First Order Circuits

First-Order Circuits Overview Introduction: RL & RC Circuits
• RC & RL natural response • First-Order Circuits: Circuits that contain a single capacitor or
• RC & RL step response inductor and a network of DC sources, resistors, and switches
• First-order circuits the easy way • Can also analyze circuits containing multiple capacitors and
inductors if we can combine them into a single equivalent
• Examples capacitor/inductor
• Will analyze using KCL & KVL
• Generates a first-order differential equation
• Simple enough we can use ordinary calculus to solve
• Eventually we will discuss the easy way
• Circuits which contain no sources are called source-free
• If there is no source in the circuit, is called the natural response
Portland State University ECE 221 First-Order Circuits Ver. 1.65 1 Portland State University ECE 221 First-Order Circuits Ver. 1.65 2
RC Natural Response: Initial Conditions t = 0− RC Natural Response: Initial Conditions t = 0+
t=0 t=0
+ +
V 0
R v C V 0
R v C
iR iC iR iC
- -
For t < 0, the switch has been closed for a long time. For t < 0, the switch has been closed for a long time.
• What is the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0− ? • What is the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0+ ?
• How much energy is stored in the capacitor at t = 0− ? • How much energy is stored in the capacitor at t = 0+ ?
• What is the current in the capacitor for t = 0− ? • What is the current in the capacitor for t = 0+ ?
RC Natural Response: Final Conditions t → ∞ RC Natural Response General Equation
t=0 t=0
+ +
V0 R v C V0 R v C
iR iC iR iC
- -
As t → ∞, the switch has been opened for a long time. Solve for v(t).
• What is the current in the capacitor as t → ∞? We know for t ≤ 0, v(t) = V0 . For t ≥ 0,
• What is the voltage across the capacitor as t → ∞? iC (t) + iR (t) = 0
• How much energy is stored in the capacitor as t → ∞? dv(t) v(t)
C + = 0
• Where did the energy go? dt R
dv(t) v(t)
+ = 0
dt RC
RC Natural Response Continued (1) RC Natural Response Summary
dv(t) v(t)
= −
dt RC t=0
+
1 dv(t) 1
dt = − dt V R v C
v(t) dt RC 0
iR iC
du 1 -
= − dv
u RC
v(t) t
1 1 For t > 0,
du = − dv
V0 u RC 0
v(t) = V0 e−t/RC
1
ln (v(t)) − ln (V0 ) = − (t − 0) v(t) V0
RC i (t) = −
C = − e−t/RC
v(t) −t R R
ln = w(t) = 21 C (v(t))
2
= 21 CV02 e−2t/RC
V0 RC
t
V0 e− RC t ≥ 0
v(t) =
V0 t≤0
RC Natural Response Continued (3) RC Natural Response Comments

RC Circuit Natural Response V0 t≤0
V0 v(t) = t
V0 e− RC t ≥ 0
• The voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential decay
Voltage (V)
• Called the natural response of the circuit

– Natural response: Behavior of the circuit with no external
sources of excitation
0 • The rate at which the voltage decreases is measured by the time
constant, τ
0 1τ 2τ 3τ 4τ 5τ
Time (s) • τ = RC
• v(t) = V0 e−t/τ
V0 t≤0 • In 5 time constants v(t) is within 1% of its final value
v(t) = t
V0 e− RC t≥0 • We will treat this as the steady-state value
First Order Response & Time Constants RC Natural Response Energy
RC Circuit Natural Response
V0 t=0
τ = 1.0 s +
τ = 2.0 s
τ = 0.5 s V 0
R v C
iR iC
Voltage (V)
-
Solve for the energy stored in the capacitor, wC (t) for t ≥ 0 and the
energy dissipated by the resistor, wR (t).
0
wC (t) = 2 Cv(t)
1 2
wR (t) =
0 1 2 3 4 5 2
Time (s)
= 2C
1
V0 e−t/τ
The time constant τ determines how quickly the voltage settles to its
2 −2t/τ
2 CV0 e
final value. 1
=
RC Natural Response Energy Key Ideas Example 1: RC Natural Response

