Power System Simmulation

DATE: Power Systems Simulation Lab
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA POWER

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design
better controllers for getting better responses using MATLAB simulink.
SOFTWAREREQUIRED:
MATLAB software package.
THEORY:
If the system is connected to numerous loads in a power system, then the system
frequency and speed change with the characteristics of the governor as the load changes.
If it’s not required to maintain the frequency constant in a system then the operator is
not required to change the setting of the generator. But if constant frequency is required the
operator canadjust the velocity of the turbine by changing the characteristics of the
governor when required. If a change in load is taken care by two generating stations running
parallel then the complex nature of the system increases. The ways of sharing the load by two
machines are as follow:
1) Suppose there are two generating stations that are connected to each other by tie line. If the
change in load is either at A or at B and the generation of A is regulated so as to have
constant frequency then this kind of regulation is called as Flat Frequency Regulation.
2) The other way of sharing the load is that both A and B would regulate their generations
to maintain the frequency constant. This is called parallel frequency regulation.
3) The third possibility is that the change in the frequency of a particular area is taken care of
bythe generator of that area thereby maintain the tie-line loading. This method is known as flat
tie-line loading control.
4) In Selective Frequency control each system in a group is taken care of the load changes on
its own system and does not help the other systems, the group for changes outside its own limits.
5) In Tie-line Load-bias control all the power systems in the interconnection aid in
regulating frequency regardless of where the frequency change originates
B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM:

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF A GENERATOR:
With the use of swing equation of a synchronous machine to small perturbation, we have
= ΔPm – ΔPe (1)
Or in terms of small change in speed
ΔPm – ΔPe (2)
Laplace Transformation gives,
Ω(s) = [ Pm (S) – ΔPe (S)] (3)
Fig : Mathematical modelling blok diagram for a generator
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF LOAD:

The load on a power system consists of variety of electrical drives. The load speed
characteristic of the load is given by:
ΔPe = ΔPL + D Δω (4)
where ΔP is the non-frequency sensitive change in load,
DΔω is the load change that is frequency sensitive.
D is expressed as % change in load divided by % change in frequency.

Fig 2.2: Mathematical modelling Block Diagram of Load
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR PRIME MOVER:

The source of power generation is the prime mover. It can be hydraulic turbines near
waterfalls, steam turbine whose energy come from burning of coal, gas and other fuels. The model of
turbine relates the changes in mechanical power output ΔPm and the changes in the steam valve position
ΔPV.
Gt = = (5)
where the turbine constant is in the range of 0.2 -2.0s.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR GOVERNOR :

When the electrical load is increased suddenly then the electrical power exceeds the
input mechanical power. This deficiency of power in the load side is compensated from the
kinetic energy of the turbine. Due to this reason the energy that is stored in the machine is
decreased and the governor sends signal for supplying more volumes of water, steam or gas to
increase the speed of the prime mover to compensate deficiency in speed.
(6)
In s-domain
(7)
The command ΔPg is transformed through amplifier to the steam valve position command
ΔPV. We assume here a linear relationship and considering simple time constant we get this
s-domain relation
Δ Pv = ΔPg(s) (8)
Combining all the above block diagrams, for a isolated area system we get the following:

Fig : complete block diagram of single area system
The closed loop transfer function that relates the load change ΔP L to the frequency deviation
Ω is
ALGORITHM:
STEP: 1 Click the Simulink icon.
STEP: 2 Open the untitled window and create the model for loan frequency control of
single area power system using various library functions available in the Simulink
browser.
STEP: 3 Save the file and simulate the model.
STEP: 4 Double click the scope and we can get the waveform as change in frequency with
respect to time.
STEP: 5 simulate the model for uncontrolled case and observe the waveform.
STEP: 6 Simulate the model for controlled case (i.e.), introduce one integral control in the
model and observe the waveform.
STEP: 7 Finally compare the results obtained from simulation and comment the result.

PROBLEM:
Single area system
An isolated power station has the following parameters
Turbine time constant = 0.5 sec
Governor time constant = 0.2 sec
Generator inertia constant = 5 sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency i.e., D=0.8. The
governor speed regulation is set to R=0.05 pu. The turbine rated output is 250 MW at
nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50 MW (ΔPD=0.2 pu) occurs.
i).Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
ii). Draw a MATLAB Simulink model and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

SIMULINK Block Diagram for single area system:
EXECUTION:
RESULT:
Thus, the load frequency dynamics of single area power system is analyzed using
MATLAB Simulink and the outputs are verified.


2. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF TWO AREA POWER

SYSTEM
AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design
better controllers for getting better responses using MATLAB Simulink.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Modern day power systems are divided into various areas . For example in India , there are five
regional grids , e.g., Eastern Region , western Region etc . Each of these areas is generally
interconnected to its neighbouring areas . The transmission lines that connect an area to its
neighbouring area are called tie-lines . Power sharing between two areas occurs through these
tie-lines . Load frequency control , as the name signifies , regulates the power flow between
different areas while holding the frequency constant.
As we have in that the system frequency rises when the load decreases if ΔPref is kept at
zeros . similarly the frequency may drop if the load increases . However it is desirable to
maintain the frequency constant such that Δf =0 . The power flow through different tie-
lines are schedules - for example , area – i may export a pre-specified amount of power to
area – j while importing another pre-specified amount of power to area -K . However it is
expected that to fulfil this obligation , area – i absorbs its own load change , i.e., increase
generation to supply extra load in the area or decrease generation when the load demand
in the area has reduced . while doing this area – i must however maintain its obligation to
areas j and k as far as importing and exporting power is concerned . A conceptual diagram of
the interconnected areas is shown in figure.


REASONS FOR THE LIMITS ON FREQUENCY:

Following are the reasons for keeping a strict limit on the system frequency variation:
1.The speed of the alternating current motors depends on the frequency of the power supply .
There are situations where speed consistency is expected to be of high order.
2.The electric clocks are driven by the synchronous motors . The accuracy of the clocks are not
only dependent on the frequency but also is an integral of the frequency error.
3.If the normal frequency is 50 Hertz and the system frequency falls below 47.5 Hertz or goes up
above 52.5 Hertz then the blades of the turbine are likely to get damaged so as to prevent the
stalling of the generator.
4.The under frequency operation of the power transformer is not desirable . for constant system
voltage if the frequency is below the desired value than the normal flux in the core increases .
This sustained under frequency operation of the power transformer results in low efficiency and
over heating of the transformer windings.
5.The most serious effect of subnormal frequency operation is observed in the case of
thermal power plants . Due to subnormal frequency operation the blast of the ID and FD fans in
the power stations get reduced and there by reduce the generation power in the thermal plants .
This phenomenon has got a cumulative effect and in turn is able to make complete shutdown of
the power plant if proper steps of load shedding technique is not engaged . It is pertinent to
mentioned that , in load shedding technique a sizable chunk of load from the power system is
disconnected from the generating units so as to restore the frequency to the desired value.
We can therefore state that the load frequency control (LFC) has the following two objectives:
* Hold the frequency constant (Δ f=0) against any load change . Each area must contribute
to absorb any load change such that frequency does not deviate .
* Each area must maintain the tie-line power flow to its pre-specified value .
The first step in the LFC is to form the area control error(ACE) that is defined as
ACE = ( Ptie – Psch ) + Bf = + Bf

ALGORITHM:
STEP: 1 Click the Simulink icon.
STEP: 2 Open the untitled window and create the model for loan frequency control of two
area power system using various library functions available in the Simulink
browser.
STEP: 3 Save the file and simulate the model.
STEP: 4 Double click the scope and we can get the waveform as change in frequency with
respect to time.
STEP: 5 simulate the model for uncontrolled case and observe the waveform.
STEP: 6 Simulate the model for controlled case (i.e.), introduce one integral control in the
model and observe the waveform.
STEP: 7 Finally compare the results obtained from simulation and comment the result.


BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:


PROBLEM:
Two area system
A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a
1000MVA common base
Area 1 2
Speed Regulation R1=0.05 R2=0.0625
Frequency sensitive load coefficient D1=0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia Constant H1=5 H2=4
Base power 1000 MVA 1000 MVA
Governor time constant τ g1=0.2 sec τ g2=0.3 sec
Turbine time constant τ T1=0.5 sec τ T2=0.6 sec
The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 50Hz. The synchronizing power
coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps=2 pu. A load
change of 187.5MW occurs in area1. Determine the new steady state frequency and the change
in tie-line flow.
TWO AREA BLOCK DIAGRAM

SIMULINK Block Diagram for two area system:
EXECUTION:
RESULT:
Thus, the load frequency dynamics of two area power system is analyzed using
MATLAB Simulink and the outputs are verified.


3. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELING OF

TRANSMISSION LINES
Exercise No : 3
Date: 09-08-2018.
AIM:
To develop a program in MATLAB for determining the transmission line parameters and
verify using MATLAB simulation.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
THEORY:
A transmission line has three constants R,L and C distributed uniformly along the whole
length of the line. The resistance and inductance form the series impedance. The capacitance
existing between conductor for 1-phase line or form a conductor to neutral for a 3-phase line
forms a shunt path throughout the length of the line. Therefore ,capacitance effects introduce
complications in transmission line calculations. Depending upon the manner in which
capacitance is taken into account ; the overhead transmission line are classified as :
Short transmission lines: When the length of an overhead transmission line is up to about 50km
and the line voltage is comparatively low(<20kv), it is usually considered as a short transmission
line. Due to smaller length and lower voltage , the capacitance effects are small and hence can be
neglected. Therefore while studying the performance of a short transmission line ,only resistance
and inductance of the line are taken into account.
Medium transmission lines: When the length of an overhead transmission line is about 50-
150km and the line voltage is moderately high (>20kv<100kv), it is considered as a medium
transmission line. Due to sufficient length and voltage of the line, the capacitance effects are
taken into account. For purpose of calculations, the distributed capacitance of the line is divided
and lumped in the form of condensers shunted across the line at one or more points.
Long transmission lines: When the length of an overhead transmission line is more than
150km and line voltage is very high (>100kv), it is considered as a long transmission line.
For the treatment of such a line , the line constants are considered uniformly distributed
over the whole length of the line and rigorous methods are employed for solution. It may be
emphasized here that exact solution of any transmission line that must consider the fact that


the constants of the line are not lumped but are distributed uniformly throughout the length of the
line. However, reasonable accuracy can be obtained by considering these constants as lumped
for short and medium transmission lines.
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES (NOMINAL -METHOD):

In this method, capacitance of each conductor (i.e., line to neutral) is divided into two
halves; one half being lumped at the sending end and the other half at the receiving end as
shown in below figure(1.11). It is obvious that capacitance at the sending end has no effect on
the line drop. However its charging current must be added to line current in order to obtain the
total sending end current.
Let I R= Load current per phase
R=Resistance per phase
XL=Inductive reactance per phase
C=Capacitance per phase
CosΦR = Receiving end power factor (lagging)
VS =Sending end voltage per phase
The phasor diagram for the circuit is shown above figure.Taking the receiving end voltage as the
reference phasor ,we have
= VR +j 0
Load current,
Charging current at load end is =IR(COS ΦR -j sin ΦR)

=j (C/2) =i∏fc

Line current = +
Sending end voltage = + = + (R+j XL )
Charging current at the sending end =j (c/2) =j ∏ f c
sending end current = +
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE

SYSTEM:
Inductance/phase/m = 10^-7[0.5+2log(GMD/r)]
Where GMD=geometric mean distance between conductors = (d12*d21*d31)^ 1/3
R=radius of conductor
CALUCULATION OF CAPACITANCE FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE

SYSTEM:
Capacitance/phase/m = 3.14 * 80854*10^-12/log(GMD/r)
Where GMD= geometric mean distance between conductors = (d12*d21*d31)^1/3
R=radius of conductors
ABCD PARAMETERS:
VOLTAGE REGULATION: When a transmission line is carrying current ,there is a voltage

drop in the line due to resistance and inductance of the line.The result is that receiving end


voltage(VR)of the line is generally less than the sending end voltage(VS).The voltage drop (VS-
VR) in the line is expressed as a percentage of receiving end voltage and is called regulation.
%age Voltage regulation x100
TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY:The power obtained at the receiving end of the transmission

line is generally less than sending end power due to losses in the line resistance.
%age Transmission efficiency η
FORMULAE:
Single phase Inductance = 10-7[1+4log(d/r)]

