INFECTIONS

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS:
 Typhoid
 Paratyphoid
 Diphtheria
 Pertusis/whooping cough
 Brucellosis/undulant fever
 Plague
 Syphilis
 Tuberculosis
 Actinomycosis
 Leprosy
 Gonorrhea
 NOMA/cancrum oris
 Scarlet fever
 Sarcoidosis

DISEASE CAUSATIVE INCUBATION CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

ORGANISM PERIOD FEATURE
TYPHOID Salmonella typhi 5 to 14 days
;paratyphi
PARATYPHOID Salmonella 1 to 10 days
paratyphi A,B,C
DIPTHERIA Corynibacterium
diptheria
PERTUSIS Bordetella
pertusis
BRUCELLOSIS Zoonotic
infection
PLAGUE Yersina pestis
SYPHILIS Treponema 2 to 4
pallidum weeks(primary)
6 to 8 weeks(
secondary)
1 year( late)

TUBERCULOSIS
 Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Acid fast bacilli
 Aerobic bacteria
 Non spore forming
 Pathogenesis- droplet spread from infected patient
 INITIAL STAGE- host bacterial interaction: host’s macrophages control the growth of bacteria; or
the bacteria grow and kill the macrophages + non activated monocytes are activated from the
blood stream to the site by various chemotactic factors. They ingest the bacteria released from
lysed macrophages
 Initial stage is asymptomatic and lasts for 2 to 4 weeks after infection.
 LATE STAGE : damage to tissues +macrophage activating response develop; because of specific
immunity and accumulation of large amount of activated macrophages at the primary site of
lesion a granuloma or tubercle is formed
 Large macrophages get activated with release of lymphokines which prevent further tissue
destruction
 Central part of the lesion contains casseous soft necrotic cheesy material
 Ranne complex- the necrotic material may undergo calcification at a later stage
 Clinical features: episodic fever,chills, weight loss, night sweats, persistent cough, fatiguability
 Pulmonary TB can be of three types: primary, secondary and military
 Extrapulmonary TB: lymph nodes, pleura, genitourinary tract,bones, joints ,meninges,
peritoneum.
 SCROFULA: tuberculous infection of submandibular and cervical lymph nodes.

 Oral lesions are secondary to pulmonary TB. They may develop from a small cut.
 Tongue>lips>buccal mucosa>gingival>frenum
 Ulcers have undermined edges.
 Histopathology: presence of langhans giant cells and epitheloid cells.


 Diagnosis: tuberculin test/ mantoux test, AFB test in sputum sample,
 Stains used: ziehl Nielsen stain, kinyoun stain, rhodamine stain for fluorescent microscopy
 Culture media: lowenstine Jensen media, middle brook medium
 PCR
LEPROSY
 Chronic granulomatous infection
  Mycobacterium leprae
 Obligate gram positive bacilli
 Acid fast bacilli
 Clinical features: tuberculoid lesiosn / lepromatous lesion.
 Oral manifestations: leproma formation on tongue, lips and hard palate
 Multidrug therapy: rifampin, dapsone,clofazimines

ACTINOMYCOSIS
 Chronic granulomatous suppurative and fibrousing disease.
 Non acid fast filamentous bacteria gram positive
 Abscess formation with sinus
 Pus shows sulfur granules
 Types: cervical, abdominal, pulmonary