2 −2t/τ
wC (t) = 2 CV0 e
1
wR (t) = 1 − e−2t/τ
2 CV0
1 2 20 kΩ
0.125m v1
• How much energy is dissipated in the resistor? t=0
• How much energy is initially stored in the capacitor?
+
• How much energy is stored in the capacitor as t → ∞? 18 mA 5 kΩ 0.2 µF v1 10 kΩ
-
Find the time constant for t > 0. Find v1 (t).
Example 1: Workspace (1) Example 1: Workspace (2)
RL Natural Response: Initial Conditions t = 0− RL Natural Response: Initial Conditions t = 0+
t=0 t=0 + t=0 t=0 +
I
0
R v L I
0
R v L
i i
- -
For t < 0, the switches have not changed for a long time. For t < 0, the switches have not changed for a long time.
• What is the current in the inductor at t = 0− ? • What is the current in the inductor at t = 0+ ?
• What is the voltage across the inductor at t = 0− ? • What is the voltage across the inductor at t = 0+ ?
• How much energy is stored in the inductor at t = 0− ? • How much energy is stored in the inductor at t = 0+ ?
RL Natural Response: Final Conditions t → ∞ RL Natural Response General Equation
t=0 t=0 + t=0 t=0 +
I
0
R v L I
0
R v L
i i
- -
As t → ∞, the switches have not changed for a long time. Solve for i(t).
• What is the current in the inductor as t → ∞? We know for t < 0, i(t) = I0 . For t > 0,
• What is the voltage across the inductor as t → ∞? v(t) + Ri(t) = 0
di(t)
• How much energy is stored in the inductor as t → ∞? L + Ri(t) = 0
dt
• Where does this energy go? di(t)
L = −Ri(t)
dt
RL Natural Response Continued (1) RL Natural Response Summary
di(t) R
= − i(t)
dt L t=0 t=0 +
di(t) R
= − dt I0 R v L
i(t) L
i
du R -
= − dv
u L
i(t)
1 R t For t > 0,
du = − dv
I0 u L 0 R
i(t) = I0 e−t L
R
ln (i(t)) − ln (I0 ) = − (t − 0) R
L v(t) = −i(t)R = −RI0 e−t L

i(t) R R
ln = −t w(t) = 21 L (i(t))2 = 21 LI02 e−2t L
I0 L
R
I0 e−t L t≥0
i(t) =
I0 t≤0
RL Natural Response Comments RL Natural Response Energy
For t > 0,

I0 t≤0 t=0 t=0 +
i(t) =
I0 e−t/τ t≥0 I0
R v L
i
-
• The current response of the RL circuit is an exponential decay
• Called the natural response of the circuit Solve for the energy dissipated by the resistor, wR (t), for t ≥ 0.
L
• Time constant: τ = R
2 −2t/τ
wL (t) = 2 LI0 e
1
wR (t) =
RL Natural Response Energy Key Idea Example 2: RL Natural Response

wL (t) = 21 LI02 e−2t/τ wR (t) = 21 LI02 1 − e−2t/τ 50 i1
3Ω 4.5 Ω
• How much energy is dissipated in the resistor? t=0
+
• How much energy is initially stored in the inductor? 54 V 9Ω v 200 mH 100 Ω 200 Ω
iL i1
• How much energy is stored in the inductor as t → ∞? -
Find iL (t) for t ≥ 0, v(t) for t > 0, and i1 (t) for t > 0.
RC Step Response: Initial Conditions t = 0− RC Step Response: Initial Conditions t = 0+
R R
t=0 i(t) t = 0 t=0 i(t) t = 0
+ +
V s
v(t) C V 0
V s
v(t) C V0
- -
• What is the current in the capacitor for t = 0− ? • What is the current in the capacitor for t = 0+ ?
• What is the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0− ? • What is the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0+ ?
• How much energy is stored in the capacitor at t = 0− ? • How much energy is stored in the capacitor at t = 0+ ?
RC Step Response: Final Conditions t → ∞ RC Step Response Solution
R R
t=0 i(t) t = 0 t=0 i(t) t = 0
+ +
V s
v(t) C V 0
V s
v(t) C V0
- -
As t → ∞, the switches have not changed for a long time. Solve for v(t).
• What is the current in the capacitor as t → ∞? We know v(t) = V0 for t ≤ 0. We need to solve for v(t) for t ≥ 0.
• What is the voltage across the capacitor as t → ∞? Vs − v(t) = Ri(t)
• How much energy is stored in the capacitor as t → ∞? dv(t)
Vs − v(t) = RC
dt
Vs − v(t) dv(t)
=
RC dt
RC Step Response Solution Continued RC Step Response General Equations
R
1 dv(t) t=0 i(t) t = 0
dt = +
RC V − v(t)
s
−1 dv(t) V s
v(t) C V0
dt =
RC v(t) − Vs -
−1 du
dv =
RC u − Vs
t v(t) v(t) = Vs + (V0 − Vs ) e−t/τ
−1 du
dv = dv 1
RC 0 V0 u − Vs i(t) = C = C − (V − Vs ) e−t/τ
0
−t dt τ
= ln (v(t) − Vs ) − ln (V0 − Vs )
RC 1 Vs V0
=− (V0 − Vs ) e−t/τ = − e−t/τ
−t v(t) − Vs R R R
= ln
RC V0 − Vs = i(0+ )e−t/τ
v(t) = Vs + (V0 − Vs ) e−t/RC
Natural & Forced Response RC Step Response Graphed
For t > 0 RC Step Response
Vs
v(t) = Vs + (V0 − Vs ) e−t/τ
= vf + vn (t)
vf = Vs V0
Voltage (V)
vn (t) = (V0 − Vs ) e−t/τ
Forced
Natural
• Forced response is what the response eventually is forced to Total
• Also called the steady-state response
0 1 2 3 4 5
• Natural response is the part of the response due to the change Time (s)
• Also called the transient response because it is temporary
RL Step Response: Initial Conditions t = 0− RL Step Response: Initial Conditions t = 0+
R R
t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0
+ +
Vs v L I0 Vs v L I0
i(t) i(t)
- -
• What is the current in the inductor at t = 0− ? • What is the current in the inductor at t = 0+ ?
• What is the voltage across the inductor at t = 0− ? • What is the voltage across the inductor at t = 0+ ?
• How much energy is stored in the inductor at t = 0− ? • How much energy is stored in the inductor at t = 0+ ?
RL Step Response: Final Conditions t → ∞ RL Step Response Solution
R R
t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0 t=0
+ +
V s
v L I0
V s
v L I0
i(t) i(t)
- -
As t → ∞, the switches have not changed for a long time. Solve for i(t).
• What is the current in the inductor as t → ∞? We know i(t) = I0 for t ≤ 0. We need to solve for i(t) for t ≥ 0.
• What is the voltage across the inductor as t → ∞? Vs − Ri(t) = v(t)
• How much energy is stored in the inductor as t → ∞? di(t)
Vs − Ri(t) = L
dt
Vs L di(t)
− i(t) =
R R dt
RL Step Response Solution Continued RL Step Response General Equations

