Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jaureguizar M. Garcia-Llera D.
NORMALUX Company University of Oviedo
General Manager IEEE member - Ce3i2 group
Asturias - Spain Asturias-Spain
mikel@normalux.com danielgarciallera@yahoo.com
Rico-Secades M.
University of Oviedo Calleja A.J.
IEEE senior member - Ce3i2 group University of Oviedo
Asturias - Spain IEEE member - Ce3i2 group
mrico@uniovi.es Asturias-Spain
calleja@uniovi.es
Corominas E.L.
University of Oviedo
IEEE member - Ce3i2 group
Asturias-Spain
elopez@uniovi.es
I. INTRODUCTION
Abstract—The purpose of this paper is think over lighting In our country Spain, exists a saying: “Muchos pocos hacen
systems in the context of energy efficiency and incorporation of un mucho” (more or less: a lot of “fews” make a “lot”), and this
renewable energy sources and energy storage capabilities. In this idea is fully applicable to Street Lighting Systems and the new
new context Lighting Systems becomes a mixture of distributed opportunities and strategies this infrastructure offers.
load with regulation capability, a distributed energy generation
system and, simultaneously, a distributed energy storage system. In reference [1] and referred to Spain the energy
In the context of this cocktail Lighting Systems (in particular, consumption in street lighting is around 115 kWh per year and
Street Lighting Systems) are called to play an important role in person (a chilling fact, one of the highest in Europe).
Smart Grid strategies. Translating this date to a city with a population of 100.00
inhabitants the energy goes to 11.5 GWh per year. It is clear
This paper (an ENERLIGHT Project works) goes to the from different sources that lighting is one of the most important
concept of Lighting Smart Grid (LSG), with the evaluation of energy loads.
different configurations looking for different strategies, planning
specification and development of different modules in LSG In the same reference [1], it has been established the
strategies. This is the first of a series of articles, which describes average power for the lamp used in street lighting in our
the ENERLIGHT project work aimed to develop elements and country: 160 W.
systems that can be used in lighting intelligent networks
(Lighting Smart Grids - LSG). In the hypothetical city of 100.000 inhabitants a number of
19.692 of this “average lamps” with 160 W in operation during
This first article is descriptive and aims to raise the issue, and 10 hours per day are needed to consume 11.5 GWh and it exist
reflect on possible approaches, define the modules developed in one of this “average lamps” for each 5 inhabitants.. This is
the proposed system. Subsequent papers will develop more another obvious point: the number of street lightning points is
technical and specific aspects of specific modules in the system enormous and the possibilities of energy savings and energy
with discussion of design options and experimental results. efficiency strategies are also obvious.
Keywords—Street Lighting, Smart Grid, Lighting Smart Grid, Reducing the power of the “average lamp” to 100 W (using
LED lighting, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, LED lighting) a 37.5% of reduction in the energy required is
Battery Management System, Lithium Batteries, Bidirectional obtained and using additionally power regulation (i.e. 5 hours
Converters, Maximum Power Point Tracking. with 50% of Power) energy savings goes to 53.1%.
978-1-4799-2911-5/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
100.000 inhabitants
100.000 inhabitants Power
Power
1.9 MW
3.1 MW
19.692 lamps
19.692 lamps
Energy 100 W/lamp
Energy 160 W/lamp 7.2 MWh/year
11.5 MWh/year 10 hours/day
10 hours/day 100%
100%
(b) LED lighting
(a) INITIAL 37.5% energy savings
100.000 inhabitants
Power
1.9 MW
19.692 lamps
+
Energy 100 W/lamp
5.4 MWh/year
5 hours/day
100%
5 hours/day
50%
+
+
LED
DRIVER
SOLAR PV
MPPT
SYSTEM
+
WIND
GENERATOR BI-DIRECTIONAL
CONVERTER BATTERY
BMS SYSTEM
MPPT +
SYSTEM
The LED Lighting System has been designed with high Each module has the ability to extract or deliver energy to
flexibility to enable energy efficiency strategies to reduce the DC bus with a maximum power of 45 W (15 W for each
consumption, so that the power load that represents the lighting battery). Its control system has been designed to stabilize the
system can also be used with control element in the strategy internal DC bus, ensuring the protection and equalization of the
adopted for the LSG. Thus the power load represented by batteries (Battery Management System-BMS), the independent
power LEDs has been distributed in 6 sections of 18 W and it operation of each module and the equalization of currents.
can be controlled independently. Each cell is continuously monitored in voltage, current and
temperature and power to extract or inject each has been
limited to 15 W to ensure long life and comfortable operation permanent magnet generator (PMG) is now under design and
BMS module developed. test.
The design of each storage module (3 cell) has been made The system incorporates an electronic converter which
compatible with the design of solar post system so that in each implements a MPPT algorithm and protection against extreme
module three solar panels has been integrated with 5 storage operation conditions. A MCU control implements the strategies
modules as shown in figure 12. to make them compatible with a street lighting system.
