Review for Exam #4

4.1 Exponential Functions

The exponential function f with base b is defined by
f (x)  b x or y  b x
where b  0 , b 1 and x
is any real number.
*Characteristics of Exponential Functions of
y 
 the Form f (x)  b
x


1. The Domain of f (x) : (, ) . The Range of
  f (x) : (0, )

0<b<1  b>1
2. The graphs of f (x)  b x pass through the point

(0, 1). The y-intercept is 1.

  3. If b  1 , goes up to the right, increasing
function.
 The greater the value of b , the steeper
x the increase.
4. If 0  b  1, goes down to the right, decreasing
function. The smaller the value ofb , the steeper the decrease.
5. f (x)  b x is one to one so it has an inverse function. 
6. f (x)  b x approaches, but does not touch the x-axis. The x-axis ( y  0 ) is horizontal
asymptote. 

*Transformation of Exponential Functions
Equation Description/Change of Coordinates
 Vertical translation g(x)  b  c
x 
Shifts the graph of f (x)  b x upward c units.
/Add c from each y-coordinate.
g(x)  b  c
x
Shifts the graph of f (x)  b x downward c units.
/Subtract c from each y-coordinate.

Horizontal translation g(x)  b x  c

Shifts the graph of f (x)  b x to the left c units.

g(x)  b x c  
/Subtract c from each x-coordinate.
Shifts the graph of f (x)  b x to the right c units.

Reflection

g(x)  b x
 
/Add c from each x-coordinate.
Reflects the graph of f (x)  b x about the x-axis.

g(x)  b x  
/Replace each y-coordinate with its opposite.
Reflects the graph of f (x)  b x about the y-axis.

Vertical stretching or g( x)  cb x ,
 
/Replace each x-coordinate with its opposite.
Vertically stretches the graph of f (x)  b x .
shrinking
 c 1 /Multiply each y-coordinate by c.

g( x)  cb , x
Vertically shrinks the graph of f (x)  b x .
 0  c 1 /Multiply each y-coordinate by c.

Horizontal stretching g( x)  b cx , Horizontally shrinks the graph of f (x)  b x .
or shrinking

 c 1 /Divide each x-coordinate by c.

g( x)  b ,cx
Horizontally stretches the graph of f (x)  b x .
 0  c 1 /Divide each x-coordinate by c.



 

 1
Example 1) The equation f (x)  17.48e 0.0027x describes the average hourly wage for
construction workers x years after 2000. Estimate (to the nearest cent) the average hourly
wage in 2010.


Example 2) Find the equation represents the transformation of the graph f (x)  3x after
a horizontal shift of 4 units left, a reflection about y-axis, followed by a vertical shift of 5
units up?


1 x  5
Example 3) Let h(x)     3 .
4 
(a) Write the domain and range of h in interval notation.



(b) Write the equation of the asymptote for the graph of h(x) .


(c) Is the graph of h(x) increasing or decreasing?



2
*Formulas for Compound Interest
After t years, the balance, A, in an account with principal P and annual interest rate r (in
decimal form) is given by the following formulas:
nt
 r
1. For n compounding per year: A  P1  
 n
2. For continuous compounding: A  Pe rt

Example 4) When $500 is invested in an account that earns 5.75% annual interest,
compounded quarterly, find the accumulated value after 4 years (to the nearest cent).
How about if compounded continuously?

4.2 Logarithmic Functions

For x  0 and b  0 , b  1 ,
y  log b x is equivalent to b y  x .
The function f ( x)  log b x is the logarithmic function with base b.
*Properties Involving One
1. log b b  1
2. log b 1  0
*Inverse Properties of Logarithms
For b  0 and b  1 ,
log b b x  x
b logb x  x
*Graphs of Logarithmic Functions
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function. I means that the graph of
the logarithmic function is a reflection of the graph of the exponential function about the
line y  x .
y y

x x

y  log b x
b 1 0  b 1
*Characteristics of the Graphs of Logarithmic Functions of the Form f ( x)  log b x

3
 1. The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-intercept.
2. The y-axis ( x  0 ) is a vertical asymptote. As x  0  , log b x   or  .
3. If b  1 , the function is increasing. If 0  b  1 , the function is decreasing.
4. The graph is smooth and continuous. It has no sharp corners or gaps.

*Transformation of Logarithmic Functions

Equation Description/Change of Coordinates
Vertical g ( x)  log b x  c Shifts the graph of f ( x)  log b x upward c units.
translation /Add c from each y-coordinate.
g ( x)  log b x  c Shifts the graph of f ( x)  log b x downward c units.
/Subtract c from each y-coordinate.
Horizontal g ( x)  log b ( x  c ) Shifts the graph of f ( x)  log b x to the left cunits.
translation 
/Subtract c from each x-coordinate.
g ( x)  log b ( x  c ) Shifts the graph of f ( x)  log b x to the right c units.
/Add c from each x-coordinate. 
Reflection g ( x )   log b x Reflects the graph of f ( x)  log b x about the x-axis.