Capacitance = 3.14*8.854*10-12/log(d/r)
Three phase Inductance = 10-7[0.5+2log(d/r)]
Capacitance = 2*3.14*8.854*10-12/log(d/r)
Dequivalent = [d1*d2*d3]1/3
where
d = spacing of conductors
r = radius of conductors
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Find that the given transmission line is single phase or three phase
STEP 2: If it is single phase, get the value of distance between the conductors.
STEP 3: Get the radius of the conductor
STEP 4 : Using the appropriate formula, find inductance and capacitance.
STEP 5: If the given system is three phase, classify whether it is symmetrical or
unsymmetrical
STEP 6: If symmetrical, get the distance between the conductors and radius of the
conductor.
STEP 7: Using the appropriate formula, find inductance and capacitance
STEP 8 : If unsymmetrical, get the distance between the conductors and radius of the
conductor. Using the appropriate formula, find inductance and capacitance.


PROBLEM:
Determine the sending end voltage, current, power & power factor for a 160km section of
3phase line delivering 50MW at 132kV and P.F 0.8 lag. Also find the efficiency and regulation of
the line. Resistance per line 0.1557ohm per km, spacing 3.7m, 6.475m, 7.4m transposed.
Evaluate the A, B, C, D parameters also. Diameter is 1.956cm. Write and execute a MATLAB
program and also verify the output with the manual calculation results.

PROGRAM:


EXECUTION:


RESULT:
Thus the computation of line parameters of a given power transmission system
is done by using MATLAB and the output is verified.


Formation of bus admittance (Y bus ) matrices

AIM:
To form the bus admittance (Y bus) matrices for given networks for given power
system MATLAB program.
APPARATUS:
MATLAB Software
THEORY:
Formation of Y BUS matrix
Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies.In most of power system
studies it is necessary to form Y-bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the type of analysis. For example in load flow analysis it is necessary
to form Y-bus matrix without taking into account the generator impedance and load impedance.
In short circuit analysis the generator transient reactance and transformer impedance taken in
account, in addition to line data. Y-bus may be computed by inspection method only if there is no
natural coupling between the lines. Shunt admittance are added to the diagonal elements
corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off diagonal elements are
unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing transformer may be considered in forming[y-
bus] matrix.
There are b independent equations (b = no. of buses) relating the bus vectors of currents
and voltages through the bus impedance matrix and bus admittance matrix:
EBUS = ZBUS IBUS
IBUS = YBUS EBUS
The relation of equation can be represented in the form
IBUS = YBUS EBUS
Where, YBUS is the bus admittance matrix, IBUS & EBUS are the bus current and bus
voltage vectors respectively.
Diagonal elements: A diagonal element (Yii) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is equal to
the sum total of the admittance values of all the elements incident at the bus/node i,
Off Diagonal elements: An off-diagonal element (Yij) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is
equal to the negative of the admittance value of the connecting element present between the
buses I and j, if any.
This is the principle of the rule of inspection. Thus the algorithmic equations for the rule of
inspection are obtained as:
Yii = Σ yij (j = 1,2,…….n)
Yij = - yij (j = 1,2,…….n)

For i = 1,2,….n, n = no. of buses of the given system, yij is the admittance of element
connected between buses i and j and yii is the admittance of element
connected between bus i and ground (reference bus).
START
Read the no. Of buses , no of

lines and line data
Initialize the Y- BUS Matrix
Consider line l = 1
i = sb(1); I= eb(1)
Y(i,i) =Y(i,i)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)

Y(j,j) =Y(j,j)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)
Y(i,j) = -Yseries(l)
Y(j,i) =Y(i,j)
NO YES
Is l =NL?
l = l+1 Print Y -Bus
Stop

MATAB CODE:
Y BUS MATRIX FORMATION:

EXECUTION:


5. Load flow solution by using Gauss seidel method
Exercise No : 5
Date: 06-09-2018.
Aim :-
To find lod flow or power flow analysis using Gauss Seidel method in MATLAB..
APPARATUS:
1) MATLAB Software
2) Sim Power System Toolbox
Theory:-
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating
condition of the given system under given conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms
have been developed and Gauss Seidel method is one of such algorithm.
Problem Formulation
The performance equation of the power system may be written of
[I bus] = [Y bus][V bus] (1)
Selecting one of the buses as the reference bus, we get (n-1) simultaneous equations. The bus
loading equations can be written as
Ii = Pi-jQi / Vi* (i=1,2,3,…………..n) (2)
Where,
N
Pi=Re [ Σ Vi*Yik Vk] . (3)
k=1
N
Qi= -Im [ Σ Vi*Yik Vk]. (4)
k=1
The bus voltage can be written in form of
n
Vi=(1.0/Yii)[Ii- Σ Yij Vj] (5)
j=1
j≠i(i=1,2,…………n)& i≠slack bus
Substituting Ii in the expression for Vi, we get
n
Vi new=(1.0/Yii)[Pi-JQi / Vio* - Σ Yij Vio] (6)
J=1
The latest available voltages are used in the above expression, we get
n n
o
Vi new=(1.0/Yii)[Pi-JQi / V i* - Σ YijVjn- Σ Yij Vio] (7)
J=1 j=i+1
voltages in

The above equation is the required formula .this equation can be solved for
interactive manner. During each iteration, we compute all the bus voltage and check
convergence is carried out by comparison with the voltages obtained at the end of previous
iteration. After the solutions is obtained. The stack bus real and reactive powers, the reactive
power generation at other generator buses and line flows can be calculated.
Algorithm:
Step1: Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltages, Q limits at the
generator buses and tolerance for convergences
Step2: Compute Y-bus matrix.
Step3: Initialize all the bus voltages.
Step4: Iter=1
Step5: Consider i=2, where i’ is the bus number.
Step6: check whether this is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus goto step 8 otherwise go to next
step.
Step7: Compute Qi check for q limit violation. QGi=Qi+QLi.
7).a).If QGi>Qi max ,equate QGi = Qimax. Then convert it into PQ bus.
7).b).If QGi<Qi min, equate QGi = Qi min. Then convert it into PQ bus.
Step8: Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using gauss seidal formula.
i=1 n
Vi=(1.0/Yii) [(Pi-j Qi)/vi0*- Σ Yij Vj- Σ YijVj0]
J=1 J=i+1
Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specify magnitude if Q limits are not violated.
Step9: If all buses are considered go to step 10 otherwise increments the bus no. i=i+1 and Go to
step6.
Step10: Check for convergence. If there is no convergence goes to step 11 otherwise go to
step12.
Step11: Update the bus voltage using the formula.
Vinew=Vi old+ α(vinew-Viold) (i=1,2,…..n) i≠ slackbus ,α is the acceleration factor=1.4
Step12: Calculate the slack bus power, Q at P-V buses real and reactive give flows real and
reactance line losses and print all the results including all the bus voltages and all the
bus angles.
Step13: Stop.

FLOW CHART FOR GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD:
START
Read
1. Primitive Y matrix
2. Bus incidence matrix A
3. Slack bus voltages
4. Real and reactive bus powers Pi& Qi
5. Voltage magnitudes and their limits
Form Ybus
Make initial assumptions
Compute the parameters Ai for i=m+1,…,n and Bik for i=1,2,

…,n; k=1,2,…,n
Set iteration count r=0
Set bus count i=2 and Vmax=0
Test for
type of bus
Compute Qi(r+1)
Qi(r+1) >Qi, max Qi(r+1) < Qi,min
Qi(r+1) = Qi,max Qi(r+1) = Qi,min Compute Ai(r+1)
Compute Ai
Compute δi(r+1) and
Compute Vi(r+1) Vi(r+1) =|Vis|/δi(r+1)

FLOW CHART FOR GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD:
Replace Vir by Vi(r+1) and

advance bus count i = i+1
B Is i<=n
Advance iteration
A Is Vmax<=ε
count, r = r+1
Compute slack bus power P1+jQ1 and all line flows
PROBLEM:
Figure shows the one-line diagram of a three-bus power system with generation at bus1. The
magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The scheduled loads at buses 2 & 3 are as
marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base and the line
charging susceptances are neglected.
i). Using Gauss-Seidal method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 & 3 (PQ buses) accurate to 4 decimal places.
ii). Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results.

PROGRAM:

EXECUTION:


RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Gauss-Seidal method and a program is
developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power system and the
output is verified.

