INFECTIOUS

DISEASE
POTENTIAL SYMPTOMS OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• Fever, chills, malaise
• Enlarged lymph nodes • Cough, sore throat
• Rash, skin lesion • Headache, stiff neck
• Bleeding gums, joint • Myalgia
effusion • Convulsions, confusion
• Diarrhea, frequency • Tachycardia,
and urgency hypotension
• Nausea, vomiting
INFECTION
CONTROL
 S TA N D A R D
PRECAUTIONS
RESPIRATORY
HYGIENE
1. Education of health care facility staff, patients
& visitors
2. Posted signs with instructions
3. Source control measures
4. Hand hygiene after contact with respiratory
secretions
5. Spatial separation
HAND WASHING
• Use plain soap for routine washing
• Antimicrobial agent
– Specific incidences based on infection control
policy
HAND WASHING
• Use warm water
• Remove all jewelry
• Wash hands with soap for 15-30 seconds
• Avoid touching any contaminated surface
• Rinse thoroughly
• Use a paper towel barrier when
turning off the water
GLOVES
• Wear gloves when touching all body fluids,
blood secretions, excretions and
contaminated items
• Change gloves between tasks with a
patient
• Remove gloves immediately, before
touching contaminated objects and wash
hands
MASK
• Wear mask/eye protection/face shield
for protection during activities that
are at risk for splashing of any body
fluids
GOWN
• Wear a gown for protection during
activities that are at risk for splashing
of any body fluids.
• Remove gown immediately and wash
hand before leaving pt’s environment
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
• Never recap used syringe or remove
syringes by hand
• All sharp disposal should use puncture-
resistant containers
• Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags,
ventilation devices as an alternative
to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
TRANSMISSION
-BASED
PRECAUTIONS
 AIRBORNE PRECAUTION
• Microorganism transmitted by small particle residue;
can suspend in the air and be dispersed by air
currents
• Measures:
– Private room with monitored negative airflow
– Door should remain closed
– Respiratory protection when entering room
– Patient should wear mask during transport
or when outside
Examples: measles, chickenpox and tuberculosis
DROPLET PRECAUTION
• Microorganisms transmitted by large particle
droplets about 3ft from the source
• Measures:
– Private room with others with same infection
– Room may remain open
– Patient should wear mask when within 3ft
– Wear surgical mask on patient when transported

Examples: influenza B, meningitis, pneumonia, diphtheria,

pertussis, mumps (rubella), streptococcus A
CONTACT PRECAUTION
• Microorganisms can be transmitted by direct
contact with the client or indirect contact
• Measures:
– Wear gloves when entering room
– Wear gown if you have substantial close contact
with patient and remove gown prior to leaving the room
– Do not share equipment between patients

Examples: MRSA, VRE, Herpes Simplex/Zoster,

Uncontrolled diarrhea (Clostridium difficile), Escheirichia
Coli, lice, scabies, impetigo
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
• Infection acquired during hospitalization
• Primary prevention: proper hand washing
• Take special precautions with vulnerable
clients
• Vulnerable client: those with Foley
catheters, mechanical ventilators, or
IV lines and those recuperating from
surgery.
STERILE FIELD GUIDELINES
• All items on a sterile field must remain
sterile
• Edges of all packaging of all sterile items
becomes unsterile once the package is
opened
• Only top surface of table or sterile drape is
sterile, outer one inch is unsterile
• Avoid unnecessary activity
• Do not talk, sneeze or cough
STERILE FIELD GUIDELINES
• Do not turn your back to a sterile field
• If an object on the sterile field becomes
contaminated, the field is considered non-
sterile
• Sterile fields should never be left
unattended and should be prepared as
close to the treatment time as possible
• Any items that positions or falls bellow
waist-level is considered non-sterile
INFECTION CONTROL
• Sterilization
–Total destruction of all microorganisms by
exposure to chemical or physical agents
1. Autoclaving
2. Boiling water
3. Dry heat
4. Ionizing Radiation
5. Gases
INFECTION CONTROL
• Disinfection
– Reduction of the number of
microorganisms – surfaces of equipment
1. UV Light
2. Filtration
3. Physical cleaning
4. Chemicals: chlorination, iodine
phenols
IN F E C T IO U S
D IS E A S E S
STAPHYLOCOCCAL AUREUS
• Begins at a localized infection (wounds, ulcers,
burns)
• Produces suppuration and abscess
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus (MRSA)- antibiotic resistant
strain
• Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus (VRSA)
- resistant to vancomycin
TREATMENT
• Antibiotic therapy
• Abscess drainage

• NOTE
Can lead to sepsis
STREPTOCOCCAL
INFECTIONS
• Group A streptococcus (S. pyogenes)
– on the surface of the skin and inside the throat.
• Pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, gangrene,
cellulitis, myositis

• Group B streptococcus (S. agalactiae)

– Neonatal and adult infections
– Common infection in pregnancy affecting
mother and fetus
• Group C Streptococcus Pneumoniae
– Similar to Strep A
HEPATITIS
• Acute or chronic inflammation of the liver
• Caused by virus, bacterial infections, chemical, drug
reaction

• Risk factors:
– Injection drug use, Acupuncture
– Tattoo or Ear or body piercing
– Operative procedure: Liver transplant recipient
– Health care worker
– Severe alcoholism
VIRAL HEPATITIS
• Cause: one of the following viruses A,
B, C, D, E

• Hepa A and E: fecal-oral route;

• Hepa B, C, D, G: blood-borne
pathogens
Hepa A Hepa B Hepa C Hepa D Hepa E
2-6 weeks 6 weeks – 6-7 weeks Same as 2-9 weeks
6months hepa B

Low More Can lead to Similar to Self-limiting,

mortality serious, may chronic hepa B pregnant
be fatal hepatitis women
(mortality
10-20%)

Sexual Fecal-oral
Fecal-oral contact, Contact with Coinfects route
route blood and blood and with hepa B
body fluids body fluids
HEPATITIS B
• May be asymptomatic
• Signs and symptoms:
– Jaundice
– Joint pain
– Rash (over entire body)
– Dark urine
– Anorexia, nausea
– Painful abdominal bloating
– Fever
Incubation/ Preicteric Icteric Recovery/
Preclinical Convalesc
ence
(10-50 days) 1-3 weeks 2-4 weeks 3-4 months

Asymptomatic Dark urine Jaundice Easily fatigued

Light stools GI symptoms
Vague GI symptoms Liver (dec in size and
Constitutional symptoms tenderness)
Aversion to food Enlarged spleen
Enlarged and tender liver Enlarged post cervical
Itching lymph nodes
Arthlargias
NONVIRAL HEPATITIS
• Toxic or drug-induced
• Signs and symptoms:
–Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
–Jaundice, dark urine
–Clay-colored stools
–Headaches, dizziness, drowsiness
–Fever, rash, joint pain
–RUQ pain
THANK
YOU!!!