LINEAR ALGEBRA

TUTORIAL CLASS – MEETING 2

PROPERTIES OF Properties of matrix addition and scalar
MATRIX ARITHMETIC multiplication
• 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
• 𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶
• 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶
BERLAKU UNTUK
SEMUA JENIS • 𝐴 𝐵 ± 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 ± 𝐴𝐶
MATRIKS? • 𝐵 ± 𝐶 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 ± 𝐶𝐴
• 𝑎 𝐵 ± 𝐶 = 𝑎𝐵 ± 𝑎𝐶
• 𝑎 ± 𝑏 𝐶 = 𝑎𝐶 ± 𝑏𝐶
• 𝑎 𝑏𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏 𝐶
• 𝑎 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝐵 𝐶 = 𝐵(𝑎𝐶)
 QUESTION!
𝑎+𝑏 2 =…?
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

Misalkan 𝐴 dan 𝐵 adalah dua matriks 𝑛 × 𝑛, maka

𝐴+𝐵 2 =⋯?
= 𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵2
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 ?
 EXAMPLE

Verify if 𝑪𝑩 = 𝑩𝑪 !

So, it can be concluded that 𝑪𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑪 , except if 𝑪 = 𝑩 OR 𝑪 & 𝑩 are the

inverse of each other OR one of them is Identity Matrix
Zero Matrices
Identity Matrices
A square matrix with 1’s on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere

If 𝐴 is any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, then:

𝑨𝑰𝒏 = 𝑨 and 𝑰𝒎 𝑨 = 𝑨
 Inverse of a Matrix
Definition
If 𝐴 is a square matrix, and if a matrix 𝐵 of the same size can be found such that
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑰
then 𝐴 is said to be invertible (or nonsingular) and 𝐵 is called an inverse of 𝐴. If
no such matrix 𝐵 can be found, then 𝐴 is said to be singular.

Thus,
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨 = 𝑰
Properties of Inverse

The inverse of a matrix can be obtained by using The Inversion

Algorithm
𝑨 𝑰 → [𝑰|𝑨−𝟏 ]
Finding the Inverse
Find the inverse of the following:
Finding the Inverse
Find the inverse of the following:

1 3 −2
𝐴= 2 3 0
0 1 −1
Finding the Inverse
Find the inverse of the following:

1 0 2
𝐵 = −1 −3 2
3 6 −2
Properties of Inverse
Properties of Inverse
Solution of a Linear System by Matrix Inversion

𝐴𝐱 = 𝐛
−𝟏
𝑨 𝑨𝐱 = 𝑨 𝐛 −𝟏

𝐱=𝑨 𝐛−𝟏
*A is an invertible matrix
Solution of a Linear System by Matrix Inversion
Find the solution of the following equations:

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
Solution of a Linear System by Matrix Inversion
Find the solution of the following equations at once:
Solution of a Linear System by Matrix Inversion

By reducing this matrix to reduced row echelon form yields:

Determining Consistency by Elimination
In what conditions of 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , and 𝑏3 satisfy in order for the system of
equations below to be consistent?
a. b.
Solution (a)
Solution (b)
In this case, there is no restriction on 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , and 𝑏3 since it is having a
unique solution
Properties of Transpose
Elementary Matrices
A matrix which is obtained from an identity matrix by performing a
single elementary row operation.
Equivalent Statements
Diagonal Matrices
Some examples
Triangular Matrices
Symmetric Matrices
Symmetric Matrices
Symmetric Matrices
Misalkan matriks 𝐴 dan 𝐵 adalah saling simetri. Apakah 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴?

Coba ambil sembarang 2 matriks yang saling simetri, kemudian

tunjukkan jika kedua matriks tersebut saling komutatif atau tidak!