One-Dimensional and Steady-State Conduction

dT
For Cartesian coordinates: 𝑄̇ = − kA dx

dT
For cylindrical coordinates: 𝑄̇ = − kA dr

kA
Conduction through Plane Slab: 𝑄̇ = − (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)
x

2πLk(T1−T2)
Conduction through Circular Tube: 𝑄̇ = 𝑟2
ln( )
r1

4 π k r2 r1
Conduction through Hollow Sphere: 𝑄̇ = − (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
r2 − r1

One-Dimensional and Steady-State Convection

Convection heat transfer 𝑄𝑐 ̇ = hA(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞)

Overall heat transfer coefficient

ΔT
𝑄̇ = = UAΔT or 𝑈𝑜 = 1/ (𝐴𝑜uter𝑅Total)
R

Critical radius of insulation

Critical radius rc = k/h

Differential Formulation of Heat Conduction

d d dT d2 T
For Cartesian coordinates: 𝑄̇ = (−kA )= =0
dx dx dx dx2

T = C1 x + C2
d d dT
For cylindrical coordinates: 𝑄̇ = (r )=0
dr dr dr
System with internal heat sources
For Cartesian coordinates:
d dT d2 T q̇
(k ) + 𝑞̇ = 0 or + =0
dx dx dx2 k

, where 𝑞̇ = 𝑄̇/A = ρi2

i = current density = Current/Area

For cylindrical coordinates:

1 d dT q̇ d dT q̇
( r dr ) + = 0 or ( r dr ) + r=0
r dr k dr k

dT q̇ 2
Integrating: r dr + r + 𝐶1 = 0
2k

q̇ 2
Further integration T + r + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2 = 0
4k

System with external heat

ℎ𝑙
Biot Number: Bi = 𝑘

l = the characteristic length = V/A

Note that Bi < 0.1 for extended surface applications, then assumes that the temperature
distribution in the extended surface is 1-D.

Temperature equation
d2 T hp
− (𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹) = 0
dx2 kA

hp d2 ψ
Let 𝑚2 = ; and ψ = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹, then − 𝑚2 ψ = 0
kA dx2

The general solution is ψ = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 – 𝑚𝑥

4 cases for general solution
Unsteady heat transfer
dT h𝐴𝑠
+ (𝑇 − 𝑇𝐹) = 0
dt ρV𝑐𝑣

dψ h𝐴𝑠
+ ψ=0
dt ρV𝑐𝑣