8/28/2018

Lab Report # 1

THER 368 - Heat of Neutralization

 THER 368 - Heat of Neutralization

Introduction

The objective of this lab experiment is to determine the heat of neutralization, ΔHneutzn (reaction

between an acid and a base) by measuring the temperature change, ΔT when a neutralization

reaction occurs. When 1 mol of HCL reacts with 1 mol of NaOH, the exothermic reaction releases

heat that is transferred to the product solution which is water and NaCl. The reaction formula is as

shown below:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

The heat transferred is reported in kJ/mol. This heat of neutralization cannot be directly measured,

however the heat transferred can be extrapolated and calculated from the laboratory data. The heat

of neutralization is given by the equation:

𝑸
∆𝑯𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒛𝒏 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

where,

Q = heat transferred, in J (negative if it is an exothermic reaction and positive if it is endothermic)

and, 𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪∆𝑻 = 𝑽𝝆𝑪∆𝑻

where,

m = mass of the solution mixture, in g

V = volume of the solution mixture, in mL

ρ = density of the solution mixture, in g/mL

C = heat capacity of the solution mixture, in J/g‧deg

ΔT = temperature change, deg C.

The hypothesis formed in this experiment is that 0.1 mol of HCl will react exactly with 0.1 mol of

NaOH to form H2O and NaCl with the release of heat, an exothermic reaction. Assuming that all

the heat of reaction is transferred to the resulting product in H2O and no heat is loss to the

surrounding polystyrene cup and to the surrounding air, the heat of neutralization should be

calculated close to or equal to the theoretical value of -58.5 kJ/mol.

Pre-Lab Questions

See attachment that was handed in.

Equations and Mechanisms

The reaction formula is as shown below:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

The net ionic equation of the reaction is as shown below:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

The heat of neutralization is given by the equation:

𝑸
∆𝑯𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒛𝒏 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

where,

Q = heat transferred, in J (negative if it is an exothermic reaction and positive if it is endothermic)

and, 𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪∆𝑻 = 𝑽𝝆𝑪∆𝑻

where,

m = mass of the solution mixture, in g

V = volume of the solution mixture, in mL

ρ = density of the solution mixture, in g/mL

C = heat capacity of the solution mixture, in J/g‧deg

ΔT = temperature change, deg C.

Apparatus and Supplies

8 oz polystyrene cup
Stirring rod
Ring stand
Clamp
Thermometer in split rubber stopper
150 mL beaker
Graduated cylinder
Safety goggles
Non-latex gloves
The equipment is set up as shown in Figure 1 below.
 Figure 1. 1 Equipment for time-temperature study.
Chemicals

Chemical Reactant/Product Physical Properties

Hydrochloric Acid, Reactant Molar mass = 36.458 g/mol

HCl
Strong acid.

Colorless in aqueous solution.

Sodium Hydroxide, Reactant Molar mass = 39.997 g/mol

NaOH
Strong base.

Colorless in aqueous solution.

Water, H2O Product Molar mass = 18.015 g/mol

Colorless and tasteless liquid.

Excellent solvent.

Sodium Chloride, Product Molar mass = 58.44 g/mol

NaCl
Colorless in aqueous solution.

Outline of Experimental Procedure

 Measure the temperatures of 51.0 mL 2M NaOH in a polystyrene cup and 50.0 mL 2M

HCl in a beaker alternately in 30 seconds interval over a 5-minute period starting with the

NaOH solution.

 At 5 minutes, pour all of the HCl into the polystyrene cup with the NaOH solution and stir

at a constant rate. Measure the temperature of the mixture starting at the 5.5-minute mark

in 1-minute intervals for the next 15 minutes.

 Repeat the experiment with clean and dry equipment and a new polystyrene cup.

 Plot the time-temperature curve and calculate the average heat of neutralization.

Safety Precautions

 HCl and NaOH are highly corrosive and toxic. Both these aqueous solutions can cause

burns on contact with skin. Eye goggles are worn at all times to protect the eyes.

 Non-latex gloves are worn at all times to prevent skin contact with any of the solutions.

 Handle all glass ware with care to prevent breakage and cuts.
  Handle and pour HCl and NaOH carefully to prevent splashes or spillage.

 Add or pour acid to water or aqueous solutions and never water or aqueous solution to acid

to prevent a vigorous reaction which may cause boiling and may splash on to parts of the

body.

 Wash hands thoroughly after the experiment is complete and clean up.

