Discrete Time Fourier

Transform

Spring 2008
© Ammar Abu-Hudrouss -Islamic
University Gaza 1

Frequency Representation
Signals

Continuous Discrete

Laplace Fourier Fourier Z-

DFT and FFT Transform
Transform Transform Series

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 2

1
 Discrete Time Fourier Series
Any periodic sequence x(n) with period N, can be represented
as summation of exponentials or
N 1
x (n)   ck e j 2kn / N
k 0
This representation is named Fourier series where the series
coefficients ck are given by
1 N 1
ck   x (n)e  j 2kn / N
N n 0
ck which us the amplitude of the frequency spectrum are
repeated every N terms, or
c k  ck  N
Thus the spectrum of a periodic signal with period N
is also periodic with period N.

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 3

Discrete Time Fourier Series

Example: Find the DTFS for the following signal
Example
x (n)  sin( 0.5n)
Solution
f = ¼ = k/N which means that N = 4
x(0) = 0, x(1) = 1, x(2) = 0, x(3) = -1

1 4 1
c0  
4 n0
x(k )  ( x(0)  x(1)  x(2)  x (3))  0
4

1 3 1
c1   x(n)e j 2n / 4  4 ( x(0)  x(1)e j / 2  x(2)e j  x(3)e j 3 / 2
4 n 0
1
 (0  j (1)  0  j (1))   j / 2
4
1 3 1 3
c2   x(n)e jn  0
4 n 0
c3   x(n)e  j3n / 2  j0.5
4 n 0 4
Digital Signal Processing
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2
 Discrete Time Fourier Series
N 1
x (n)   ck e 2nk / N  0.5 jen / 2  j 0.5e 3n / 2
k 0

Another way of the solution can be obtained using the identity

1 jx  jx
sin( x) 
j2

e e 
 j jn / 2  jn / 2
x(n )  sin(0.5n) 
2
e  e 
So c1  j / 2 and c1   j / 2
But as ck is periodic with Period N =4
c3  c1  j / 2
Which leads to c0  0 , c1   j / 2, c2  0, and c3  j / 2
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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 5

The frequency spectrum is sketched in the following

diagrams. The magnitude and phase are shown as well.

ck

j/2

-3 -2 1 2

-1 3 k

-j/2 c k
ck
/2

0.5
-3 -2 1 2

-1 3 k
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 k
-/2 6
Digital Signal Processing
Slide 6

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 Discrete Time Fourier Series
Power density Spectrum of Periodic Signal

The power of periodic signal is given by

N 1
1 2
P
N
 x ( n)
n0

N 1
1 *
P
N
 x ( n) x ( n)
n 0

N 1 N 1
1 *  j 2kn / N
P
N
 x( n )  c e
n0 k 0
k

N 1 N 1
1  j 2kn / N
P   c*k  x ( n) e
k 0 N n0
N 1
2
Which leads to P   c k
k 0
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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 7

Discrete Time Fourier Series

Example
Find the power spectrum density for
the signal shown
The coefficients over on period of ck
 AL / N k 0
A L 1  j 2k / N 
ck  e
N n0
 
n
  A 1  e  j 2kL / N
 k  1,...., N  1
 N 1  e  j 2 k / N

Which leads to the general expression

 AL / N k  0,  N ,  2 N

ck   A  jk  L1/ N sin kL / n 
N e k  otherwise
 sin k / n 

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 8

4
 Discrete Time Fourier Series
Example
Find the power spectrum density
for the signal shown

The power spectral density is given by

 AL / N 2 k  0, N ,2 N
2 
ck   A  2  sin kL / n   2
    k  otherwise
 N   sin k / n  

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 9

Discrete Time Fourier Transform

A Fourier transform for a finite energy discrete time signal
x(n) is defined as

 j n
X ( )   x ( n )e
n  

X() is a periodic function with period 2


 j (  2k ) n
X (  2k )   x ( n )e
k  

 jn  j 2kn
  x (n )e
k  
e

 jn
  x (n )e
k  
 X ( )

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 10

5
 Discrete Time Fourier Transform
An inverse Fourier transform is defined as
1 
jn
x ( n) 
2   X ( )e

d

The energy spectrum of aperiodic signal is defined as

2
S xx ( )  X ( )  X ( ) X * ( )

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 11

Discrete Time FourierTransform

Find the DTFT for the following signal
x( n )  a n u ( n ) 1  a  1

Solution
 
X ( )   a n e jn   (ae  j ) n
n0 n 0

1

1  ae  j

S XX ( )  X ( ) X * ( )
1

1  2 a cos   a 2

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 12

6
 Discrete Time Fourier Transform
Find the DTFT for the following signal
x( n )  a n u ( n ) 1  a  1

Sxx(), a = 0.5 Sxx(), a = -0.5

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 13

Self Study
Students are encouraged to solve the following questions
from the textbook
4.1, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (a) to (d), 4.7, 4.9(a),(b), (g) and 4.12

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Digital Signal Processing
Slide 14