 Isotropic: This material model option is used for parts that will only experience deflections in the

elastic region of the stress-strain curve. In order to use this material model, the parts must have
identical material properties in all directions. A single modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ration will
be the requested material properties.
 Orthotropic: This material model option is used for parts that will only experience deflections in
the elastic region of the stress-strain curve. The part may have different material properties in
certain directions. Specifically, the material properties may be different in one or more of the three
orthogonal directions in a rectangular coordinate system. This option will only be available for
General and Co-rotational shell elements. See the paragraph "Controlling the Orientation of Shell
Elements" below for details on setting up the material axes.
 von Mises with Isotropic Hardening: This material model option is used for parts that may
experience plastic deformation during the analysis. A bilinear curve will be defined to control the
stress-strain relationship. This option will only be available for General and Thin shell elements.
 von Mises with Kinematic Hardening: This material model option is also used for parts that may
experience plastic deformation during the analysis. A bilinear curve will be defined to control the
stress-strain relationship. This material model option is preferred over the von Mises with isotropic
hardening material model option if the model will undergo cyclical loading (Bauschinger effect).
This option will only be available for General shell elements.
 von Mises Curve with Isotropic Hardening: This material model option is used for parts that may
experience plastic deformation during the analysis. You will be able to specify a stress-strain curve
with multiple data points to control the stress-strain relationship. This option will only be available
for General shell elements.
 von Mises Curve with Kinematic Hardening: This material model option is used for parts that
may experience plastic deformation during the analysis. You will be able to specify a stress-strain
curve with multiple data points to control the stress-strain relationship. This material model option
is preferred over the von Mises with isotropic hardening material model option if the model will
undergo cyclical loading (Bauschinger effect). This option will only be available for General shell
elements.
 Mooney-Rivlin: This material model is used to model hyperelastic materials such as rubber. This
option will only be available for General shell elements.
 Ogden: This material model is used to model hyperelastic materials such as rubber. This option
will only be available for General shell elements.
 Viscoelastic Ogden: A viscoelastic variation of the Ogden (hyperelastic) material model. This
option will only be available for General shell elements.
 Viscoelastic Mooney-Rivlin: A viscoelastic variation of the Mooney-Rivlin (hyperelastic) material
model. This option will only be available for General shell elements.
 Viscoelastic: This material model is used to model materials that will only experience deflections
in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve but may also experience creep. Creep occurs when
a model deflects under a constant load over time. This option will only be available for General
shell elements.
 Composite: This material model is used to model composite materials in which multiple laminae
affect the material properties. The material must remain in the elastic region of the stress-strain
curve during the analysis and the material properties must be identical at all temperatures. You will
be requested to define the material properties and failure criteria for each layer of the composite in
the "Composite" tab. This option will only be available for Co-rotational shell elements. See the
paragraph "Controlling the Orientation of Shell Elements" below for details on setting up the
material axes.
 Temperature Dependent Composite: This material model is used to model composite materials
in which multiple laminae affect the material properties. The material must remain in the elastic
region of the stress-strain curve during the analysis and the material properties may vary with
temperature. You will be requested to define the material properties and failure criteria for each
layer of the composite in the "Composite" tab. This option will only be available for Co-rotational
shell elements. See the paragraph "Controlling the Orientation of Shell Elements" below for details
on setting up the material axes.
  Thermoelastic: This material model is used to model materials what will only experience
deflections in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve but may also experience stress due to a
temperature difference. This option will only be available for Co-rotational shell elements.
 Temperature Dependent Orthotropic: This material model is used for parts that have different
material properties in certain directions that also vary with the temperature. Specifically, the
material properties may be different in one or more of the three orthogonal directions in a
rectangular coordinate system. The material properties will be specified at multiple temperatures.
The values will be linearly interpolated between temperature values. The temperature range for
which the material properties are defined must include the expected temperatures. This option will
only be available for Co-rotational shell elements. See the paragraph "Controlling the Orientation
of Shell Elements" below for details on setting up the material axes.

 Isotropic Material Properties

 Orthotropic Material Properties
 Temperature Dependent Material Properties
 Composite Material Properties
 Piezoelectric Material Properties
 Anisotropic Material Properties

Isotropic Material Properties

Materials are considered to be isotropic if the properties are not dependent on the direction. The
isotropic material properties are listed below. Depending on the element type, analysis type and
loads, not all the material properties may be required.