Procedure

First, measure 50.0 mL 2M HCl in a graduated cylinder and pour it into a clean, dry 150 mL

beaker. Then, using another clean, dry graduated cylinder measure 51.0 mL 2M NaOH and pour

it into a clean dry 8-oz polystyrene cup. Then obtain two thermometers with the split rubber stopper

installed and fastened to ring stands. Place the polystyrene cup with the NaOH solution and the

beaker with the HCl solution on to each ring stand. Lower the thermometers so that the ends are

fully submerged in the solutions.

Using a timer to track the time, take the temperature measurement of the NaOH solution first then

the HCl solution 30 seconds later. Then alternate taking the readings between the two solutions at

30 second intervals until the 5-minute mark.

At 5 minutes, pour all of the HCl solution into the NaOH solution in the polystyrene cup and stir

at a constant rate. This is a deviation from the laboratory manual that instructs for addition of

NaOH solution to the HCl solution. This deviation is done as a safety precaution to add acid to

water or to aqueous solutions. Take the temperature reading of the mixture at 5.5 minutes and in

1-minute intervals thereafter for the next 15 minutes. The experiment is repeated using clean, dry

equipment and with a new clean dry polystyrene cup.

The time-temperature graphs are plotted for both experiment determination and the temperature

change, ΔT is determined from the graphs. Then, the heat of reaction Q is calculated and finally

the heat of neutralization, ∆Hneutzn can be calculated.

Observation

The HCl and NaOH solution are both colorless initially prior to the start of the experiment. During

the mixing and throughout the experiment the resulting reactants were also colorless. No color

changes were observed during the experiment. The temperature of HCl before mixing appears to

be stationary at 24 °C. The temperature of NaOH before mixing appears to be stationary at 24 °C.

The maximum temperature of the solution mixture in both experiment determination 1 and

determination 2 was observed to be at 33.5 °C. At the end of the experiment at time 20 minutes,

both experiment determination temperatures were also observed to be the same at 31.0 °C. During

the experiment the polystyrene cup felt warmer than compared to prior to mixing the solutions.

Results and Discussion

Results

Table 1 and Table 2 below shows the data collected in both experiment determinations. See

attached for Data Sheet 1 and Data Sheet 2.

Base Acid Mixture

Time Temperature Temperature Temperature
(min) (°C) (°C) (°C)
0.0 24.0
0.5 24.0
 1.0 23.9
1.5 24.0
2.0 23.9
2.5 24.0
3.0 23.9
3.5 24.0
4.0 23.9
4.5 24.0
5.0
5.5 33.2
6.0 33.5
7.0 33.5
8.0 33.5
9.0 33.5
10.0 33.5
11.0 33.5
12.0 33.0
13.0 33.0
14.0 33.0
15.0 32.0
16.0 32.0
17.0 31.5
18.0 31.2
19.0 31.0
20.0 31.0
Table 1. Experiment Determination 1 Data.

Base Acid Mixture

Time Temperature Temperature Temperature
(min) (°C) (°C) (°C)
0.0 24.0
0.5 24.0
1.0 24.0
1.5 24.0
2.0 24.0
2.5 24.0
3.0 24.0
3.5 24.0
4.0 24.0
4.5 24.0
5.0
5.5 33.5
 6.0 33.5
7.0 33.5
8.0 33.5
9.0 33.5
10.0 33.0
11.0 33.0
12.0 32.5
13.0 32.0
14.0 32.0
15.0 32.0
16.0 32.0
17.0 31.5
18.0 31.5
19.0 31.0
20.0 31.0
Table 2. Experiment Determination 2 Data.

Heat of Neutralization - Experiment Determination 1

36.0
35.0
34.0
33.0 y = -0.1919x + 35.024
32.0
31.0
Temperature, °C

30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0 y = 24
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.010.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.019.020.021.022.0
Time, min

Mixture Temperature (°C) Base Temperature (°C) Acid Temperature (°C)

Figure 2. Plot of time-temperature for Experiment Determination 1.

 Heat of Neutralization - Experiment Determination 2
36.0
35.0
34.0
33.0 y = -0.1923x + 34.847
32.0
Temperature, °C

31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0 y = 24
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.019.020.021.022.0
Time, min

Mixture Temperature (°C) Base Temperature (°C) Acid Temperature (°C)

Figure 3. Plot of time-temperature for Experiment Determination 2.