LOAD FLOW SOLUTION BY USING NEWTON –

RAPHSON METHOD
AIM:
To develop in MATLAB to find the solution of power flows using Newton Raphson
method.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package
Theory:-
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Assume a flat profile 1+j0 for all buses except the slack bus in the Specified
voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.
STEP 2: Assume a suitable value of ε called convergence criterion. Hence ε is A specified

change in the residue that is used to compare the actual residue that is used to
compare the actual residue at the end of each iteration.
STEP 3: Set the iteration count K=0 and assumed voltage profile of the buses are denoted
as V10,V20……Vn0.
STEP 4: Set the bus count p=1
STEP 5: Check for slack bus. If it is a slack bus then go to step 13. Otherwise go to next
step.
STEP 6: Calculate the real & reactive power of bus p using the following equation,
Ppk=Σk q=1{epk(eqkGpq+fqkBpq)+fpk(fqkGpq-eqkBpq)}
Qpk=Σkq=1{fpk (eqk+Gpk+fqkBpq)+epk(fqk Gpq-eqkBpq)}
STEP 7: Calculate the change in real power, ΔPk=Pp spec -Ppk Where, Pp spec=specified
real power of bus p.
STEP 8: Check for generator bus. If it is a generator bus gob to next step otherwise go to
step 12. STEP 9: Check for generator bus. If it is a generator reactive power limits
Violation of generator buses. For this compare the calculated reactive power Q

with specified limits. If the limits are violated go to step11. Otherwise go to next
step.
STEP 10: If the calculated reactive power is within the specified limit then consider this bus
as generator bus. Now calculate the voltage residue using the equation
|VPK|2 =|Vp spec|2-|Vpk|2.
Where |Vp spec| = specified voltage magnitude for generation bus. Then go to step
13.
STEP 11: If the reactive power limit violated the treat this bus as a load bus. Now the
specified reactive power for this bus will correspond to Limit violated.
STEP 12: Calculate the change in reactive power for load bus change in reactive power,
ΔQk=|ΔQp spec|-Qpk
STEP 13: Repeat the step 5 to 12 until all residues are calculated for increment the bus
count n. by 1 to 5 steps until the bus count is n.
STEP 14: Determine the largest of the absolute value of the residue (i.e.) Find the largest
value among ΔPpk , ΔQpk or |ΔVpk|2
STEP 15: Compare ΔE and E, if ΔE<E then go to step 20. If ΔE>E go to next Step.
STEP 16: Determine the element, the load flow equation using kth iteration Value.
STEP 17: Calculate the increment in real and reactive part of voltage Δepk and Δfpk
by solving the matrix equation B=JC. STEP 18: Calculate the new bus
voltage.
STEP 19: Advance the iteration count k=k+1 and go to step 4.
STEP 20: Calculate the line flows.
PROBLEM:

Figure shows the one-line diagram of a three-bus power system with generators at buses
1& 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The magnitude of voltage at
bus 3 is fixed at 1.04pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consists of 400 MW
and 250 MVAR is taken from bus2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base
and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
i). Obtain the load flow solution by Newton-Raphson method.

ii). Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual
calculation results
PROGRAM:
clear all;
clc;
v=[1.05;1.0;1.04];
d=[0;0;0];
ps=[-4;2.0];
qs=-2.5;
n= input('Enter the number of buses ');
fprintf('Enter your choice');
p= input ('1. impedance, 2. admittance');
if (p==1)
for q= 1:n
for r=q+1:n
fprintf('Enter the impedance value between %d-%d',q,r);

z(q,r)=input(':');
if (z(q,r)==0)
y(q,r)=0;
else
y(q,r)=inv(z(q,r));
end
y(r,q)= y(q,r);
end
end
elseif (p==2)
for a= 1:n
for b=a+1:n
fprintf('Enter the admittance value between %d-%d',a,b);
y(a,b)=input(':');
y(b,a)= y(a,b);
end
end
else
fprintf('enter the correct choice');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for a = 1:n
for b=1:n
if (a==b)
for c = 1:n
ybus(a,a)= ybus(a,a)+ y(a,c);
end
else
ybus(a,b)=-y(b,a);
end
end
end
ybus
y=abs(ybus);