Mass Density
The mass density of a material is its mass per unit volume. Mass density is applicable to all linear
elements. This property is required in all linear analyses involving gravity or acceleration loads. This
property is also required for natural frequency (modal) and all modal superposition analyses.

Tip: See the page Converting Mass Units in the section General Options: Unit Systems for tips on
converting the mass density to the appropriate units.

Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of a material until the
proportionality limit, or yield stress. It is also referred to as the Young's modulus of a material. The
modulus of elasticity is applicable to all linear elements and is required for all linear analyses.

Thermal Coefficient of Expansion

The thermal coefficient of expansion is based on the contraction and expansion of the material due to a
temperature difference. This is applicable for all linear element types. This is required for any linear
model containing thermal loads.
Poisson's Ratio
Poisson's ratio is found by taking the negative lateral strain and dividing it by the axial strain for an
axially loaded member. Typical values for Poisson's ratio range from 0.0 to 0.5. This is applicable for all
linear element types except for trusses. This is required for all linear analysis types.

Yield Strength
The yield strength of a material is the point on the stress versus strain curve where the material initially
starts to go into plastic strain. After yielding once, the new yield stress depends on the type of hardening
and the loading history.

The yield strength is used with beam elements in linear stress for code checking, as a parameter for the
allowable stress. Otherwise, the yield stress has no effect on the results in a linear analysis (that is,
plasticity effects are not included). Also, the yield strength field will not appear within the Element
Material Specification dialog box for non-beam element parts. However, you can specify the yield
strength within the Material Library Manager and within the Results environment, where it is used by
default as the basis of Safety Factor contour plots.

Shear Modulus of Elasticity

The shear modulus of elasticity is the slope of the shear-stress versus shear-strain curve of a material
below the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the modulus of rigidity. It is applicable to all
linear element types except trusses and beams. For isotropic material models, you cannot specify the
shear modulus of elasticity within the Element Material Specification dialog box. Instead, the software

uses the equation to calculate the value, where E is the modulus of elasticity and ν is the
Poisson's ratio.

Orthotropic Material Properties

Materials are considered to be orthotropic if the properties depend on the direction. To properly use
an orthotropic material, the material axes must be defined in the Element Definition dialog. All the
structural element types except trusses, beams, tetrahedrals and composites support orthotropic
material models. The orthotropic material properties are listed below. Depending on the element
type, analysis type and loads, not all the material properties may be required. In addition to these
properties, it may be necessary to define some isotropic material properties.

The modulus of elasticity for local axis 1 (E1) is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of local
axis n of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the Young's modulus of
local axis 1. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.

The modulus of elasticity for local axis 2 (E2) is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of local
axis s of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the Young's modulus of
local axis 2. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.
The modulus of elasticity for local axis 3 (E3) is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of local
axis t of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the Young's modulus of
local axis 3. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.

The Poisson's ratio relative for local plane 12 (Major) (ν12) is found by taking the negative lateral
strain in the local plane 12 and dividing it by the axial strain in the direction normal to the local plane
12 for an axially loaded member. Typical values for Poisson's ratio range from 0.0 to 0.5. This
property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models and is
required for all structural analyses.

The Poisson's ratio relative for local plane 13 (Major) (ν13) is found by taking the negative lateral
strain in the local plane 13 and dividing it by the axial strain in the direction normal to the local plane
13 for an axially loaded member. Typical values for Poisson's ratio range from 0.0 to 0.5. This
property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models and is
required for all structural analyses.

The Poisson's ratio relative for local plane 23 (Major) (ν23) is found by taking the negative lateral
strain in the local plane 23 and dividing it by the axial strain in the direction normal to the local plane
23 for an axially loaded member. Typical values for Poisson's ratio range from 0.0 to 0.5. This
property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models and is
required for all structural analyses.

The shear modulus of elasticity of local plane 12 (G12) is the slope of the shear stress versus
shear strain of plane 12 of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the
modulus of rigidity. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.

The shear modulus of elasticity of local plane 13 (G13) is the slope of the shear stress versus
shear strain of plane 13 of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the
modulus of rigidity. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.