Parameters Determination 1 Determination 2

Volume of HCl solution, mL 50.0 50.0

Molarity of HCl solution, M 2 2

Number of moles of HCl 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿

× × 50𝑚𝐿 × × 50𝑚𝐿
𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿 𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿

= 0.1 = 0.1

Volume of NaOH solution, mL 51.0 51.0

Molarity of NaOH solution, M 2 2

Number of moles of NaOH 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐿

× × 51𝑚𝐿 × × 51𝑚𝐿
𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿 𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿
 = 0.102 = 0.102

Initial temperature of acid, °C 24.0 24.0

Initial temperature of base, °C 24.0 24.0

Average temperature of reactants, 24.0 24.0

Tinitial, °C

Final temperature of mixture, 34.1 33.9

Tfinal, °C

Temperature change, ΔT, °C 10.1 9.9

Q (heat transferred), J 1.04𝑔 1.04𝑔

𝑄 = 101𝑚𝐿 × 𝑄 = 101𝑚𝐿 ×
𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿

3.89𝐽 3.89𝐽
× ×
𝑔‧𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝑔‧𝑑𝑒𝑔

× 10.1 𝑑𝑒𝑔 × 9.9 𝑑𝑒𝑔

= 4126.92 = 4045.20

Number of moles of HCl reacting 0.1 0.1

ΔHneutzn, kJ mol-1 −4126.92𝐽 −4045.20𝐽

= =
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

= -41.27 kJ mol-1 = -40.45 kJ mol-1

Mean ΔHneutzn, kJ mol-1 −4126.92 kJ mol−1 − 40.45 kJ mol−1

=
2
 = -40.86

Table 3. Table of calculations.

The data of the experiment is as given in Table 1, Table 2 and in Data Sheet 1. The results of the

calculations are given in Table 3 and Data Sheet 2. From Table 1, Table 2 and in Data Sheet 1, the

average initial temperature of the reactants is found to be 24.0 °C in both determinations. The final

temperature of the mixture is extrapolated from the curves in Figure 2 and Figure 3, and gives the

values of 34.1 °C and 33.9 °C for determination 1 and determination 2, respectively. This is done

by using the trendline y = -0.1919x + 35.024 for determination 1 and substituting x = 5 min. For

determination 2, the final temperature is extrapolated using trendline y = -0.1923x + 34.847 from

Figure 3 and substituting for x = 5 min as well.

The temperature change, ΔT is then calculated as 10.1 °C and 9.9 °C as shown in Table 3 for

determination 1 and determination 2, respectively. The heat transfer Q, is then calculated as

4126.92 J and 4045.20 J, for determination 1 and determination 2, respectively. The heat of

neutralization ΔHneutzn for determination 1 is calculated as -41.27 kJ/mol and for determination 2

as -40.45 kJ/mol. Finally, the mean ΔHneutzn is calculated to be -40.86 kJ/mol.

Discussion

The limiting reactant in the heat of neutralization experiment is HCl since the experiment uses 1

mL more NaOH than the HCl solution. Also noting that both the NaOH and HCl solution used

have the same 2 M molarity and from the balanced equation 1 mol of HCl neutralizes 1 mol of

NaOH, the conclusion can be made that the limiting reactant is HCl solution.
The percentage error is then calculated as:

|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|−58.5 − (−40.86)|
= × 100%
58.5

= 30.15%

 What is calorimetry?

Calorimetry is the measurement of heat changes i.e. either released or absorbed during a chemical

reaction.

 What is the function of the Styrofoam cup?

The Styrofoam cup acts as an insulated container that enables the reactions to occur inside it. Since

the Styrofoam material is a poor heat conductor, heat loss to the surrounding environment can be

minimized.

 Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Which physical observation or measurement

allow you to make this conclusion.

The reaction is exothermic since the Styrofoam cup feels warm to the touch indicating that heat is

being released.

 Which one is your system? Your surroundings?

The system is the solution mixture and the surroundings is the air and the Styrofoam cup.

 If the expected value for the heat of neutralization is -55.8 kJ/mol, how does your

experimental result compares to it? Accuracy?

 o Lower? Why?

o Higher? Why?

o Same? Why?

o Discuss your % error.

The experimental results calculated as the average of ΔHneutzn = -40.86 kJ/mol, which is lower than

the theoretical value of -55.8 kJ/mol with a 30.15% error. This is a significant percentage in error.

 Sources of error

This lower value of -40.86 kJ/mol could be attributed to a significant heat loss to the environment.

Although the polystyrene cup is a good insulator, some heat could still be loss through the material.

Furthermore, heat from the solution could be lost through convection on the surface of the solution

since the polystyrene cup is uncovered. Another source of error could be due to inconsistency in

stirring when the HCl solution is added to the NaOH solution. If the stirring is slow when the HCl

is poured into the NaOH solution, the reaction could have occurred more slowly and thus cause

the reaction to occur more slowly, thus producing less heat of reaction.

