Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13

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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

Geoscience Frontiers
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Research Paper

Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern

Tien-Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Maksatbek Satybaev a, b, c, e, *, Lin Ding a, b, Akira Takasu d, Apas Bakirov e, Kadyrbek Sakiev e,
Fulong Cai a, b, Rustam Orozbaev e, f, Azamat Bakirov e, Janybek Baslakunov e
a
Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
b
Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
c
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
d
Department of Geoscience, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
e
Institute of Geology, National Academy of Sciences, 30 Erkindik, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
f
Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Bishkek), 30 Erkindik, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Atbashy complex were petrologically inves-
Received 20 February 2017 tigated. The eclogites of the Choloktor Formation show a prograde evolution from epidote-blueschist
Received in revised form facies (P ¼ 17e21 kbar and T ¼ 450e515  C) to peak eclogite-UHP conditions (P ¼ 26e29 kbar and
19 September 2017
T ¼ 545e615  C) with a subsequent epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies overprint. The mica-
Accepted 3 November 2017
schists of the Choloktor Formation also show a clockwise P-T path from blueschist/epidote-blueschist
Available online xxx
Handling Editor: C. J. Spencer facies conditions through peak eclogite facies conditions (P ¼ 21e23 kbar and T ¼ 530e580  C) to
retrograde epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies stages. A comparison of the P-T paths in the
Keywords:
eclogites and mica-schists of Choloktor Formation reveal that they may have shared their P-T history
Eclogite from peak to retrograde stages. The mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation record peak metamorphism of
Mica-schists P ¼ 10e12 kbar and T ¼ 515e565  C, which indicates that the highest grade of regional metamorphism in
P-T conditions the Atbashy Ridge was epidote-amphibolite facies.
Atbashy The newly obtained P-T conditions for the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation indicate that sheets of
Kyrgyz Tien-Shan sedimentary rocks were brought to great depths along the subduction zone and they metamorphosed
under eclogite facies HP conditions. The eclogite blocks were amalgamated with mica-schists of Chol-
oktor Formation in the eclogite facies HP conditions and together they experienced isothermal
decompression to w40 km. During this path, the eclogites and mica-schists of Choloktor Formation
docked with mica-schists of Atbashy Formation at 10e12 kbar and 515e565  C, and from this depth
(w40 km) the whole sequence was exhumed together. These new results improve our understanding of
high-pressure metamorphism in subduction-related accretionary prism zones and the exhumation
processes of deeply-seated rocks in the Atbashy HP-UHP complex.
Ó 2017, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
High-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) mafic rocks
(e.g. eclogites) and their surrounding rocks can have complex
pressure-temperature (P-T) histories. For instance, the eclogites may
* Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift,
Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China.
E-mail address: smaksat@gmail.com (M. Satybaev).
Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
not share P-T path similarly to their surrounding rocks, and can be
regarded as exotic tectonic mafic blocks within metapelites, with
juxtaposition at relatively lower pressure (Moore, 1984; Okay, 1989;

Takasu et al., 1994; Stipská et al., 2006). In contrast, some studies
demonstrated that both eclogites and country rock gneisses experi-
enced HP-UHP metamorphism together and have shared their entire
P-T history (Katayama et al., 2000; Song et al., 2003; Zhang et al.,
2008; Menold et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2009). In addition, b-shaped
metamorphic P-T paths formed by distinct metamorphic events are
also reported (Kurz and Froitzheim, 2002; Kabir and Takasu, 2010;
Orozbaev et al., 2010). Hence, the combined petrological study on

