INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for Sale in the U.S.A. UNDERSTANDING AND USING @ Grammar FOURTH EDITION Tha ue, [PEARSON] poy aan eer. 0AChn [Longman] Stacy A. HagenIrregular Verbs: An Alphabetical Reference List NOTE: Verbs followed by a bullet (») are defined at the end of the list on the inside back cover. Simple Simple Past Simple Simple Past Form Past Participle Form Past Participle arise arose arisen fly flew flown awake awoke awoken forbid forbade forbidden be was, were been forecast» forecast forecast bear bore borne/born forget forgot forgotten beat beat beaten/beat forgive forgave forgiven become became become forsakes forsook forsaken begin began begun freeze froze frozen bend bent bent get got gotten/got* bot bet bet give gave ‘given bid bid 90 went ‘gone bound bound grinds ground ground bit bitten’ grow grew ‘grown bled bled hang** hung hung blew blown have had had broke broken hear heard heard bred bred hide hid hidden bring brought brought hit hit hit broadcast+ broadcast broadcast hold held held build built built hurt hurt hurt burn burned/burnt burnediburnt keep kept kept burst burst burst kneel kneeled/knelt kneelediknelt buy bought bought know knew known cast cast cast lay laid laid catch caught caught lead led led choose chose chosen lean leanedileant leanedileant clings clung clung leap leapedileapt leapedileapt come came come fearn learnedilearnt learnedilearnt cost cost cost leave lett left creeps crept crept lend lent lent cut cut cut let let let deal dealt dealt lie lay lain dig ug dug light lightedsit lightedsit do did done lose lost lost draw drew drawn make made made dream dreamedidreamt ——dreamedidreamt | mean meant meant drink drank drunk meet met met drive drove driven mislay imistaid rmislaid eat ate eaten mistake mistook mistaken fall fell fallen pay paid paid feed fed fed prove proved roven/proved feel felt felt put put put fight fought fought quit* quit quit find found found read read read fit fitted fivtitted rid tid rid flees fled fled ride rode ridden flings flung flung ring rang rung “In British English: get-gor-gor. In American English: get-gor-gotton/got. **Hang is a regular verb when it means to kill someone with a rope around his/her neck. Compare: rung my clothes in the closet. They hanged the murderer by the neck until he was dead. ***Also possible in British English: guit-quitted_quitted. (continued on the inside back cover)UNDERSTANDING AND USING @ Grammar Pe hs Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen a PEARSON foyerUnderstanding and Using English Grammar, Fourth Edition with Answer Key Copyright © 2009, 2002, 1989, 1981 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Azar Associates: Shelley Hartle, Editor, and Sue Van Etten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Staff credits: The people who made up the Understanding and Using English Grammar Fourth Edition team, representing editorial, production, design, and manufacturing, are Janice Baillie, Dave Dickey, Ann France, Amy McCormick, Robert Ruvo, and Ruth Voetmann, Text composition: $4Carlisle Publishing Services Text font: 10/12.5 Plantin Ilustrations: Don Martinetti, pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 47, 50, 51, 65, 72, 73, 81, 84, 88, 91, 99, 103, 107, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 161, 169, 183, 185, 188, 190, 194, 201, 213, 220, 223, 232, 236, 238, 247, 255, 256, 259, 260 (top), 275, 278, 280, 286, 287, 292, 301, 303, 308, 316, 319, 321, 328, 340, 342, 347, 353, 355, 357, 362, 371, 373, 389, 396, 408, 413, 420, 424, 425, 432, 441, 446; Chris Pavely, pages 8, 41, 43, 45, 47, 54, 56, 60, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 7T, 79, 86, 98, 100, 113, 116, 138, 142, 146, 153, 158, 170, 174, 175, 178, 181, 196, 198, 206, 211, 228, 235, 251, 257, 260 (bottom), 265, 272, 284, 289, 293, 309, 315, 331, 345, 349, 360, 363, 367, 378, 385, 393, 394, 403, 414, 422, 428; Kris Wiltse, pages 17, 19, 28, 29 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941- ‘Understanding and using English grammar, -- 4th ed. / Betty S. Azar, Stacy A. Hagen. p.cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233333-7 (with audio) ISBN-10: 0-13-233333-3 (with audio) ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233331-3 (with audio and answer key) ISBN-10; 0-13-233331-7 (with audio and answer key) [ete.] 1. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2, English language--Grammar--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Hagen, Stacy A., 1956- IL. Title. PE1128.A97 2009 428,2'4-de22 2008050357 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-13-233331-3 ISBN 10: 0-13-233331-7 123456789 10—CRK—14 13 12 11 1009 ISBN 13; 978-0-13-246450-5 (International Edition) ISBN 10; 0-13-246450-0 (International Edition) 123456789 10—CRK—14 13 1211 1009For Larry BSA, For Andy and Julianna SH.Preface to the Fourth Edition 2.6... eee e eect eect t tee tte ete xi Acknowledgments ........0 0.0 e ccc e cece e cece e eee e eee ene e teen eens xiii Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 OVERVIEW OR. VERB:TENSES |.) zvay. og aleinisys era gtna azaytrege o0t 9 ARR « aye a 1 The simple tenses ... The progressive tenses . The perfect tenses. ‘The perfect progressive tenses, Summary chart of verb tenses . Spelling of -ing and -ed forms BORED 1 le 1° Le 1 ne PRESENT AND PAST; SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE ..........0 0.00 ec eevee 13 2-1 Simple present .. 2-2 Present progressive . 14 2-3 Non-progressive verbs. 16 2-4 Regular and irregular verbs . 20 2-5 Irregular verb list... E 20 2-6 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings . 27 -7 Simple past : 29 Past progressive . Es : PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES .......... 00.00 e cee ee ene 36 3-1 Present perfect 3-2 Have and has in spoken English . 3-3. Present perfect vs. simple past . 3-4 Present perfect progressive . 3-5 Past perfect .. 3-6 Had in spoken English . 3-7 Past perfect progressive . FUTURE TIME ... 4-1 Simple futur 4-2 Will vs. be going to . : 4-3. Expressing the future in time clauses 4-4 Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time .... CONTENTS VvChapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 vi CONTENTS 4-5 Future progressive ..... bos ee eset eeeeeerees 71 4-6 Future perfect and future perfect progressive ss... ...+ 1 Halt: 7B REVIEW OP VERS TENSES wea tee een ener cee cr EeweN Cone 76 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ......... Peerervestineneneeeeen vee BA 6-1 Final -s/-es: use, pronunciation, and spelling . . -85 6-2 Basic subject-verb agreement . -87 6-3. Subject-verb agreement: using expressions of quantity - 89 6-4 Subject-verb agreement: using there + be .... <9 6-5 Subject-verb agreement: some irregularities 93 NOUNS 9 in. pico ary . 100 7-1 Regular and irregular plural nouns . . 101 7-2 Possessive nouns . 7-3. Nouns as adjectives 5 7-4 Count and noncount nouns . 7-5 Noncount nouns ...... 7-6 Some common noncount nouns 7-7 Basic article usage ..... 7-8 General guidelines for article usage « 7-9 Expressions of quantity used with count and noncount nouns . 7-10 Using a few and few; a little and little . 7-11 Singular expressions of quantity: one, each, every . 7-12 Using of in expressions of quantity ............-. PURINE s : pay gb be ns ne Quays ema gs ee en Os eee 135 8-1 Personal pronouns . . 136 8-2 Personal pronouns: agreement with generic nouns and indefinite pronouns 2... 0.2.2.2... 0c ee eee 8-3. Personal pronouns: agreement with collective nouns 8-4 Reflexive pronouns . . 8-5 Using you, one, and they as impersonal pronouns - 8-6 Forms ofother............. 8-7 Common expressions with other MODALS, PART 1 . 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-1 9-1 o-1 BES Basic modal introduction... Polite requests with “P" as the subject . Polite requests with “you” as the subject Polite requests with would you mind . wee Expressing necessity: must, have to, have got to . Lack of necessity and prohibition: have to and must in the negative. Advisability: should, ought to, had better ‘The past form of should . . Obligation: be supposed to Unfulfilled intentions: was/were going to . Making suggestions: let’s, why don’t, shall Iiwe . Making suggestions: could vs. should ........-