Table.1: Characteristic Impedance of 0.

2-km Transmission Line

Frequency
(Hz) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) Zc
(ohms)
100 2.031 0.007 87.04k 0.152 0.859 53.08 2.15k
200 2.03 0.009 67.67k 0.163 0.846 57.80 1.98k
300 2.028 0.012 50.7k 0.164 0.849 57.95 1.71k
400 2.024 0.016 37.95k 0.166 0.857 58.11 1.49k
500 2.022 0.019 31.93k 0.178 0.855 62.46 1.41k
600 2.019 0.022 27.53k 0.168 0.850 59.29 1.28k
700 2.015 0.026 23.25k 0.171 0.852 60.21 1.18k
800 2.011 0.030 20.11k 0.145 0.836 59.21 1.09k
900 2.006 0.033 18.27k 0.173 0.837 62.01 1.06k
1000 2 0.036 16.67k 0.207 0.818 75.92 1124.98
2000 1.93 0.068 8.517k 0.157 0.820 57.44 699.44
3000 1.827 0.095 5.77k 0.138 0.780 53.08 553.42
4000 1.708 0.118 4.34k 0.127 0.732 52.05 475.29
5000 1.578 0.136 3.48k 0.117 0.680 51.62 423.84
6000 1.47 0.148 2.98k 0.106 0..631 50.40 387.55
7000 1.336 0.158 2.54k 0.096 0.584 49.32 353.94
8000 1.233 0.164 2.35k 0.088 0.540 48.89 353.09
9000 1.123 0.169 1.99k 0.080 0.508 42.24 306.61
10000 1.033 0.172 1.80k 0.072 0.465 46.45 289.15

Table.2: Characteristic Impedance of 0.85km Transmission Line

Frequency
(Hz) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) Zc
(ohms)
100 2.031 0.013 46.87k 0.142 0.868 49.08 1516.70
200 2.03 0.024 25.375k 0.142 0.867 49.13 1116.55
300 2.028 0.036 16.9k 0.142 0.867 49.13 911.21
400 2.022 0.048 12.64k 0.142 0.865 49.25 789
500 2.017 0.061 9.92k 0.141 0.864 48.96 696.91
600 2.017 0.061 9.92k 0.141 0.863 49.01 640.86
700 2.006 0.084 7.16k 0.140 0.861 19.01 590.99
800 2 0.094 6.38k 0.140 0.859 48.78 558.50
900 1.992 0.107 5.59k 0.139 0.857 48.89 521.55
1000 1.984 0.117 5.09k 0.139 0.855 48.66 498.24
2000 1.871 0.217 2.59k 0.134 0.826 48.77 355.04
3000 1.708 0.298 1.72k 0.126 0.784 48.67 287.96
4000 1.533 0.35 1.314k 0.119 0.737 48.21 252.26
5000 1.35 0.385 1.05k 0.111 0.686 48.43 225.76
6000 1.17 0.403 870.97 0.104 0.635 48.54 206.86
7000 1.011 0.407 745.21 0.096 0.585 49.13 191.54
8000 0.887 0.403 660.30 0.09 0.545 49.23 180.86
9000 0.765 0.0393 583.87 0.084 0.503 50.10 171.05
10000 0.656 0.379 519.26 0.079 0.462 51.30 163.21