R di(t) I0 t≤0
dt = i(t) =
L Vs /R − i(t) R
Vs /R + (I0 − Vs /R) e−t L t≥0
R di
− dt = di(t)
L i − Vs /R v(t) = L
R du dt
− dv = 0 t≤0
L u − Vs /R = R
t i(t) (Vs − RI0 ) e−t L t≥0
−R du
dv =
L 0 I0 u − Vs /R There is a pattern here . . .
R
−t = ln (i(t) − Vs /R) − ln (I0 − Vs /R)
L
R i(t) − Vs /R
−t = ln
L I0 − Vs /R
R
i(t) = Vs /R + (I0 − Vs /R) e−t L
RC & RL Circuits the Easy Way First-Order Circuits the Easy Way
x(t) = xf + (x0+ − xf )e−t/τ xf ≡ lim x(t) x0+ ≡ lim x(||)
v(t) = Vf + (V0+ − Vf )e−t/τ t→∞ →0
i(t) = If + (I0+ − If )e−t/τ 1. Combine any networks of inductors (capacitors) into their single
inductor (capacitor) equivalents.
2. Use DC analysis to solve for the current (voltage) flowing through
• Every circuit we have seen follows this pattern the inductor (across the capacitor) at t = 0−
• It is true, in general 3. Use DC analysis to find the initial value of the variable of interest
• This leads to a general approach to analysis at t = 0+
4. Use DC analysis to find the steady state value of the variable of
interest as t → ∞
5. Find the equivalent resistance seen by the inductor (capacitor) for
t>0
6. Solve for the time constant τ
7. Plug into the general equation
Example 3: RC Circuit Example 3: Workspace (1)
100 µA
0.4 µF
20 kΩ 5 kΩ 10 kΩ
i2(t) i1(t)
10 V 5 kΩ
t=0
1. Find i1 (0− ) and i2 (0− ). 5. Find i1 (t).
2. Find i1 (0+ ) and i2 (0+ ). 6. Find i2 (t).
3. Explain why i1 (0− ) = i1 (0+ ).
4. Explain why i2 (0− ) = i2 (0+ ).
Example 3: Workspace (2) Example 4: RL Circuit
t=0
+
vo
20 mA 15 Ω 12 mH 8 mH 48 Ω 10 mA
-
i1 i2
Find vo (t), i1 (t), and i2 (t).
Example 5: RL Circuit Example 5: Workspace
+
0.6 H 0.4 H v 100 Ω
i2 i1 -
At t = 0− , i1 = 1 mA and i2 = −1 mA.
1. Find v(t) for t ≥ 0+ .
2. What percentage of the energy initially stored in the inductors is
dissipated in the 100 Ω resistor?
Example 6: RL Circuit Example 6: Workspace
+
0.6 H 0.4 H v 100 Ω
i2 i1 -
At t = 0− , i1 = 2 mA and i2 = −1 mA.
1. Find v(t) for t ≥ 0+ .
2. What percentage of the energy initially stored in the inductors is
dissipated in the 100 Ω resistor?
Example 7: Hybrid Circuit Example 7: Workspace (1)
240 kΩ 800 Ω
12 kΩ 4 kΩ iL
i C
t=0
33.33 µF vC 12 kΩ 20 V 200 Ω vL 500 mH
Solve for the following for t > 0: vC (t), iC (t), vL (t), iL (t).
Example 7: Workspace (2) Example 8: Hybrid Circuit
5 kΩ 5 kΩ 4 kΩ
+ t=0 t=0 +
vL 2H 6 kΩ vc 5 mF
- iL 20 mA 10 V - ic
Solve for the following for t > 0: vC (t), iC (t), vL (t), iL (t).
Example 9: First-Order Op Amp Circuit Example 9: Workspace
5 kΩ 20 kΩ
10 V
vo
t=0 125 kΩ
-10 V
3V 12 kΩ
8 nF
There is no energy stored in the capacitor at t = 0. How long does it
take for the op amp to saturate? Repeat this question assuming there
is an initial voltage of 2 V on the capacitor.

First Order Circuits

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First-Order Circuits Overview Introduction: RL & RC Circuits

• Called the natural response of the circuit

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