Concrete Mixtutres

-minimize w/c, stiffest possible mix

-nominal aggregate size: size larger than the first sieve to retain more than 10%
-nominal max size: the largest size of aggregate to present in sufficient quantity to
center
-Max size of aggregates:
1. 1/5 of narrowest dimension of forms
2. ¾ of spacing between rebars
3. in unreinforced slabs, 1/3 thickness

Fineness Modulus of Sand

-particle size distribution of the fine aggregate
-values for sand suitable for concrete should range between 2.3 and 3.1
-coarse sand: higher fineness modulus than fine sand

Bulk volume of coarse aggregate

Air Content
-entrained air must be used in concrete that will be exposed to freezing and thawing
and can be used to improve workability even when not required.

Water to cement ratio

-compressive strength is inversely proportional to w/c
-determined from:
1. durability considerations
2. Required strength