Table.3: Characteristic Impedance of 5.0 km Transmission Line

Frequency
(Hz) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) V1
(volts) VR
(volts) Z1(open)
(ohms) Zc
(ohms)
100 2.011 0.078 7734.62 1.367 0.306 1.34k 3219.3
200 1.955 0.146 4017.123 1.364 0.308 1.33k 2311.4
300 1.888 0.210 2668.5 1.358 0.311 1.31k 1869.7
400 1.767 0.254 2046.7 1.349 0.313 1.29k 1624.8
500 1.682 0.296 1704.7 1.339 0.317 1.27k 1471.3
600 1.593 0.327 1461.4 1.329 0.322 1.24k 1346.1
700 1.522 0.328 1312 1.318 0.327 1.21k 1260
800 1.458 0.366 1195 1.306 0.331 1.18k 1187.5
900 1.349 0.379 1107.3 1.293 0.336 1.15k 1128.4
1000 1.349 0.379 1107.3 1.277 0.342 1.12k 1073.8
2000 1.085 0.42 775 1.137 0.376 907.18 2651.5
3000 0.974 0.407 717.93 0.1022 0.378 811.11 763.1
4000 0.897 0.384 706.29 0.934 0.365 767.67 736.34
5000 0.826 0.358 692.17 0.856 0.344 746.51 718.86
6000 0.757 0.329 690.27 0.781 0.317 739.11 714.27
7000 0.704 0.305 692.46 0.1727 0.295 739.32 715.5
8000 0.653 0.280 699.64 0.674 0.269 751.67 725.19
9000 0.607 0.252 722.61 0.631 0.241 785.47 7.38
10000 0.586 0.228 771.05 0.610 0.216 872.22 820.07

Table.4: Ratio of Line Length to wavelength for Different Line Models

Frequency
(Hz) 0.2km 0.85km 5.0km
100 100 � 425 � 2.5m
200 200 � 850 � 5m
300 300 � 1.275m 7.5m
400 400 � 1.7m 0.01
500 500 � 2.125m 0.0125
600 600 � 2.55m 0.015
700 700 � 2.975 0.0175
800 800 � 3.4m 0.02
900 900 � 3.825m 0.0225
1000 1m 4.25m 0.025
2000 2m 8.5m 0.05
3000 3m 12.75 0.075
4000 4m 17m 0.1
5000 5m 21.25m 0.125
6000 6m 25.5m 0.15
7000 7m 29.75m 0.175
8000 8m 34m 0.2
9000 9m 38.25m 0.225
10000 10m 42.5 0.25
Introduction:
The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z0) of a uniform
transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single
wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the
absence of reflections in the other direction. Alternatively and equivalently it
can be defined as the input impedance of a transmission line when its length is
infinite. Characteristic impedance is determined by the geometry and materials of
the transmission line and, for a uniform line, is not dependent on its length. The
SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm.
The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line is purely real, with
no reactive component. Energy supplied by a source at one end of such a line is
transmitted through the line without being dissipated in the line itself. A
transmission line of finite length (lossless or lossy) that is terminated at one
end with an impedance equal to the characteristic impedance appears to the source
like an infinitely long transmission line and produces no reflections.

Discussion/ Conclusion:
Transmission Line is a device designed to guide the electrical energy from one
point to another. It is used, for example, to transfer the RF energy from source to
antenna. For efficient point-to-point transmission of power and information the
source energy must be directed or guided. Transmission line that consists of two or
more conductors may support transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves, characterized
by the lack of longitudinal field components. The TEM mode of guided waves is one
in which E and H are perpendicular to each other and both are transverse to the
direction of propagation along the guiding line. TEM waves have uniquely defined
voltage, current, and characteristic impedance.
Two commonly encountered transmission lines are the coaxial and twisted pair
cables. Coaxial cables are found in broadcast, cable TV, instrumentation, high-
speed computer network, and radar applications, among others. Twisted pair cables
are commonly found in telephone, computer interconnect, and other low speed (<10
MHz) applications. There is some discussion on using twisted pair cable for higher
bit rate computer networking applications (>10 MHz).
In this experiment, it shows the graphical construction of a reflection
diagram. Both, the voltage reflection and current reflection diagram for the
transmission-line circuit has been shown here. Step-by-step construction and
calculation procedure of the voltage and current at a particular time and location
on a transmission line with arbitrary resistive terminations tends to be tedious
and difficult to visualize when it is necessary to consider many reflected waves.
In such cases the graphical construction of a reflection diagram is very helpful.