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
1674-9871/Ó 2017, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
2 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13
the eclogites and their surrounding metapelites is useful in revealing
the metamorphic history of both rock types, which can demonstrate
whether the peak conditions of the host rocks are consistent with the
peak conditions of eclogites or not.
In this study, a detailed documentation of the petrography and
mineralogy of the eclogites and surrounding mica-schists from the
Atbashy Complex in the Southern Kyrgyz Tien-Shan is given. An
attempt has been made to use petrographic descriptions and geo-
thermobarometric calculations for a reconstruction of P-T condi-
tions of these rock types, and compare their P-T evolution. We show
that eclogites and host mica-schists of Choloktor Fm. were amal-
gamated at HP conditions, and during exhumation, they were
docked with mica-schists of Atbashy Fm. at relatively lower pres-
sure conditions, and then whole sequence exhumed to the surface
together. These results will contribute for better understanding the
exhumation processes of the deep-seated rocks in Southern Tien-
Shan.
2. Geologic setting
2.1. Regional geology
Several HP-UHP metamorphic complexes have been described
in the Tien-Shan Mountains (Chinese and Kyrgyz Tien-Shan Mts.).
In the Chinese Tien-Shan, the eclogites and blueschists have been
described from the southwestern Chinese Tianshan metamorphic
belt (CTMB), where these rocks experienced HP to UHP meta-
morphic conditions (Gao et al., 1999; Klemd et al., 2002; Wei et al.,
2003; Lü et al., 2009; Tian and Wei, 2013). There are several age
Figure 1. (a) Simplified tectonic map of the Kyrgyz Tien-Shan. (b) Geological map of the Atbashy Ridge. The square shows location of the study area.
Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
constraints for the timing of peak metamorphism in CTMB, such as
346e331 Ma (Gao and Klemd, 2003), w320 Ma (Su et al., 2010) and
233e226 Ma (Zhang et al., 2007).
The Kyrgyz Tien-Shan extends from east to west for about
1000 km and it is divided into three tectonic units: the Northern
Tien-Shan (Caledonian folded belt), the Middle Tien-Shan (Cale-
donian-Hercynian folded belt) and the Southern Tien-Shan (Her-
cynian folded belt) (Fig. 1a). There are three (U)HP metamorphic
complexes in the Kyrgyz Tien-Shan (Fig. 1a). The Makbal HP-UHP
and Aktyuz HP complexes occur in the Northern Tien-Shan
(Bakirov, 1978, 1989; Bakirov et al., 1998; Togonbaeva et al., 2009;
Orozbaev et al., 2010, 2015; Tagiri et al., 2010; Klemd et al., 2014;
Meyer et al., 2014) and the Atbashy HP-UHP complex is located in
the Atbashy Ridge of Southern Tien-Shan (Bakirov et al., 1974, 1998;
Sobolev et al., 1986; Tagiri et al., 1995; Hegner et al., 2010).
The Atbashy Ridge is located to the south of the Atbashy-
Inylchek fault, extends NEeSW for more than 130 km, and is up
to 15 km wide (Fig. 1a and b). The Atbashy Ridge consists mainly
of carbonate, terrigenous sediments, volcanogenic-flinty sediments
and mica-schists (Fig. 1b). Cenozoic sediments cover the northern
and southern parts. The northern slope of the ridge consists mainly
of mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation, upper Paleozoic molasses
and volcanic rocks, lower Paleozoic granitic intrusives (457e417 Ma,
Glorie et al., 2011) and ophiolitic rocks (Fig. 1b). On the southern
slope of the ridge, the Silurian-Carboniferous carbonate deposits,
terrigenous and volcanogenic-flinty sediments, and upper Silurian-
Devonian ophiolitic rocks are widely exposed. This part of the ridge
is intruded by upper Paleozoic intrusive rocks (286e282 Ma, Glorie
et al., 2011).
 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13
2.2. Geology of the Atbashy and Choloktor Formations
2.2.1. The Atbashy Formation
The Atbashy Formation occurs on the northern slope of the
Atbashy Ridge and it is mainly composed of mica-schists with
subordinate carbonates (Fig. 1b). The mica-schists are mainly rep-
resented by varieties of mica-quartz, garnet-mica-quartz, mica-
albite-quartz and albite-mica-epidote schists. Several serpentinite
bodies occur along the tectonic faults within the Atbashy Formation
(Fig. 1b). The mica-schists of Atbashy Formation experienced
epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphism followed by a greens-
chist facies overprint (Bakirov, 1978), however, no quantitative
thermobarometry has been done yet. The geochronological data for
the Atbashy Formation is scarce. Whole-rock K-Ar method gave
ages of 1100 and 567 Ma for the mica-schists (dated by Firsov L.N.
and published in Bakirov et al., 1974). U-Pb zircon ages of meta-
pelite range between 2620 and 329 Ma (Rojas-Agramonte et al.,
2014), where the older U-Pb dates are interpreted to be detrital,
while the younger dates to be metamorphic.
On the central part of northern boundary of Atbashy Formation,
occur the outcrops of the eclogite-bearing metamorphic rocks of
this study (Fig. 1b). Bakirov et al. (1984) defined this rock suite as a
Choloktor Formation (presented below in details) and separated it
from the Atbashy Formation, based on lithological features and
tectonic contacts between the two units.
2.2.2. The Choloktor Formation
The Choloktor Formation is exposed along the Kembel Valley
(Fig. 2) and mainly composed of basic schists and mica-schists
(Bakirov et al., 1984). The basic rocks are represented by eclogite,
garnet-glaucophane schist, glaucophane schist and carbonate-
chlorite rock. All these rocks are closely associated in the field
and gradually change to each other. The mica-schists are interca-
lated with basic schists and they are represented by quartz-mica
schists that sometimes contain garnet, glaucophane, chlorite,
clinopyroxene and biotite. Detailed petrological data are not
available for the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation. A greywacke
Figure 2. Geological map of the Choloktor Formation (Bakirov et al., 1984).
Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
3
protoliths for the mica-schists were suggested by the geochem-
istry data (Hegner et al., 2010). The zircons separated from the
mica-schist show wide range of U-Pb ages from 2774 to 224 Ma
(Hegner et al., 2010; Rojas-Agramonte et al., 2014; Sang et al.,
2017).
The eclogites, garnet amphibolites and garnet-glaucophanites
occur as boudins and lenses. Earlier petrological works suggested
P ¼ 9e15 kbar and T ¼ 500e700  C for the peak metamorphic
conditions of the eclogites (Udovkina, 1985; Sobolev et al., 1986;
Bakirov, 1989), however later studies revealed higher-pressure
conditions up to UHP metamorphism. Tagiri et al. (1995) reported
quartz pseudomorphs after coesite in garnet and omphacite and
suggested peak metamorphic conditions as P ¼ 25 kbar and
T ¼ 660  C. Another evidence of UHP metamorphism (P > 30 kbar;
T > 725  C) in the eclogites is based on the occurrence of phengite
with high Si (3.41e3.53 p.f.u.) concentrations and locally high
content of K2O (0.25e0.30 wt.%) in clinopyroxene (Bakirov et al.,
1998). The peak P-T conditions of eclogites as P ¼ 23e25 kbar and
T ¼ 510e570  C (Simonov et al., 2008) and a clockwise P-T path with
peak pressures of P ¼ 18e24 kbar at T ¼ 520e600  C (Hegner et al.,
2010) are also reported. The major, trace and rare-earth elements
indicate an N-MORB and/or IAT affinities for the protoliths of
eclogites (Bakirov, 1989; Simonov et al., 2008; Hegner et al., 2010;
Volkova et al., 2014). Several ages for the eclogites in the Chol-
oktor Formation have been reported: phengite K-Ar ages of
320e288 Ma (Udovkina, 1985); 40Ar/39Ar ages of phengite and
glaucophane of 327e324 Ma (Simonov et al., 2008) and phengite
316  3 Ma (Hegner et al., 2010); a Rb-Sr mineral isochron age of
267  5 Ma (Tagiri et al., 1995); a Sm-Nd whole-rockemineral
isochron age of 319  4 Ma (Hegner et al., 2010). Recent U-Pb dating
of zircons, separated from the eclogites, yielded metamorphic ages
of 424  8 to 217  4 Ma and detrital ages of 926e821, 2493  39
and 3420  8 Ma (Sang et al., 2017).
In this study, we have collected two eclogite samples (samples
A-50 and 15-2) and one mica-schist (sample R-22b) from the
Choloktor Formation, and two mica-schists (samples KG-826 and
KG-830) from the Atbashy Formation (Fig. 2).
4 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13

