Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SKIN ASSESSMENT
History and Physical Examination
Signs and Symptoms
Primary and Secondary Lesions
SKIN ASSESSMENT
Demographic Data
Age
Sex
Race and nationality
HISTORY
Current Health Problem
When did the patient notice the skin problem?
Where on the body did the problem begin?
Has the problem gotten better or worse?
Has a similar skin condition ever occurred before? If so, describe the typical
course and treatment.
Is it seasonal or recurrent?
Is the problem associated with any of the ff: itching, burning, stinging,
numbness, pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, sore throat, cold, stiff
neck, new food, new soap or cosmetic products, new clothing or bed linens,
or stressful situations?
Does anything seem to make the problem worse?
Does anything seem to make the problem better?
Medication History
Is the patient allergic to any systemic or topical medication? What was the
reaction?
What drugs has the patient taken recently? Prescribed drug or over-the-
counter? Initial dose and last dose taken? Dosage and frequency?
Past Medical History
Does the patient have any current or previous medical problems?
Has the patient undergone any recent or previous surgical procedures or
blood transfusion ?
Family history
Is there any family tendency toward chronic skin problems?
Do any members of the immediate family have recent skin complaints?
Inspection
Location and distribution of lesions
Affected body parts
Protected or sun-exposed area
Single or multiple
Random or patterned
Unilateral or bilateral
Symmetric or asymmetric
Configuration/Pattern
~ Arrangement of lesions with respect with one another
Linear
Annular
Nummular/Circinate/coin-shaped/Discoid
Circumscribed
Clustered
Coalesced
Target/Bull’s eye/Iris
Serpiginous
Reticulated
Diffused
Universal
Herpetiform*
Zosteriform*
Color
~May serve only as corroborative aid
Red/Pink
White
Brown/Black
Yellow/Yellow-orange (Jaundice)
Blue
Milia
Palpation
~Moisture, Temperature, Texture, Turgor
Flat or raised lesions
Soft and pliable or firm and solid
Tender or non-tender
Warm or cold (temperature)
Scaly, velvety, lichenified, indurated, umbilicated, waxy (texture)
Blanch with pressure
Good or poor skin turgor
SKIN ASSESSMENT
(Cutaneous signs)
PRIMARY LESIONS
~ lesions that appear as an initial reaction to a problem that alters one of
the structural components of the skin
SECONDARY LESIONS
~ lesions that result from changes in the appearance of the primary lesions
due to external factors such as trauma
Macule
flat, nonpalpable lesions usually 1 cm or less in diameter, although some
apply the term to lesions of any size
Vitiligo
Patch
Large macule ( >1cm in diameter)
Nevus flammeus, widespread vitiligo
Papule
Circumscribed, solid elevations with no visible liquid, usually 0.5 cm or less in
diameter
Two lesions that are often seen together are macules and papules. When
macules and papules occur together, the rash is referred to as maculo-
papular.
Plaque
Broad papule (or confluence of papules)
>0.5 cm in diameter
Generally flat and may be centrally depressed
Nodule
0.5-2cm
Form of papules, but larger and deeper extending into the dermis or
subcutaneous tissue
Tumor
>2cm
Soft or firm and freely movable or fixed masses with various sizes and shapes
but with a tendency to be rounded
Wheal (Hives)
Transient, edematous, elevated lesions with irregular shapes and various
sizes usually associated with pruritus
Vesicle
Elevated, thin-walled lesions filled with clear fluid, less than 0.5 cm in
diameter
Herpes simplex, Varicella, Herpes Zoster
Bullae
Clear fluid-filled blisters/vesicles more than 0.5 cm in diameter
Classic bullous diseases include pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid
Pustule
Elevated lesions that contain pus
Cyst
Encapsulated
Found in the dermis or subcutaneous
SECONDARY LESIONS
Scale
Dried or greasy laminated masses of keratin
Flaky exfoliation which maybe fine and delicate or coarse with large sheets
Crust
A solid consolidation of dried serum, blood, and pus , usually mixed with
epithelial and bacterial debris
Vary in size, thickness, shape and color according to their origin or
composition and amount of discharge
Excoriation
Punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means, usually involving
only the epidermis
Deep scratch
Fissure
Linear cleft or a small split or crack through the epidermis and rarely into
dermis
Cheilosis
Erosion
Discontinuity of the skin with loss of part or whole epidermis, usually
following rupture of vesicles or bullae
Heals without a scar
Ulcer
Rounded or irregularly shaped excavations that result from loss of the
epidermis and dermis
Heal with scarring
Scar
New formations of connective tissue that replace loss of substance in the
dermis or deeper part as a result of injury or disease
Part of the normal reparative and healing process
Lichenification
Palpably thickened and rough epidermis with accentuation of skin markings
Caused by chronic rubbing and scratching
Atrophy
Thinning of the skin surface with loss of skin markings
Skin appears dry and wrinkled
Cutaneous Symptoms
Pruritus
Itching
Most common cutaneous symptom
Unpleasant cutaneous sensation which provokes the desire to scratch
or rub the skin
Maybe due to dryness of the skin (xerosis)
Associated with eczematous dermatitis, urticaria, food allergy, scabies,
pediculosis
Pruritus ani and pruritus vulvae or scroti when the anogenital area is
involved
Other Subjective Symptoms:
Sensation of heat (burning)
Sensation of cold (tingling)
Pricking
Pain
Numbness
SKIN ASSESSMENT
Diagnostic Examination
Wood’s Light
KOH
Culture- bacteria, fungi, virus
Skin biopsy- punch biopsy (Dermatologic punch), shave biopsy,
excisional biopsy