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1
Aerosol measurement and size distribution
Concentration
Increasing
Complexity
Diameter
2
Conversion of a discrete particle size distribution
to a continuous distribution
0.2
Discrete Distribution
Number
concentation is
0.15 proportional to
the height of
Number concentration
each bar
0.1
Number
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Particle Diameter /
0.4
Continuous Distribution
0.35
Number concentation
0.3 is proportional to the
Number Concentation / Bin
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Particle Diameter /
3
0.
Continuous Distribution
0.3
The smooth continuous
distribution is obtained
0.
by joining the bin
Number Concentation / Bin
mid-points
0.2
d)
dn/d(
0.
0.1
0.
0.0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Particle Diameter /
Continuous graph
Y-axis
Differential particle concentration (or number)
¾ Particle number normalized by range of particle diameter
of the interval (or bin)
¾ dn/dd
X-axis
Particle diameter range of the interval
¾ dd
Integrated area under the curve=total # of particle
∫ dn
dd
dd = n
4
Properties of particle size distribution
Asymmetrical (or skewed) distribution
Long tail to the right
¾ Large number (fraction) of small particles
¾ Small number (fraction) of large particles
Large range of particle size
¾ Several orders of magnitude in particle diameter
No negative particle size
Mode < Median < Mean
Geometric mean (dg or GM)
Geometric mean
Log dg=(Σnilogdi)/N Æ dg=exp{(Σnilogdi)/N}
5
0.
Continuous Distribution
0.3
The smooth continuous
distribution is obtained
0.
by joining the bin
Number Concentation / Bin
mid-points
0.2
d)
dn/d(
0.
0.1
0.
0.0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Particle Diameter /
Geometric
of a lognormalmean (Median)
distribution are different
0.4
Distribution skewed to
smaller particle diameters
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
CMD
Diameter / µm
6
Normal distribution
1
Normalized distribution (n=1) Normal Size Distribution
Area inder curve = 1
0.8 dp
Mean = Mode = Median
68% of all particles
0.6
are between ± σ
dn/d( d)
0.4
Distribution characterized
by n, d and
p σ
0.2
0
0 1 -σ 2 +σ 3 4 5
Diameter / µm
Normal distribution
(d p −d p )
2
n −
df = 2σ 2
e dd p
σ 2π
⎯dp: arithmetic mean particle diameter
σ: standard deviation
ddp: particle diameter interval
df: frequency of occurrence of particles of
diameter dp
7
Log transformation of continuous graph
Y-axis
Differential particle concentration (or number)
¾ Particle number normalized by range of log-transformed
particle diameter of the interval (or bin)
¾ dn/dlog(d)
X-axis
Range of log-transformed particle diameter of the
interval
¾ dlog(d)
Integrated area under the curve=total # of particle
∫{dn/dlog(d)}dlog(d)
0.4
Distribution skewed to
smaller particle diameters
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
CMD
Diameter / µm
8
Mathematical function of lognormal
distribution
−
(Log (d p )− Log (CMD ))2
dLog(d p )
n 2Log (σ g )
2
df = e
2π Log(σ g )
(d p −d p )
2
n −
df = 2σ 2
e dd p
σ 2π
9
Log normal distribution (first approach)
1
Normalized distribution (n=1) Normal Size Distribution
Area inder curve = 1
0.8 dp
Mean = Mode = Median
68% of all particles
0.6
are between ± σ
dn/d( d)
0.4
Distribution characterized
by n, d and
p σ
0.2
0
0 1 -σ 2 +σ 3 4 5
Diameter / µm
and CMD × σ
g
0
0.01 0.1 CMD/σ 1 CMD × σ 10 100
g g
Diameter / µm
10
Cumulative size distribution
1
Normalized distribution (n=1) Lognormal
Area inder curve = 1 Size Distribution
0.8 84%
Fraction of particles smaller than d
0.6
CMD
50%
0.4
0.2
16%
0
0.1 CMD/ σ 1 CMD × σ 10
g g
Diameter / µm
11
Lognormal distribution with log scale
1.5
Normalized distribution (n=1) Lognormal Size Distribution
Area inder curve = 1
and CMD × σ
g
0
0.01 0.1 CMD/σ 1 CMD × σ 10 100
g g
Diameter / µm
0.8 84%
Fraction of particles smaller than d
0.6
CMD
50%
0.4
Switch and change to probability scale
0.2
16%
0
0.1 CMD/ σ 1 CMD × σ 10
g g
Diameter / µm
12
Log-probability paper
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Log scale (particle size: µm)
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
1
1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98
Probability scale (probit)
1
CMD × σ
g
2
1/2 = σg = 2/3
1 CMD
Diameter / µm
CMD/σ
g
3
0.1
Lognormal
Size Distribution
0.01
.001 .01 .1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99 99.999
13
Count median diameter and σg
CMD (count median diameter)
50% of all particles are less than CMD
Geometric standard deviation
CMD*σg/CMD or
CMD/(CMD/σg)
1
dX/dLog(d)
0.5
0
0.1 1 10 100
CMD SMD MMD
Diameter / µm
14
Log-probability plots for count, mass, and surface
area lognormal distribution
100 16% 50% 84%
Number weighted
Surface-area weighted
Mass weighted
10
Diameter / µm
0.01
.001 .01 .1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99 99.999
15
An example using count data
Data
16
Plotting upper size range vs. fraction/µm
0.10
0.08
Fraction/µm
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Particle size (µm)
0.08
Fraction/µm
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100
17
Cumulative lognormal plot (cum vs. size)
100
80
Cumulative fraction (%)
60
40
20
0
1 10 100
Particle size (µm)
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
18
Take-home practice
Stage cut-point Mass concentration Cumulative mass % Cumulative mass % Cumulative mass
(diameter d) concentration greater than concentration greater than concentration less than
diameter d diameter diameter
(µm) (mg/m3) (mg/m3)
10 0.4209
5.62 1.3330
3.16 3.3770
1.78 6.4771
1 9.5248
0.5 12.7579
0.285 8.1861
0.158 5.2389
0.05 2.9853
Sum (mg/m3)
19