Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia

Academic and Research Vice-rector

Activities guide and evaluation rubric

Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions

using academic references to support the research:

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used

in transmission systems.

Fiber optic is interesting because it takes a very old concept that is the
manipulation of light, it is nothing more than that, the controlled
manipulation of light. This is the most important thing of the cable,
since it is the means by which the information is transmitted. It can be
silicon (glass) or highly processed plastic. Here the physical
phenomena of reflection and refraction occur. The purity of this
material is what makes the difference to know if it is good to transmit
or not. A simple impurity can divert the beam of light, causing it to be
lost or not reach its destination.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications
where it could be used.

Snell's Law states that the sine of the incident light angle maintains a
constant relationship with the sine of the angle of the refracted light for
a given transparent substance. For a refractive medium in air, the sine
of the angle of incidence divided by the sine of the refractive angle is
the refractive index of that medium. The angles are measured with
respect to the perpendicular raised at the point of incidence. When the
angle of incidence of the light beam is greater than the value of the so-
called critical angle, the light is reflected internally completely. In the
application this phenomenon is observed when we observe fish
swimming through the water.

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

A lens is a piece made of a transparent material and limited by two
curved surfaces, or a flat and a curve. Its operation is based on the
laws of refraction, since it varies the direction of the light rays through
medium changes.

It shows the direction that light rays take when passing through a
converging lens (positive lens). The rays that come parallel to the
optical axis are refracted towards the focus of the lens.

It shows the trajectory of the rays when refracted in a divergent lens.

Notice that the rays are refracted as if they came from the focus, which
is said to be virtual.

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

This phenomenon of refraction is useful as for example in

refractometers are relevant instruments in the food industry, since they
are used in the analysis of liquid products and in the control of
operations during the processing of various foods.
1,8°Bx = 1°Be 0,2°Bx = 1°Oe
Therefore, when the light passes through a denser medium, the beam
will approach the perpendicularity drawn on the dividing surface at the
point of incidence. This phenomenon is fundamentally due to the fact
that the speed of light changes, that is, it becomes slower the more
dense the medication passes.

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several

beans? Explain.
Yes, as long as the white light of origin is composed of multiple colors
with different oscillations. And when that light crosses a crystal its
output will be divided into several rays of light.

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical

applications?

Angle of Brewster, corresponds to the angle of incidence of light, on a

surface, which cancels the component with polarization parallel to the
plane of incidence. In the practical field it can be observed through the
use of optical fiber.

5. In the following figure, light from ray A refracts from material 1

(𝑛1 = 1.2) into a thin layer of material 2 (𝑛2 = 1.5), crosses that
layer, and is then incident at the critical angle on the interface
between materials 2 and 3 (𝑛3 = 1.7). (a) What is the value of
incident angle 𝜃𝐴 ? (b) If 𝜃𝐴 is decreased, does part of the light
refract into material 3?
Light from ray B refracts from material 1 into the thin layer,
crosses that layer, and is then incident at the critical angle on the
interface between materials 2 and 3. (c) What is the value of
incident angle 𝜃𝐵 ? (d) If 𝜃𝐵 is decreased, does part of the light
refract into material 3?

In the following figure, light from ray A refracts from material 1 (𝑛1 = 1.6) into a
thin layer of material 2 (𝑛2 = 1.8), crosses that layer, and is then incident at the
critical angle on the interface between materials 2 and 3 (𝑛3 = 1.3). (a) What is the
 value of incident angle 𝜃𝐴 ? (b) If 𝜃𝐴 is decreased, does part of the light refract into
material 3?

𝑓 = 2.5
𝑠 = 4.8
𝑒𝑟 = 80
4.8 1 10−9
𝑡𝑎𝑛8 = 4.8 ( ∗ )
2𝜋(2 ∗ 5 ∗ 109 ) 364 𝑓
𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑛(8) = 0.432
µ 1.002 ∗ 49 ∗ 10−7
√ =√
£ 1
80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
364
𝑛 = 42.19101
4.8 ∗ 42.15121
𝛼= = 101.258
2
𝛼 = −8.68(𝑥) = −878.92
(𝑥) = −3𝑑𝑏
−3𝑑𝑏
𝑥 = −3𝑑𝑏 = 3.41 ∗ 10−3 𝑚
𝑑𝑏
𝛼 (𝑚)

In group solve the following practical exercise

a. Design an Excel workbook that using the Snell law and giving an
incident angle for four different precious materials; return the
angle of refraction and let us to know if it is genuine.