The shear modulus of elasticity of local plane 23 (G23) is the slope of the shear stress versus
shear strain of plane 23 of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the
modulus of rigidity. This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic
material models and is required for all structural analyses.

The thermal coefficient of expansion for local axis 1 (Alpha 1) is a property based on the
contraction and expansion of the material. This coefficient is needed to do a thermal stress analysis.
This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models
and is required for all structural analyses that contain thermal loads.

The thermal coefficient of expansion for local axis 2 (Alpha 2) is a property based on the
contraction and expansion of the material. This coefficient is needed to do a thermal stress analysis.
This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models
and is required for all structural analyses that contain thermal loads.

The thermal coefficient of expansion for local axis 3 (Alpha 3) is a property based on the
contraction and expansion of the material. This coefficient is needed to do a thermal stress analysis.
This property is applicable to all structural element types that support orthotropic material models
and is required for all structural analyses that contain thermal loads.
Temperature Dependent Material Properties
Some of the structural element types support temperature-dependent material properties. Two
temperature-dependent material models exist, isotropic and orthotropic. If one of these material
models is selected, you define all of the isotropic or orthotropic material properties at multiple
temperatures in a tabular format. The properties that you must specify are the same as those
applicable to non-temperature-dependent isotropic or orthotropic material models.

Each row in the table contains the properties associated with a single temperature:

 You can add a row to the bottom of the table by pressing the Add Row button.
 You can delete a row from the table by selecting the row and pressing the Delete Rowbutton.
 The temperature values must be input in ascending order.
 The data can be sorted according to increasing temperatures by pressing the Sortbutton.
 The temperature values must cover the range of temperatures encountered in the model.
 The material properties are linearly interpolated between temperature values.
You can also import the material properties from a CSV file (comma-separated values) by pressing
the Import button.

Tip: Enter a row of data into the properties table and click the Export button to output the data as a
CSV file. This will serve as a template for the proper CSV file format. Duplicate the sequence of
values for each row (that is for each temperature point).
Important: The values in the CSV file are imported using the active Display Units. Change the
Display Units if necessary before importing the data. For example, a value of 3.14E15 is imported as
3.14E15 psi if the Display Units are in pounds and inches, and 3.14E15 Pascals if the Display Units
are in Newtons and meters.

Composite Material Properties

Composite materials properties are used only for the thin and thick composite elements. To properly
enter the properties, the material axes must be defined in the Element Definition dialog box. (See
the pages Thick Composite Elements and Thin Composite Elements.)

The composite material properties are listed below. Depending on the element type, analysis type
and loads, not all the material properties may be required. In addition to these properties, it may be
necessary to define some Isotropic Material Properties.

Symbols used throughout this section are defined as follows:

Ef modulus of elasticity of the fiber material

Emmodulus of elasticity of the matrix material

Gf shear modulus of elasticity of the fiber material

Gmshear modulus of elasticity of the matrix material

μf Poisson's ratio of the fiber material

μm Poisson's ratio of the matrix material

Vf fraction of total volume taken up by the fiber material

Vmfraction of total volume taken up by the matrix material (= 1 - Vf)

