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DRIP IRRRIGATION

DRIP IRRIGATION 1
WATER APPLICATION

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PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION

Water is pumped from the source and


enriched with energy
Water is delivered to destination through
closed piping network
Water is applied in the field by means of
emitters
Water distribution uniformity depends on
pressure regime
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PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION
(Continued)

Water can flow in any direction, independent


of slope direction
Water applied through the air or directly to
the soil
The pipes can burst by excessive pressure
The emitters can be clogged by
contamination and precipitations from the
water
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EARTH SURFACE AREA
CLASSIFICATION

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GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

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GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES

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GLOBAL HYDROLOGICAL
CYCLE – km3

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WATER USAGE GROWTH IN
THE 20th CENTURY

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GLOBAL IRRIGATED AREA AND
WATER WITHDRAWALS

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ADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION (1)

Accurate localized water application


Minimized evaporation losses
Desirable air-water equilibrium in soil
Compatible with harsh soil and topography
conditions
Little interference with farm activities
Decreased weed infestation
Decreased fungal leaf and fruit diseases as well as
leaf burns
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ADVANTAGES OF DRIP
IRRIGATION (2)

Elimination of water losses in plot’s margins


No wind interference
Simultaneous application of water and
nutrients
Extended use of brackish water for irrigation
Convenient control of water and nutrient
supply by automation
Low energy requirements
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LIMITATIONS OF DRIP
IRRIGATION

High initial cost


Clogging hazard
Salt accumulation on soil surface
Vulnerability to damage by animals
Negligible influence on micro-climate
Restricted root system

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THE DRIPPER

A SMALL WATER EMITTER MADE OF PLASTIC MATERIAL


THE BASIC COMMON ATTRIBUTES OF A DRIPPER:
Low flow-rate (0.1 – 8.0 l\h)
Precise flow-rate (up to ±5% deviation from
the nominal flow-rate)
Low vulnerability to clogging
Low production cost and durability

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EARLY DRIPPERS

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INITIAL BLASS DRIPPER

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DRIPPER’S TYPES

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DRIPPERS CLASSIFICATION

POSITION
MOUNTING
PATTERN (Water Passageway)
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE

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DRIPPERS’ POSITION

SPATIAL PLACEMENT OF LATERALS


• On-Surface Drip Irrigation
• Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI)

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ON-SURFACE DRIP
IRRIGATION ADVANTAGES

Easy maintenance
Cheap installation, compared with SDI

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ON-SURFACE DRIP
IRRIGATION LIMITATIONS

Sensitivity to damage by mechanical tools


and animals
High labor investment in annuals
Weeds infestation

Woodpecker
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SDI ADVANTAGES

Negligible interference with farm activity


Elimination of mechanical damage to laterals
Decreased weed infestation
Elimination of runoff and evaporation from
soil surface
Improved uptake of nutrition elements by the
roots, notably phosphorous.

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SDI DISADVANTAGES

High installation costs


Plugging hazard by intruding roots and
sucked-in soil particles
Inconvenience in monitoring the performance
of drippers and laterals
Strict maintenance is mandatory

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SDI INSTALLATION

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SDI LATERAL BURYING

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DRIPPERS’ MOUNTING
OPTIONS

IN-LINE
ON-LINE
INTEGRAL
PERFORATED THIN-WALL TAPE

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IN-LINE DRIPPERS

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ON-LINE DRIPPERS

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INTEGRAL DRIPPERS

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TAPE DRIPPERS

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T-TAPE FILLED WITH
WATER

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DRIPPER STRUCTURE
(WATER PASSAGEWAY)

LONG PATH
LABYRINTH
TOOTHED PATH
VORTEX
ORIFICE

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EVOLUTION OF THE
PASSAGEWAY PATTERN

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APERTURE AND
VORTEX PASSAGEWAYS
Aperture Vortex

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TURBULENT WATER FLOW

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ADVANCED TOOTHED
PASSAGEWAYS

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MULTI-OUTLET DRIPPER

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ARROW DRIPPER

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ULTRA-LOW FLOW
DRIPPERS

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SOIL WETTING PATTERN WITH
ULTRA-LOW FLOW-RATE
DRIPPER

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SELF SEALING DRIPPER

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NO-DRAIN DRIPPERS

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LASER PERFORATION

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FLOW-RATE PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP

NON-COMPENSATING DRIPPER
COMPENSATING DRIPPER

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PRESSURE AND WATER
POTENTIAL UNITS

1 ATM. = 14.7 PSI

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EMITTER’S FLOW-RATE –
PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP

Q= k×P x

Q = Emitter flow rate – l/h


k = Emitter discharge coefficient
P = Pressure (HEAD) at the emitter's
inlet – m.
x = Emitter discharge exponent

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ON PRESSURE –FLOW-RATE
RELATIONSHIP EFFECT OF
DRIPPER EXPONENT

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
EMITTER EXPONENT

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PRESSURE COMPENSATING
DRIPPERS - COMPONENTS

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COMPENSATION
MECHANISM

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FLOW-RATE – PRESSURE
CURVES

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TYPICAL LAYOUT OF DRIP
IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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THE CONTROL HEAD

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AUTOMATIC VALVES

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AIR RELIEF/RELEASE
VALVES

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ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM
BREAKERS

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PRESSURE REGULATORS

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PIPES

STEEL, CAST IRON


PVC, UPVC
POLYETHYLENE
POLYPROPYLENE
FIBREGLASS, GRP

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PVC PIPES FOR IRRIGATION
AND WATER SUPPLY

PVC type ND Applications PN - m


Soft PVC 6 mm Hydraulic command tubing 40 – 80
Soft PVC 6 – 10 Micro-emitter connection to 40 – 60
mm laterals
Soft PVC 12 – 25 Tapes and thin-wall drip 5 – 20
mm laterals
Rigid ½” – Risers 40 – 100
UPVC 4”
Rigid 63 – Supply networks, main lines, 40 – 240
UPVC 1000 submains
mm DRIP IRRIGATION 59
POLYETHYLENE PIPES
DENSITY GRADE

Type I – Low Density (LDPE), 910 – 925 g/l


Type II – Medium Density (MDPE), 920 – 940
g/l
Type III – High Density (HDPE), 941 – 959 g/l
Type IIII – High Homo-polymer, 960 g/l and
above
Carbon black 2% is added to reduce the
sensitivity of the pipes to ultraviolet (UV)
sun radiation.

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POLYETHYLENE PIPE TYPES

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PIPE WALL THICKNESS

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PIPE CONNECTORS

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DRIP LATERAL
CONNECTORS

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LOCK-FASTENED CONNECTORS

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LATERAL-END FLUSHING
DEVICE

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WATER DISTRIBUTION IN
THE SOIL

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WATER AND CHEMICALS
DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL

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SOIL WETTING PATTERN
WITH SDI

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SOIL WETTING PATTERN

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ALTERNATIVE LAYOUTS OF
DRIP SYSTEMS

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DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

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ONE MAIN LINE

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TWO MAIN LINES

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SDI LAYOUT

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MECHANIZED DEPLOYMENT OF
DRIP LATERALS

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POTATOES - DRIP LATERALS
POSITIONED ON HILLOCKS

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DRIP IRRIGATION
LAYOUTS IN ORCHARDS

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APPLE DRIP
IRRIGATION

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GRAPES DRIP
IRRIGATION

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DRIP IRRIGATION OF
POTTED PLANTS

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DUNES DRIP
IRRIGATION

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ROADSIDE DRIP
IRRIGATION

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SIMPLIFIED DRIP SYSTEM
FOR THE POOR

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NETAFIM FDS ARRAY
(FDS – Family Drip System)

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FDS DETAILS

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TREADLE PUMP

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MAINTENANCE – CRITICAL
ISSUES IN INSTALLATION

PVC PIPES
LATERALS
ROUTINE INSPECTION
PUMP INPECTION
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
SYSTEM FLUSHING AND CLEANING
TREATING PLUGGED DRIPPERS
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INSTALLATION AIDS

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WATER FLOW PATTERNS

Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Transitional flow

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WATER FLOW PATTERNS
ILLUSTRATED