3. Petrography Garnet occurs as a porphyroblast (<2.5 mm across) (Fig. 3a) and

as inclusions in clinopyroxene (Fig. 3b). Porphyroblastic garnets are
3.1. The Choloktor Formation optically zoned from pale red core to colorless rim. The core of the
garnets contain inclusions of quartz, glaucophane, phengite,
3.1.1. Eclogites apatite, epidote and rutile (Fig. 3a), whereas rims have inclusions of
Eclogites are massive and consist of garnet, clinopyroxene, quartz, rutile and clinopyroxene. The garnets are partly replaced by
glaucophane, phengite, paragonite, quartz, and rutile (Fig. 3aed). epidote and chlorite. Clinopyroxene occurs as inclusions in garnet
The minor minerals are epidote, chlorite, plagioclase, apatite and and as idioblastic to hypidioblastic prismatic grain in the matrix,
ilmenite. ranging size up to 2 mm in length (Fig. 3b and c). The matrix

Figure 3. Microphotographs of eclogites (aed) and mica-schist (eef) of the Choloktor Formation. (a) Porphyroblastic garnet in the matrix with inclusions of glaucophane, phengite,
quartz, apatite, rutile and epidote in its core. (b) Large crystal of clinopyroxene contains inclusions of garnet, glaucophane and rutile. (c) Phengite inclusion in the core of clino-
pyroxene. (d) Matrix amphiboles are zoned from bluish core to greenish rim. (e) Garnet rim of the mica-schists contain quartz inclusion with concentric and radial crack textures. (f)
Glaucophane and epidote aggregate in the matrix of mica-schist.

Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13
clinopyroxene includes quartz, garnet, glaucophane, phengite and
rutile (Fig. 3b and c). Amphibole occur as inclusion (<0.2 mm in
length) in porphyroblastic garnet and clinopyroxene (Fig. 3a and b)
and as hypidioblastic prismatic grain (<0.7 mm) in the matrix,
which has a zoning with core of glaucophane, rim of winchite and
outermost rim of actinolite (Fig. 3d). Phengite and paragonite in the
eclogites are tabular crystals in the matrix with size is up to 0.5 mm
and as inclusion in garnet and omphacite (Fig. 3a,c). Micas in the
matrix have mineral inclusions of quartz and rutile. Epidote occurs
as hypidioblastic to xenoblastic prismatic crystals in the matrix
with size up to 0.3 mm and as inclusions in garnets. Rutile found as
inclusions in all constituent minerals of eclogite. Ilmenite is
developed after rutile (Fig. 3d). Chlorite occurs as inclusions in
garnet and in the matrix replaces garnet and amphibole along their
margins and cracks.
3.1.2. Mica-schists
Mica-schists in the Choloktor Formation consist of quartz,
phengite, garnet, glaucophane, epidote, chlorite, rutile and
ilmenite. Schistosity is defined by preferred orientation of phengite.
Garnet occurs as idioblastic to hypidioblastic large crystal
(<2 mm across) have zoning from pale reddish core to colorless
rim. The mineral inclusions in garnets are quartz, rutile and
ilmenite. Quartz inclusion with concentric and radial cracks in the
garnet rim has been also observed (Fig. 3e). Garnet is replaced by
chlorite along the fractures. Glaucophane occurs as prismatic
crystal in the matrix with size up to 2 mm in length. It has zoning
from blue core to pale-bluish rim (Fig. 3f) and contains mineral
inclusions of rutile, epidote, and ilmenite. Locally, glaucophane was
found in ca. 1 mm aggregates/intergrowths with epidote (Fig. 3f).
Phengite occurs as ca. 2 mm platy crystals in the matrix and con-
tains inclusions of quartz, rutile and ilmenite. Epidote occurs as
hypidioblastic to idioblastic prismatic crystals with size about
1 mm in the matrix. Chlorite is developed after garnet and glau-
cophane. Rutile and ilmenite appear mainly as inclusion phases in
the above described minerals.
3.2. The Atbashy Formation
3.2.1. Mica-schists
Mica-schists from the Atbashy Formation consist mainly of
quartz, phengite, albite, and chlorite with minor amounts of garnet,
epidote, calcite, biotite, titanite, rutile and tourmaline. Schistosity is
defined by preferred orientation of phengite and chlorite (Fig. 4a).
Albite occurs as porphyroblast up to 3 mm across, and it con-
tains garnet, phengite, quartz, epidote, calcite, tourmaline, rutile
and titanite as inclusions (Fig. 4a and b). Garnet occurs as hypi-
dioblastic to xenoblastic grain (<1 mm across) in the matrix and as
Figure 4. Microphotographs of mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation. (a) Porphyroblastic albite includes fine-grained garnet, phengite, quartz, calcite, epidote, tourmaline, rutile
and titanite. (b) Garnets in the matrix contain inclusions of quartz, epidote and rutile, and replaced by chlorite. The alignment of mineral inclusions in porphyroblastic albite is
almost parallel to the main schistosity defined by phengite in both (a) and (b).
Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
5
inclusions in the porphyroblastic albite (Fig. 4a and b). Garnet in the
matrix contains inclusions of quartz, epidote and rutile (Fig. 4b),
and is partially replaced by chlorite along the fractures. The fine-
grained garnet inclusions in albite contain inclusions of quartz
and epidote. Phengite occurs in the matrix as a tabular grain with
size up to 1 mm (Fig. 4a and b) and as inclusion in the porphyro-
blastic albite. Chlorite occurs as up to 1 mm across in the matrix of
the rocks and as a replacement product along garnet rims and
fractures. Epidote occurs as up to 0.5 mm (hyp)idioblastic grains in
the matrix, and as inclusions in albite, garnet and chlorite. Biotite
occurs at the margins of phengite and chlorite.
4. Mineral chemistry
4.1. Analytical procedures
Chemical compositions of the constituent minerals were
analyzed using an electron probe microanalyzer (JEOL JXM-8800M)
at the Department of Geoscience, Shimane University. The
operation conditions used for all phases were 15 kV acceleration
voltage, 20 nA beam current and 5 mm beam diameter. The calcu-
lation of ferric iron was based on charge balance, i.e. Fe3þ ¼ 8 e 2Si
e 2Ti e Al (for garnet) and Fe3þ ¼ 4 e 2Si e 2Ti e Al þ Na (for
clinopyroxene). The classification of amphiboles follows Leake et al.
(1997).
4.2. Garnet
All garnets from eclogite and mica-schists (Choloktor and
Atbashy Formations) are almandine-rich (Fig. 5; Table 1).
Garnets from the eclogites have a chemical compositions of
Fe2þ ¼ 1.45e1.95 p.f.u. (per formula unit), Mg ¼ 0.19e0.61 p.f.u.,
Mn ¼ 0.02e0.28 p.f.u. and Ca ¼ 0.71e1.04 p.f.u. They are zoned with
Ca discontinuously decreasing from core (1.04 p.f.u.) to rim
(0.71 p.f.u.), Mg increasing from core (0.19 p.f.u.) to rim (0.61 p.f.u.),
Mn decreasing from core (0.28 p.f.u.) to rim (0.02 p.f.u.) and Fe2þ
decreasing from core (1.95 p.f.u.) to rim (1.45 p.f.u.) (Fig. 5).
Garnets from the mica-schist of the Choloktor Formation are
characterized by Fe2þ ¼ 1.15e1.77 p.f.u., Mg ¼ 0.24e0.72 p.f.u.,
Mn ¼ 0.10e0.92 p.f.u. and Ca ¼ 0.47e0.61 p.f.u. (Fig. 5), and are
zoned from core to rim with increasing Fe2þ (1.15e1.77 p.f.u.) and
Mg (0.24e0.72 p.f.u.). Mn (0.92e0.10 p.f.u.) and Ca (0.61e0.47 p.f.u.)
decreases from core to rim (Fig. 5).
Garnets in the matrix of the mica-schists of the Atbashy
Formation have chemical composition of Fe2þ ¼ 1.68e1.85 p.f.u.,
Mg ¼ 0.08e0.15 p.f.u., Mn ¼ 0.20e0.51 p.f.u. and Ca ¼ 0.58e0.93
p.f.u. (Fig. 5). The chemical compositions of fine-grained garnet
6 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13