Elastic Properties
 Modulus of Elasticity Local Axis 1 (E1): The modulus of elasticity for local axis 1 is the slope of the
stress versus strain curve of local axis 1 of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also
referred to as the Young's modulus of local axis 1. Also, for a fibrous composite material the
following equation may be used: E1 = Vf * Ef+ Vm * E m where the properties are in the direction of
local axis 1. This property is applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all
structural analysis types.
 Modulus of Elasticity Local Axis 2 (E2): The modulus of elasticity for local axis 2 is the slope of the
stress versus strain curve of local axis 2 of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also
referred to as the Young's modulus of local axis 2. Also, for a fibrous composite material the
following equation may be used: E2 = Vf * Ef+ Vm * Em where the properties are in the direction of
local axis 2. This property is applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all
structural analysis types.
 Poisson's Ratio Local Plane 12 (Major) (μ12): The Poisson's ratio for local plane 12 is found by
taking the negative lateral strain in the local plane 12 and dividing it by the axial strain in the
direction normal to the local plane 12 for an axially loaded member. (μ12 = -strain in direction 2 /
strain in direction 1). Typical values for Poisson's ratio range from 0.0 to 0.5. For a fibrous
composite the following equation can be used: μ12= Vf * μ f + Vm * μm where the properties are
measured in the 12 plane. Poisson's ratio for local plane 12 can be referred to as the major Poisson's
ratio. This property is applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all
structural analysis types.
 Poisson's Ratio of Local Plane 21 (Minor) (μ21): For a fibrous composite (orthotropic material)
the following equation can be used:μ21 =μ12 * (E2/E1). Poisson's ratio for local plane 21 can be
referred to as the minor Poisson's ratio. This property is applicable to both types of composite
elements and is required for all structural analysis types.
 Thermal Coefficient of Expansion for Local Axis 1: The thermal coefficient of expansion for local
axis 1 is a property based on the contraction and expansion of the material. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all structural analyses that
involve thermal loads.
 Thermal Coefficient of Expansion for Local Axis 2: The thermal coefficient of expansion for local
axis 2 is a property based on the contraction and expansion of the material. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all structural analyses that
involve thermal loads.
 Shear Modulus of Elasticity of Local Plane 12 (G12): The shear modulus of elasticity of local
plane 12 (in the plane of the element) is the slope of the shear stress versus shear strain of plane 12
of a material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the modulus of rigidity. For a
fibrous composite the following equation can be used: G12 = (Gf*Gm) / (Vm*Gf + Gm*Vf). This
property is applicable to both types of composite elements and is required for all structural analysis
types.
 Shear Modulus of Elasticity of Local Plane 13: The shear modulus of elasticity of local plane 13
(perpendicular to the element) is the slope of the shear stress versus shear strain of plane 13 of a
material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the modulus of rigidity. This
property is only applicable to thick composite elements and is required for all structural analysis
types.
 Shear Modulus of Elasticity of Local Plane 23: The shear modulus of elasticity of local plane 23
(perpendicular to the element) is the slope of the shear stress versus shear strain of plane 23 of a
material until the proportionality limit. This is also referred to as the modulus of rigidity. This
property is only applicable to thick composite elements and is required for all structural analysis
types.

Allowable Stresses
The allowable stresses are required if a Tsai-Wu or Maximum Stress failure criteria is specified. Refer to
the pages Thick Composite Elements and Thin Composite Elements for the selection of the failure
criteria and the equations that govern failure.

 Compressive Stress of Local Axis 1 (Xc): The allowable compressive stress of local axis 1 is a
material property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This
property is applicable to both types of composite elements. A positive value needs to be entered.
 Tensile Stress of Local Axis 1 (Xt): The allowable tensile stress of local axis 1 is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.
 Compressive Stress of Local Axis 2 (Yc): The allowable compressive stress of local axis 2 is a
material property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This
property is applicable to both types of composite elements. Enter a positive value.
 Tensile Stress of Local Axis 2 (Yt): The allowable tensile stress of local axis 2 is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.
 Shear Stress of Local Plane 1-2: The allowable shear stress of the local 12 plane is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.
 Stress interaction F12 (Tsai-Wu): The stress interaction F12 is a failure criteria property that is
used only for the Tsai-Wu failure theory. It is determined from biaxial tests. For numerical stability,
the following condition must be satisfied: .
 Core Crushing (Zc): When a thin plate is bent, one surface is in tension and the other is in
compression. The vertical components of those two stresses (top and bottom) cause the crushing of
the core layer (lamina). The core crushing allowable is the allowable stress that can occur before the
core material crushes. It applies only to the maximum stress failure theory and only for thick
composite elements. Enter a positive value.
 Allowable transverse shear stress in 13 plane (S13): The allowable transverse shear stress in the
local 13 plane (perpendicular to the element) is a material property that is used in different failure
criteria for a composite element analysis. It applies only to the maximum stress failure theory and
only for thick composite elements.
 Allowable transverse shear stress in 23 plane (S23): The allowable transverse shear stress in the
local 23 plane (perpendicular to element) is a material property that is used in different failure
criteria for a composite element analysis. It applies only to the maximum stress failure theory and
only for thick composite elements.

Allowable Strains
The allowable strains are required if the maximum strain failure criteria is specified. Refer to the
pages Thick Composite Elements and Thin Composite Elements for the selection of the failure criteria
and the equations that govern failure.