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LAMINAR FLOW

Laminar flow in a straight pipe may


be considered as the relative motion
of a set of concentric cylinders of
fluid,
the external cylinder is fixed to the
pipe wall and the others moving at
increasing speeds as the center of
the pipe is approached
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TURBULENT FLOW

The fluid undergoes irregular


fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast
to laminar flow, in which the fluid
moves in smooth paths or layers
In turbulent flow the speed of the
fluid at a point is continuously
undergoing changes in both
magnitude and direction
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TRANSITIONAL FLOW

Transitional flow is a mixture of


laminar and turbulent flow, with
turbulence in the center of the pipe,
and laminar flow near the edges.
Each of these flows behave in
different manners in terms of their
frictional energy loss while flowing,
and have different equations that
predict their behavior
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HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES

Head losses in pipe refers to the pressure


drop due to friction as a fluid flows through
a pipe
The friction occurs between the external
water molecules and the pipe walls and
between the inner molecules with each
other

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HEAD LOSS IN FITTINGS

Wherever a change to pipe cross section, or a


change in the direction of flow occurs in a
pipeline, energy is lost and this must be
accounted for in the hydraulic design
Under normal circumstances involving long
pipelines these head losses are small in relation to
the head losses due to pipe wall friction
Head losses may be significant in short pipe runs
or in complex installations where a large number
of fittings are included in the design
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HEAD LOSS IN FITTINGS
CALCULATION
The general relationship for head losses in fittings
may be expressed as

H = head loss (m)


V = velocity of flow (m/s)
K = head loss coefficient
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

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HEAD LOSS COEFFICIENTS IN
DIFFERENT FITTINGS

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FLOW-RATE – PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP

HEAD (PRESSURE) CONSTITUENTS


Elevation head (z)
Dynamic head
Velocity head

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PRESSURE AND WATER
POTENTIAL UNITS

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HEAD-LOSSES IN WATER
FLOW

Longitudinal head-losses
• Caused by the friction of water
molecules with pipe walls
Local head-losses
• Caused by the friction of water
moleculeS with the inner surface of
accessories

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TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
(TDH)

The total head requested in the pump


is comprised of:
• Operating pressure
• Friction head losses
• Topography difference
• Pump suction lift

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TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
(TDH)

The total dynamic head is the sum


of:
The vertical distance that the water is
lifted
The pressure required in the
emitters' inlets
The friction losses that are created
by the water flow

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HEAD LOSSES FACTORS

Pipe length
Pipe inner cross-section
Pipe wall smoothness
Water flow-rate
Water viscosity

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LONGITUDINAL HEAD-LOSSES
HAZEN-WILIAMS EQUATION

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C (Hazen-Williams)
DESIGN COEFFICIENT

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HEAD LOSS CALCULATION
(Example)

Pipe length: 30 m.
Hazen-Williams design coefficient : 140
Flow-rate: 36 m3/h
Internal pipe diameter: 76 mm
J= 64 0/00 = 6.4%

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MINOR (LOCAL) HEAD-LOSSES

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FLOW FACTOR (Kv) IN
VALVES AND ACCESSORIES

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FLOW FACTOR (Kv)
CALCULATION EXAMPLE

Kv = 50; What is the head loss when


Q = 30 m3/h
Manipulation of the above given
equation:
∆p = (Q/Kv)2
∆p = (30/50)2 = (0.6)2 = 0.36 bar = 3.6
m

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THE POWER INPUT
REQUIRED BY THE PUMP

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CALCULATION OF THE REQUIREED
POWER INPUT - EXAMPLE

Q = 200m3; H = 150 m; η = 0.75

N = 200 X 150/(270 X 0.75) = 148 HP

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OPERATING AND
WORKING PRESSURE

Operating pressure (OP):


• The pressure required at the emitters to
guarantee effective performance and uniform
water distribution
Working pressure (PN):
• the maximal allowed pressure in a component
of the irrigation system (pipe, filter, etc.) that will
not result in damage to the element by
excessive pressure

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CHRISTIANSEN FRICTION
FACTOR (F)

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VALUES OF THE OUTLET
FRICTION FACTOR (F)

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HEAD LOSSES CALCULATION

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END OF PRESENTATION

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