flux, then the voltage will increase. The full
load voltage exceeds the no load voltage then it is called over-compound
generators.

2. How can the degree of compounding of a compound generator be adjusted?

The degree of compounding of a finished generator may be adjusted by
placing a suitable low-resistance, high-current-capacity resistor in parallel with
the series field and thus by-passing more or less of the load current. Such by-
pass resistors are called diverters. Diverters are usually made of nickel-
silver strip.
3. Explain why a cumulative compound generator has a good regulation.
In this case, we can adjust the total flux produced and the generated emf.
By aiding and opposing series field ampere turns, we obtain good voltage
regulation.

4. A short-shunt compound generator has a shunt field resistance of 77 Ω , a series

field resistance of 0.08 Ω and an armature resistance, including brushes of 0.02
Ω. When the armature current is 128 A and the generated emf is 234.2 V,
determine the power delivered to the load.
IA = 128 amp
EG = 234.2 V
VSH = EG − IA R A
VSH = 234.2 − 128(.02)
VSH = 231.64
VSH 231.64
ISH = = = 3 amps
R SH 77
IL = IA − ISH
IL = 128 − 3 = 125 amps
VT = VSH − IL R SE
VT = 231.64 − 125(. 08)
 VT = 221.64 V
PL = VT IL = 221.64(125) = 27705 W

5. If the generator in Question 4 is to be reconnected into a long-shunt compound

generator, and the armature current, the generated emf and all the resistances
did not change; determine the power delivered to the load under this condition.
EG = VT + IA (R A + R SE )
EG = 234.2 − 128 (. 02 + .08)
EG = 222.4 V
VT 221.4
ISH = = = 2.875 amps
R SH 77
IL = IA − ISH
IL = 128 − 2.875
IL = 185.1246 amps
PL = VT IL
PL = 221.4 x 125.1246
PL = 27702.6 W

REFERENCE:

- Theraja, B.L. & Theraja, A.K, Electrical Technology. Ram Nagar, p.911-117
- R. krishman, Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Brushless DC Motor
Drives
- Kumar, K.M., DC Machines and Transformers