Figure 5. Mn-Mg-Fe2þ and Mg-Ca-Fe2þ diagrams showing the chemical compositions of garnets.

inclusions in porphyroblastic albite are Fe2þ ¼ 1.73e1.78 p.f.u.,
Mg ¼ 0.08e0.09 p.f.u., Mn ¼ 0.25e0.27 p.f.u. and Ca ¼ 0.86e0.92
p.f.u. Garnets in the matrix are zoned with Mn decreasing
(0.51e0.20 p.f.u.) and Ca increasing (0.58e0.93 p.f.u.) from core to
rim. Mg content is almost homogeneous with a slight decrease
from core (0.15 p.f.u.) to rim (0.08 p.f.u.). The chemical composi-
tions of fine-grained garnets in porphyroblastic albite are similar to
the rim compositions of garnets in the matrix (Fig. 5).
4.3. Clinopyroxene
All analyzed clinopyroxenes of eclogites are classified as
omphacite (Fig. 6; Table 2) (Morimoto et al., 1988). In sample A-50,
the matrix omphacite is characterized by jadeite (Jd), aegirine (Ae)
and augite (Aug) contents ranging from 31e42, 2e15 and
51e59 mol.%, respectively. This omphacite has zoning from core
(Jd31Ae16Aug53) to rim (Jd42Ae4Aug54). The omphacite inclusions in
garnets have lower jadeite (28e39 mol.%), slightly higher aegirine
(4e16 mol.%) and augite (50e62 mol.%) contents. In sample 15-2,
the compositions of matrix omphacite are jadeite-rich and vary
within the range of Jd ¼ 39e50 mol.%, Ae ¼ 3e11 mol.% and
Aug ¼ 44e51 mol.% (Fig. 6).
4.4. Amphibole
Amphiboles in the eclogites are classified mainly as Na-
amphibole (glaucophane) with minor Na~Ca-amphibole (win-
chite) and Ca-amphibole (actinolite) (Fig. 7; Table 3). The matrix
amphibole is zoned with a glaucophane core [Si ¼ 7.79e7.94 p.f.u.,
NaB ¼ 1.83e1.94 p.f.u. and XMg ¼ Mg/(Mg þ Fe2þ) ¼ 0.72e0.91]