/Replace each y-coordinate with its opposite.
g ( x)  log b (  x) Reflects the graph of f ( x)  log b x about the y-axis.

/Replace each x-coordinate with its opposite.
Vertical g ( x )  c log b x , c  1 Vertically stretches the graph of f ( x)  log b x .
stretching or /Multiply each y-coordinate by c.
shrinking g ( x )  c log b x , Vertically shrinks the graph of f ( x)  log b x .
0  c 1 /Multiply each y-coordinate by c.
Horizontal g ( x)  b ,
log cx c  1 Horizontally shrinks the graph of f ( x)  log b x .
stretching or /Divide each x-coordinate by c.
shrinking g ( x )  log b cx , Horizontally stretches the graph of f ( x)  log b x .
 0  c 1 /Divide each x-coordinate by c.
Tip: follow the changes of 
1
3 points {( ,  1), (1, 0), (b, 1)} and asymptote ( x  0 ) of
b
f (x ) through the transformations.
*The Domain of a Logarithmic Function

The domain of a logarithmic function of the form f ( x)  log b x is the set of all positive
real numbers, (0,  ) . The domain of f ( x)  log b g ( x) consist of all x for which
g ( x)  0 .

*Common Logarithms
f ( x)  log10 x  log x
*Natural Logarithms
f ( x)  log e x  ln x
Example 5) Determine if the first expression is larger, smaller or equal to the second
expression.
(a) log 2 (log 5 5) 0

 4
 log 3 27
(b) 1
log3 9
(c) log 5 20 log 20 5
1 
(d) log 2   0
8 

 
Example 6) What is the coordinate of the x-intercept of f (x)  log 3 (x  5)  2 ?




Example 7) What is the domain of f (x)  3  ln(5  x) ?



4.3 Properties of Logarithms

*Expanding Logarithmic Expressions
For M  0 and N  0 :
1. log b ( MN )  log b M  log b N Product rule
M 
2. log b    log b M  log b N Quotient rule
N
3. log b M  p log b M
p
Power rule

*Condensing Logarithmic Expressions

For M  0 and N  0 :
1. log b M  log b N  log b ( MN ) Product rule
M 
2. log b M  log b N  log b   Quotient rule
N
3. p log b M  log b M p
Power rule

*The Change-of-Base Property

log a M
log b M 
log a b

Example 8) Expand the expression below as much as possible.

 5
x 
log 4  
3 
 16( x  7 ) 

5
Example 9) Write the following expression as a single logarithm whose coefficient is 1.
1
(ln b  4 ln c  ln 5)
4

Example 10) Write the expression below as a single term that does not contain
logarithms. Simplify your answer as much as possible.
6 4 log6 x 3 log6 xy

Example 11) Use the calculator to evaluate log 0.3 19 . Round your answer to 4 decimal
places.

4.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

*Exponential Equations
- Solving Exponential Equation by Expressing Each Side as a Power of Same Base
If b M  b N , M  N .
1. Rewrite the equation in the form b M  b N .
2. Set M  N .
3. Solve for the variable.
- Using Natural Logarithm  to Solve Exponential Equations


1. Isolate the exponential expression.
2. Take the natural logarithm on both sides of the equation.
 3. Simplify using one of the following properties:
lnb x  x lnb or lne x  x .
4. Solve for the variable.

*Logarithmic Equations
 of a Logarithm
- Using the Definition  to Solve Logarithmic Equations
1. Express the equation in the form log b M  c .

6

 2. Use the definition of a logarithm to rewrite the equation in exponential form:
logb M  c means b c  M .
3. Solve for the variable.
4. Check proposed solutions in the original equation. Include in the solution set only
values for which M  0 .
- Using the One-to-One Property of Logarithms
 to Solve Logarithmic Equations
1. Express the equation in the form log b M  log b N . This form involves a single
logarithm whose coefficient is 1 on each side of the equation.
2. Use the one-to-one property to rewrite the equation without logarithms:
 If log b M  log b N , then M  N .
3. Solve for the variable. 
4. Check proposed solutions in the original equation. Include in the solution set only
values for which M  0 and N  0 .

Example 11) The Smith family won $12,000  in a raffle and wants to invest it for their
child’s college fund. What interest will be needed for this investment grow to $60,000,
compounded continuously, after 18 years? Write your answer as a percent and round to
 hundredths
the nearest  place.

Example 12) Find the solution set for the equation log3 x  log3 ( x  8)  2 .

Example 13) Find the exact solution for the equation e 2 x  e x  12  0.

Example 14) Find the solution set for the equation below correct to four decimal places.
4x  2  5x