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another source.
May be written within a sentence or at the end of a
sentence.

When do you use in-text Whenever you use information from another source in
citation? your report.

To lead your reader to the correct entry in your

Why do you use in-text
Bibliography.
citation?
To avoid plagiarizing.

In-Text Citation Examples

Type Example
Example:
Books (Author’s Last
“The use of water in the UAE has increased 15 percent since
Name and page number)
1990” (Jones 34).
Use the title if there is no Example:
obvious author. (Title “Sharjah is promoted as the capital of the Arabian Gulf”
page number) (Emirates Guide 3).
If your Works Cited list
entry starts with the Example:
article title, use the Results of a recent survey suggest that more tourists prefer
article title . (“Article eco-tourism adventures (“Tourism Study Results” 7).
Title” page number)
If you include the
author’s name in your
Example:
sentence, use only the
Jones notes that the page number follows the sentence (54).
page number in the
parenthesis:
For a website with no
author, use the webpage Example:
(or website) title for your According to their website, a breeding centre for endangered
in-text citation. If it is a Arabian animals started functioning in February 1998 ("Sharjah
long title, you can shorten Natural History").
it to the first three words.

Two Types of In-Text Citation

1. QUOTATION: Example One (to avoid plagarism):

When you use a quotation, “enclose the author’s last name and
When you use some the relevant page number(s) within parentheses” (Smith,
else’s exact words. Jones, and Parks 781).

Always written Example Two (to avoid plagarism):

inside double
quotation marks: “ ”
when the quotation
is 4 or less typed
lines.
Smith, Jones, and Parks note that “you can shorten a
parenthetical note by naming the author of the source in the
body of the essay; then the parenthetical note consists of a
page number only” (782).

A quotation helps
support your
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arguement by
showing that other
experts agree with
you.

Original Quote:
2. PARAPHRASE:
“To avoid plagiarizing an author’s language... close the book,
When you use write from memory, and then open the book to check for
someone else’s accuracy” (Hacker 361).
ideas but write it in Paraphrasing Example:
your own words. This is one method for avoiding plagiarism. Experts suggest a
reflective approach by reading the original source, then writing
Do not use down your understanding of the idea. Afterward the original
quotation marks. source should be compared with your paraphrase to make sure
it’s correct (Hacker 361).

Special In-Text Citation Examples

Guideline:
Two different works by Put the title after the author’s name in the in-text citations.
the same author Separate the citations with a semi-colon. Example:
(Smith, MLA Style, 54; Smith, Understanding MLA, 78).
Guideline:
If the title in the reference source is very long, shorten the title
to the first few words. Make sure that you include enough
No author and very long information for the reader to find the full publication details in
article title your bibliography.
Example:
Shorten ("Sharjah Natural History Museum and Desert Park") to
("Sharjah Natural History")
Guideline:
When citing a website, page numbers are not necessary. In
special cases, you can give the number of the paragraph on the
Website page numbers webpage.
Example:
”Numbering the paragraph helps the reader locate it within the
webpage” (Smith, par. 6).

Special In-Text Citation Examples - TABLES

Number each table above the table at the left-hand margin: Table 1
Caption each table on a separate line at the left-hand margin, capitalizing the first letter of each big
word and proper nouns.
Place in-text citation (from NoodleTools) in parentheses (brackets) on a separate line below the table
after the word Source.
Give full information about the source of the table in the citation in the bibliography.

EXAMPLE:
Table 1
Middle East Internet Usage and Population Statistics

Middle East Internet Usage and Population Statistics

Middle East Population Usage, in Internet % Population User (%) of
( 2008 Est. ) Dec/2000 Usage, (Penetration) Growth Table
Latest Data

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(2000-
2008)
Bahrain 718,306 40,000 250,000 34.8 % 525.0 % 0.5 %
9,100.0 50.2
Iran 65,875,223 250,000 23,000,000 34.8 %
% %
2,100.0
Iraq 28,221,181 12,500 275,000 1.0 % 0.6 %
%
Jordan 6,198,677 127,300 1,126,700 18.2 % 785.1 % 2.5 %
Kuwait 2,596,799 150,000 900,000 34.7 % 500.0 % 2.0 %
Lebanon 3,971,941 300,000 1,570,000 39.5 % 423.3 % 3.4 %
Oman 3,311,640 90,000 340,000 10.3 % 277.8 % 0.7 %
Palestine(West
2,407,681 35,000 355,000 14.8 % 915.7 % 0.8 %
Bk.)
1,070.0
Qatar 824,789 30,000 351,000 42.6 % 0.8 %
%
3,090.0 13.9
Saudi Arabia 28,146,657 200,000 6,380,000 22.7 %
% %
11,466.7
Syria 19,747,586 30,000 3,470,000 17.6 % 7.6 %
%
United Arab
4,621,399 735,000 2,260,000 48.9 % 207.5 % 4.9 %
Emirates
2,033.3
Yemen 23,013,376 15,000 320,000 1.4 % 0.7 %
%
TOTAL Middle 1,296.2 100.0
196,767,614 3,284,800 45,861,346 23.3 %
East % %
NOTES: (1) The Middle East Statistics were updated as of December 31, 2008. (2)
CLICK on each country name to see detailed data for individual countries and
regions. (3) The demographic (population) numbers are based on data from the US
Census Bureau. (4) Internet usage numbers come from various sources and are
compiled here, see the site surfing guide. (5) The most recent usage information
comes mainly from the data published by Nielsen//NetRatings, ITU, and other
reliable sources. (6) For growth comparison purposes, the usage data published by
ITU for the year 2.000 is furnished. (7) Data may be cited, giving due credit and
establishing an active link back to InternetWorld Stats. Copyright © 2009, Miniwatts
Marketing Group. All rights reserved.

Source. (Miniwatts Marketing Group).

Example:
NoodleTools Citation in Miniwatts Marketing Group. “Middle East Internet Usage and
Bibliography Population Statistics.” Internet World Stats 31 Dec. 2008. Web.
3 May 2009 <http://www.internetworldstats.com/Stats5.htm>.
NoodleTools In-Text Example:
Citation (Miniwatts Marketing Group).

Special In-Text Citation Examples - FIGURES: Graphs, Diagrams, Etc.

Number and caption each figure below the figure at the left-hand margin, capitalizing the first letter
of each big word and proper nouns: Fig. 1. Organic Vegetable Market in California.
Place in-text citation (from NoodleTools) in parentheses (brackets) on a separate line below the
figure number and caption at the left-hand margin.
Give full information about the source of the figure in the citation in the bibliography.
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EXAMPLE 1:

Fig. 1. Organic Vegetable Market in California

(Organic Vegetable Market)

Example:
Organic Vegetable Market in California. Photograph. Certified
NoodleTools Citation in
Farmers’ Markets. 2006. Web. 3 May 2009
Bibliography
<http://www.farmersmarkets.net/Docs/
Winner_FARMA_Farmers_Market_2006_(web)pdf>.
NoodleTools In-Text Example:
Citation (Organic Vegetable Market).

EXAMPLE 2:

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Fig. 2. Average Raise in Past 12 Months by Industry

(Average Raise in Past)

Example:
NoodleTools Citation in Average Raise in Past 12 Months by Industry. Graph. bayt.com.
Bibliography GCC Human Resource Overview: Salaries, Cost of Living and
Loyalty. Web. Feb. 2007: 4. 3 May 2009.
NoodleTools In-Text Example:
Citation (Average Raise in Past).

Authors: Nicole Johnston, Kara Jones, Susan Fahy & Christine Hart ● Sharjah Colleges, HCT ● 2010 ● Website: Tridib Chatterji

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