 Compressive Strain of Local Axis 1(T1c): The allowable compressive strain of local axis 1 is a
material property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This
property is applicable to both types of composite elements. Enter a positive value.
 Tensile Strain of Local Axis 1 (T1t): The allowable tensile strain of local axis 1 is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.
 Compressive Strain of Local Axis 2 (T2c): The allowable compressive strain of local axis 2 is a
material property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This
property is applicable to both types of composite elements. Enter a positive value.
 Tensile Strain of Local Axis 2 (T2t): The allowable tensile strain of local axis 2 is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.
 Shear Strain of Local Plane 1-2: The allowable shear strain of the local 12 plane is a material
property that is used in different failure criteria for a composite element analysis. This property is
applicable to both types of composite elements.

Flexure Controls
By default, the flexural properties is calculated from the elastic properties. To use specific values for the
flexural properties, activate the Flexural Modulus check box, and then enter the following properties.

 Flexural Modulus of Local Axis 1: The flexural modulus of local axis 1 is the slope of the moment-
curvature curve in the local 1 direction before the proportionality limit. This property is applicable
to both types of composite elements.
 Flexural Modulus of Local Axis 2: The flexural modulus of local axis 2 is the slope of the moment-
curvature curve in the local 2 direction before the proportionality limit. This property is applicable
to both types of composite elements.
 Flexural Poisson's Ratio of Local Plane 12: The flexural Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the
curvature in the local 1 direction to the curvature in the local 2 direction. This property is applicable
to both types of composite elements.
 Torsional Rigidity of Local Plane 12: The torsional rigidity of the local plane 12 is comparable to
the shear modulus. If no value is provided, a value is calculated using the flexural modulus and the
flexural Poisson's ratio. This property is applicable to both types of composite elements.
Piezoelectric Material Properties
Piezoelectric materials experience stresses due to voltage differences. To properly use a composite
material, the material axes must be defined in the Element Definition dialog box. The piezoelectric
material properties are listed below. Depending on the element type, analysis type and loads, not all
the material properties may be required.

Polarization direction modulus

This is the value of the modulus of elasticity in the direction in which the material is polarized. The
modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of a material until the proportionality
limit. It is also referred to as the Young's modulus of a material. The polarization of the piezoelectric
material is assumed to be along the local 3 direction of the material. This is only applicable for the
piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Transverse direction modulus

This is the value of the modulus of elasticity in the transverse direction of the material. The modulus of
elasticity is the slope of the stress versus strain curve of a material until the proportionality limit. It is
also referred to as the Young's modulus of a material. The piezoelectric material model assumes
equivalent properties along the local 1 and 2 directions transverse to the polarization direction. This is
only applicable for the piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Transverse charge coefficient d31

The transverse charge coefficient, d31, is the ratio of the strain induced in the local 1 direction divided
by the applied electric field in the local 3 direction, the direction of polarization. This is only applicable
for the piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Longitudinal charge coefficient d33

The longitudinal charge coefficient, d33, is the ratio of the strain induced in the local 3 direction divided
by the applied electric field in the local 3 direction, the direction of polarization. This is only applicable
for the piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Shear charge coefficient d15

The shear charge coefficient, d15, is the ratio of the induced shear strain divided by the applied electric
field in the local 1 direction, perpendicular to the direction of polarization. This is only applicable for the
piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Stiffness Matrix Coefficients

You can manually define the 21 elastic coefficients of the stiffness matrix. The coefficients are all input in
the local direction. This is only applicable for the general piezoelectric material model. This is required
for all structural analyses.

Piezoelectric Matrix Coefficients

The piezoelectric matrix relates the stresses induced in the piezoelectric material to the applied electric
field using the relation: {S}=[e]{E}, where {S} is the induced stress, [e] is the piezoelectric matrix and {E}
is the electric field. The order of the stresses in {S} is S11, S22, S33, S12, S23, S13. The electric field
components E1, E2, and E3 are relative to the local material axes. This is only applicable for the general
piezoelectric material model. This is required for all structural analyses.

Anisotropic Material Properties

Since the isotropic material has same l x w x t, it should have identical values of the
property in all directions. It can also be seen clearly that anisotropicmaterial on the
right has same l, w but different thickness,t. Young Modulus, Eis the ratio
of stress over strain. Strain is dependent on the change in lengthwhich will results
in a change in property.