t=angle(ybus);
iter=0;
pwracur=0.00025; % Power accuracy
dc=10; % Set the maximum power residual to a high value
while max(abs(dc))>pwracur
iter=iter+1
p=[v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+v(2)^2*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))
+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+v(3)^2*y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-
d(3)+d(2))];
q=-v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-v(2)^2*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
j(1,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(1,3)=v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+2*v(2)*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
j(2,1)=-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,2)=v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(1))+v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(2,3)=v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2));
j(3,1)=v(2)*v(1)*y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,2)=-v(2)*v(3)*y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(2)+d(3));
j(3,3)=-v(1)*y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))-2*v(2)*y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-v(3)*y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-
d(2)+d(3));
dp=ps-p;
dq=qs-q;
dc=[dp;dq]
j
dx=j\dc
d(2)=d(2)+dx(1);
d(3)=d(3)+dx(2);
v(2)=v(2)+dx(3);
v,d,delta=180/pi*d;
end

p1=v(1)^2*y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))
+v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q1=-v(1)^2*y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-v(1)*v(2)*y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))-
v(1)*v(3)*y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3));
q3=-v(3)*v(1)*y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))-v(3)*v(2)*y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)
v(3)^2*y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3));
EXECUTION:
RESULT:
Thus the load flow analysis using is performed by Newton-Raphson method and a
program is developed using MATLAB to find the solution of load flow for given power system
and the output is verified.

5. SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT ANALYSIS

AIM:
To develop a MATLAB program to perform the short circuit fault analysis for a given
power system.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Get the data for positive and negative sequence impedance materials.
STEP 2: Enter the bus code number, base kV, base MVA number.
STEP 3: Implementation of Z-Bus using BUILDING ALGORITHM.
STEP 4: Enter the choices.
STEP 5: Enter the impedance value to be included according to the corresponding choices.
STEP 6: Enter the fault impendence value, fault bus code, and fault bus voltage.
STEP 7: Print the result.
PROBLEM:
Consider the 3bus system as shown in figure. The generators are 100 MVA with transient
reactance 10% each. Both the transformers are 100 MVA with a leakage reactance of 5%. The
reactance of each of the lines to a base of 100 MVA, 110kV is 10%. Obtain the short circuit
calculation for a 3phase solid short circuit on bus 3. Assume pre-fault voltages to be 1pu and pre-
fault currents to be zero.

Write and execute a MATLAB program and also verify the output with the manual calculation
results.

Power System Simmulation

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DATE: Power Systems Simulation Lab

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SINGLE AREA POWER

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM:

= ΔPm – ΔPe (1)

Or in terms of small change in speed

ΔPm – ΔPe (2)

Laplace Transformation gives,

Ω(s) = [ Pm (S) – ΔPe (S)] (3)

Fig : Mathematical modelling blok diagram for a generator

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF LOAD:

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

Fig 2.2: Mathematical modelling Block Diagram of Load

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR PRIME MOVER:

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR GOVERNOR :

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

Fig : complete block diagram of single area system

STEP: 3 Save the file and simulate the model.

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

SIMULINK Block Diagram for single area system:

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

2. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF TWO AREA POWER

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

REASONS FOR THE LIMITS ON FREQUENCY:

ACE = ( Ptie – Psch ) + Bf = + Bf

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

STEP: 3 Save the file and simulate the model.

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

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TWO AREA BLOCK DIAGRAM

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SIMULINK Block Diagram for two area system:

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

3. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELING OF

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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES (NOMINAL -METHOD):

Let I R= Load current per phase

R=Resistance per phase

XL=Inductive reactance per phase

C=Capacitance per phase

CosΦR = Receiving end power factor (lagging)

VS =Sending end voltage per phase

Charging current at load end is =IR(COS ΦR -j sin ΦR)

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

Sending end voltage = + = + (R+j XL )

Charging current at the sending end =j (c/2) =j ∏ f c

sending end current = +

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE

CALUCULATION OF CAPACITANCE FOR 3 PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE

VOLTAGE REGULATION: When a transmission line is carrying current ,there is a voltage

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

B.TECH/EEE/IV-I SEMSTER/REG.NO:16G25A0214 Page

%age Voltage regulation x100

TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY:The power obtained at the receiving end of the transmission