So the Small design with one module of 1.3 meters and 3 The small wind generator is designed to provide a power of
PV solar panels incorporates 5 BMS modules in order to 45 W with wind level of 65 km/h and It has been estimated an
provide 225 W of power handling capability. The Medium day-average energy generation of 400 Wh, considering the
design with two modules of 1.3 meters (2.6 meters) statistical distribution of the wind in the area (Weibull
incorporates 10 BMS modules in order to provide 450 W of distribution).
power handling capability and with the 6 PV solar panels and
the Large design with three modules of 1.3 meters (3.9 meters)
and 9 solar panels incorporates 15 BMS modules in order to
provide 675 W of power handling capability.
The complete design is ready to feed the LED lamp for two
days providing energy to the lamp for 10 hours a day (with the
100% of the power, that is to say 108 W). Obviously, with the
appropriate energy efficiency strategies the autonomy of the
system can be extended to meet different needs.
Fig. 11.- Modular and reconfigurable system for different Lighting Smart
Grid (LSG) proposal.
SECTOR 2
9W
6W
SECTOR 3
SECTOR 1
3W
Fig. 12.- ENERLIGHT post module with 3 solar MPPT systems (3 solar
PV modules) and 5 BMS systems (15 Li battery cells).
Dclose
(2m)
Finally, a bidirectional power module for interfacing the
SECTOR 6
SECTOR 4
Dmedium
(4m) internal DC bus (with low voltage) with the external DC bus
Dfar
(High voltage) has been developed. The proposed output
voltage for the external DC bus is the 500 V (± 250 V).
(6 m)
SECTOR 5
Fig. 12.- Power distribution in LED Lamp (ENERLIGHT prototype). This module has been designed to handle 675 W and allow
storage and retrieval strategies in coordination with internal
A small vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) (Gorlov-
energy storage systems. This module allows the connection of
Savonius type) which incorporates a specific designed
various elements to a DC grid, forming operation and the
operability of the LSG and different strategies.
For this system have been tested several bidirectional IV. CONCLUSIONS
converter topologies (based on tapped-converters and Flyback) A first introductory overview has been made regarding the
that will receive attention in future articles. potential use of public lighting infrastructure as a system of
power generation and smart grid to store, consume or deliver
energy constituting itself as a new tool to ensure the stability of
the electrical infrastructure. This new concept has been called
Lighting Smart Grid (LSG) and it has been discussed about the
various possibilities of use.
Finally, it has been presented a series of modules developed
and an experimental prototype lighting system that can be
configured in several ways in order to implement several roles
within a LSG system.
Fig. 13.- Typical application for a small lamppost with solar energy, LED The work opens the door to future articles that specifically
lighting and one ENERLIGHT post module (isolated operation).
develops each of the modules and specific issues that have
Finally the system thermal study and the integration and been raised in this paper.
assembly of all the modules to ensure proper system operation,
right eat evacuation, the batteries thermal protection, thermal ACKNOWLEDGMENT
protection of LED fixture, etc is one of the most important
technical aspects to consider a complex system as proposed. This work has been supported by “Ministerio de Educación
Various strategies and techniques in response to thermal y Ciencia” of the Spanish Government (ENERLIGHT project-
considerations have been evaluated and developed. reference MICINN-10-DPI2010-15889).
It is especially critical in the system, the thermal protection Acknowledge the assistance of the Workroom on
of lithium batteries and LED modules, for which specific Renewable Energy (WRE) collaboration of the Engineering
control strategies have been devised to ensure correct operation Polytechnic School of Gijon – Asturias - Spain (EPI-Gijon)
in case of adverse thermal conditions. The paper is analyzing in brainstorming and preparation of prototypes.
the possibility of adding forced cooling systems and use wind Acknowledge the assistance of the company GS S.A. for
generator as tool for heat evacuation. the collaboration with the project in LED lighting design.
Acknowledge the assistance of Ingeneral S.A. and Soliker
S.A. companies in the support for developing PV solar
modules.
Finally mention Spanish companies: Talleres Jardon,
Desico and ABZlaser for the help and support given in to the
mechanical design of the prototypes developed.
REFERENCES
[1] Rico-Secades, M.; Garcia, J.; Cardesin, J.; Calleja, A.J., “Using Tapped-
Inductor Converters as LED Drivers” Industry Applications Conference,
Fig. 14.- Detail of modular LED driver prototype MCU controlled. 2006. 41st IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE-
Volume 4, 8-12 Oct. 2006 Page(s):1794 - 1800
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Guisado, M. A. M. Prats, J. I. Leon, and N.Moreno-Alfonso “Power-
electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources:
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[3] N. Mutoh, M. Ohno, and T. Inoue. “A method for MPPT control while
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1055–1065, Aug. 2006
[4] Billy M. T. Ho,and Henry Shu-Hung Chung, “An Integrated Inverter
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Piegari,“Experimental Performance of MPPT Algorithm for
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Fig. 15.- Thermal design and system integration.
[6] Rico-Secades M., Calleja A.J., Ribas J., Corominas E.L., Alonso J.M.,
Cardesín J., García-García J., "Evaluation of a low-cost permanent
emergency lighting system based on high-efficiency LEDs",IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol. 41 No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2005,
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