 How could we improve the experiment?

This experiment could be improved by minimizing heat loss as much as possible. The polystyrene

cup could be double insulated by placing it into another dry and empty polystyrene cup. The outer

polystyrene cup and the air trapped in between both cups act as very good insulators. Furthermore,

a lid with holes to allow the stirring rod and thermometer through could also act as a good insulator

to minimize heat loss to the air.

 Conclusion

The results of this experiment deviates from the hypothesis formed that the heat of neutralization

from reaction of 0.1 mol of HCl with 0.1 mol of NaOH would result in ΔHneutzn = -58.5 kJ/mol.

The actual average ΔHneutzn calculated from the result of the experiment determination 1 and

determination 2 was at -40.86 kJ/mol, which is lower than the theoretical value of -58.5 kJ/mol,

with a large 30.15% error. As discussed in the previous section, the lower value of -40.86 kJ/mol

could be attributed to a significant heat loss to the environment. Although the polystyrene cup is a

good insulator, some heat could still be loss through the material. Furthermore, heat from the

solution could be lost through convection on the surface of the solution since the polystyrene cup

is uncovered. Another source of error could be due to inconsistency in stirring when the HCl

solution is added to the NaOH solution. If the stirring is slow when the HCl is poured into the

NaOH solution, the reaction could have occurred more slowly and thus cause the reaction to occur

more slowly, thus producing less heat of reaction and ultimately lowering the heat of

neutralization.

This experiment may yield closer values to the theoretical value of -55.8 kJ/mol if heat loss could

be minimized as much as possible. For example, the polystyrene cup could be placed into another

empty polystyrene cup to act as a double insulator. The outer polystyrene cup and the air trapped

in between both cups act as very good insulators. Furthermore, a lid with holes to allow the stirring

rod and thermometer through could also act as a good insulator to minimize heat loss to the air.

The gaps holes for the thermometer and stirring rod would allow equalization of pressure between

the system and the environment to produce constant pressure. An air tight lid may cause the

pressure to build up within the system causing inconsistent results. Subsequently, inconsistent

stirring could be eliminated by using magnetic stirrers that is made of non-reacting material.
 Post-Lab Questions (if any)

1. A student was given only one graduated cylinder to use for this experiment. After using it

to measure 50.0 mL of the assigned acid, the student failed to rinse or dry the cylinder

before measuring out the 50.5 mL of the base. Would the calculated ΔHneutzn be higher,

lower, or the same as the literature ΔHneutzn? Briefly explain this difference as a result of

using only one graduated cylinder for the experiment.

The ΔHneutzn would be higher in this case. Some of the acid remaining in the graduated

cylinder would react to neutralize the base, thus lowering the molarity of the base or OH-

concentration. As such, the base becomes the limiting reactant in the calculation

𝑸
∆𝑯𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒛𝒏 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

With the lowering of number of moles of limiting reactant in the base, ΔHneutzn would

increase. As a result of using the same graduated cylinder in the experiment, the heat of

neutralization would be incorrectly skewed upwards.

2. Explain how the following changes in the procedure for this experiment would affect the

results.

(1) A glass beaker was used instead of a pressed polystyrene cup.

The glass beaker would transfer heat away from the solution faster than the polystyrene

cup. This would lower the solution temperature and lower the ΔT in the experiment. Since
 heat transfer and heat of neutralization is proportional to ΔT, the ΔHneutzn would be lower

and thus increase the error percentage.

(2) A pressed polystyrene top was used to cover the polystyrene cup after the acid and base

solutions had been mixed.

This would increase the vapor pressure in the polystyrene cup and as such ΔHneutzn

would not be consistent if the pressure is not constant.

3. The accepted ΔHneutzn of hydrobromic acid (HBr) reacting with NaOH solution and of

HNO3 reacting with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution are identical.

(1) Write net ionic equations to show what aqueous HBr and HNO3 have in common.

HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)

H+ + OH- ⇋ H2O(l) (Net ionic equation)

HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + KNO3(aq)

H+ + OH- ⇋ H2O(l) (Net ionic equation)

(2) State what aqueous NaOH and KOH have in common.

They are both strong bases and both their cations, Na+ and K+ are located in Group 1

of the periodic table.

(3) Explain why you would expect that ΔHneutzn for Hbr reacting with NaOH solution and

ΔHneutzn for HNO3 reacting with KOH solution would be identical. Write appropriate

equations to support this explanation.

From the balanced equation HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + NaBr(aq) and

HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) ⇋ H2O(l) + KNO3(aq) , both 1 mol of acid reacts with 1 mol of bases.