FAR
 EASTERN
 UNIVERSITY
 –
 DR.
 NICANOR
 REYES
 MEDICAL
 FOUNDATION
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon
Cellular Physiology
June 2, 2014 Section 1D
Homeostasis – maintenance of the constancy of the
internal environment; observed changes are controlled
by positive & negative feedback regulation
Regulating Systems – responsible for bringing
conditions back to normal whenever there is an
alteration
a. Nervous/Neuronial
- make use of nerve impulses (action potential)
produced by effectively simulated neurons
- immediate onset: usually muscles & secretory
cells
- can be voluntary & involuntary
- short duration
- localized
b. Endocrine/Humoral/Hormonal
- make use of agents (hormones) produced by
activated endocrine cells
- delayed response: cells involved in metabolism
like reproductive ability
- involuntary
- usually long duration
- diffuse
Cell/Plasma Membrane – made up of lipids &
proteins; involved in transport activities
*Outer layers: hydrophilic, lipophobic
*Central region: hydrophobic, lipophilic
- differentially/semi-permeable: capable of
allowing transport of only solvent particles
- selectively permeable: allows transport of
solvent & solute molecules but there is a
selection in the transport of solutes
DULAY, Arman Carl
**Aquaporins – water channels
**permeability of the cell can be altered
**Osmosis – water molecules move towards
an area having greater amount of osmotically
active agents
Cell Membrane Fxns:
- regulate transport
- maintain composition of ICF & ECF
- cell identification using surface
antigens
- signal transduction/cell
communication
- provides cellular stability; anchor for
structural proteins
- anchoring to neighboring cells &
basal lamina
- determination of cell shape
Activities of the Cell Membrane
*Apical Region – absorption and secretion;
protection
*Lateral Region – cell contact, adhesion,
communication
- Tight jxns = zonula occludens
- Desmosomes = zonula adherens(anchoring)
- Gap jxns = connexons(communication)
*Basal Region – cell-substratum contact; ion
gradient generation
- Hemidesmosomes & focal adhesions
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FAR
 EASTERN
 UNIVERSITY
 –
 DR.
 NICANOR
 REYES
 MEDICAL
 FOUNDATION
 
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon
Cellular Physiology
June 2, 2014 Section 1D

 
Composition of the Cell Membrane C. Carbohydrates – present on extracellular
Lipids: 50-60% surface and never a pure carbohydrate
Proteins: 40-50% *cell identity markers
Carbohydrates: negligible amount; usually coupled *agent for communication
with a lipid or protein *some are channels (rare)
**The presence of carbohydrates in the cell
membranes of bacteria allow for recognition as Cell Membrane Transport
non-self antigen by the immune system *Passive Transport – involves kinetic energy;
A. Lipids without energy prod’n from the cell
- Phospholipids: amphipathic *Active Transport – involves energy produced
- Cholesterol: “moderator molecule”, provides by the cell
mechanical stability and flexibility, makes Passive Active
membrane more permeable to lipid particles and Not coupled with Coupled with ATP
less permeable to water & prevents lipid ATP
crystallization (fluidity) “Downhill” “Uphill”
- Glycolipids Along the gradient Against the gradient
(High to low) (Low to high)
B. Proteins Faster Slower
- Integral/Transmembrane: amphipathic, utilized No inhibition/non- Undergoes
as channels, pores or fenestrations specific inhibition/always
- Peripheral: present on the surfaces and does not specific
traverse the membrane Bidirectional Unidirectional
*act as channels/carriers Stops at equilibrium Continuous but leads
*antigenic markers to saturation:
*receptors for hormones/NTA condition at which
*source of enzymes carriers are
*skeletal framework exhausted and rate
*cell stability of transport stops
*transport of water soluble particles needed by at maximum and no
the cell add’l increase
Lipid soluble Water soluble
partivcles particles
Channels Carriers & pumps
Channels do not Conformational
change change of carriers
conformations but
can be gated
Common energy gradients: concentration,
electrical, pressure
**In electrical gradients, you have to consider
the charge ion present and the electrical
charge of the area to which the ion will be
transported
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract

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FAR  EASTERN  UNIVERSITY  –  DR.  NICANOR  REYES  MEDICAL  FOUNDATION  
Physiology – Dr. F.C. Barbon
Cellular Physiology
June 2, 2014 Section 1D
 
Factors Affecting Transport
1. Nature of Substances (Solubility)
- lipid soluble substances=faster transport
2. Size (Molecular Weight of the Substance
- Lighter ones are easily transported
- Less than 69,000 molecular weight
3. Membrane Thickness
- the thicker the membrane, the harder
the transport
- the thinner the membrane, the faster
the transport
4. Area of Transport
- the greater the area the greater the
trasport
5. Presence of Pores/Channels
- the greater the number of pores, the
greater the transport
6. Electrical Charge
- Opposite charge have easier transport
7. Membrane Permeability
- membrane should be permeable to be
able to transport
- you can change the membrane
permeability
8. Time (Duration)/ Length of Exposure
- the longer the agent is exposed to the
agent, the more the transport.
9. Energy Gradient
- Passive = Direct Effect (greater
gradient=greater movement)
- Active = Indirect Effect (Lesser
gradient=lesser effect)
10. Concentration Gradient

*Permeability Coefficient – rate of

transport/permeability of the membrane is
dependent upon the size of the pores
*Gradient Time Limitation – combined length of
exposure and energy gradient

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