Table 1
Representative compositions of garnet (oxides in wt.% and others in p.f.u.)

Rock type Eclogite of Choloktor Fm. Mica-schist of Choloktor Fm. Mica-schist of Atbashy Fm.

Mode rim core core rim rim core core rim rim core core rim
SiO2 38.54 38.31 38.53 38.01 37.68 37.01 36.23 38.24 38.04 37.87 37.48 38.21
TiO2 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.15 0.10
Al2O3 21.67 21.26 21.48 21.06 21.27 20.55 20.41 21.08 21.25 21.51 21.15 21.44
FeOa 24.08 23.69 24.38 25.73 27.78 20.68 19.56 26.73 26.65 27.36 27.51 27.89
MnO 0.36 0.34 0.38 0.41 1.98 12.72 13.40 1.89 4.07 7.44 7.62 3.03
MgO 4.67 3.46 3.37 3.33 4.94 2.23 2.23 4.85 0.87 1.07 0.92 1.09
CaO 10.83 12.29 12.51 10.87 6.44 6.85 7.04 6.26 11.12 6.42 6.79 10.62
Na2O 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.01
K2O 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Cr2O3 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 100.28 99.46 100.80 99.53 100.21 100.24 99.09 99.18 102.16 101.92 101.68 102.41
O ¼ 12
Si 2.987 3.008 2.989 2.998 2.954 2.957 2.926 3.023 2.979 2.995 2.978 2.983
Ti 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.006
Al 1.979 1.967 1.964 1.958 1.966 1.935 1.942 1.964 1.962 2.006 1.981 1.972
Fe3+ 0.043 0.018 0.052 0.038 0.120 0.141 0.196 0.000 0.064 0.001 0.049 0.051
Fe2+ 1.518 1.538 1.530 1.660 1.702 1.241 1.125 1.767 1.681 1.809 1.779 1.769
Mn 0.024 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.132 0.861 0.916 0.126 0.270 0.499 0.513 0.201
Mg 0.540 0.404 0.390 0.391 0.578 0.265 0.268 0.572 0.101 0.126 0.109 0.127
Ca 0.900 1.034 1.040 0.919 0.541 0.587 0.609 0.530 0.933 0.544 0.578 0.888
Na 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.020 0.006 0.002
K 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Cr 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total 8.000 8.003 8.000 8.001 8.001 8.003 8.003 7.995 8.000 8.007 8.003 8.001
a
Total Fe as FeO.

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 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13 7

Figure 6. Chemical compositions of clinopyroxene.

Table 2
Representative compositions of clinopyroxene in eclogites (oxides in wt.% and others in p.f.u.)

Rock type Eclogites of Choloktor Fm.

Mineral Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp Omp

Mode in Grt in Grt in Grt in Grt in Grt

SiO2 54.20 56.77 54.07 55.78 55.39 56.24 55.73 56.08 56.11 55.62 55.88 56.08
TiO2 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.03
Al2O3 7.56 10.76 8.37 9.26 7.63 9.60 11.95 12.25 12.12 11.95 10.80 10.70
FeOa 4.58 3.77 4.84 7.93 8.32 4.99 4.64 3.82 4.11 3.62 5.22 5.42
MnO 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.05
MgO 10.10 8.84 9.56 7.76 9.03 9.87 7.22 7.85 7.39 7.89 7.97 7.76
CaO 16.34 13.68 15.02 12.97 14.78 14.70 11.38 12.30 11.58 12.46 13.40 13.24
Na2O 5.41 7.16 6.02 7.08 6.04 6.27 8.05 7.69 8.12 7.77 6.98 7.02
K2O 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02
Cr2O3 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.04
Total 98.28 101.15 98.05 100.94 101.35 101.85 99.21 100.08 99.59 99.45 100.41 100.35
O¼6
Si 1.969 1.983 1.963 1.981 1.969 1.964 1.982 1.975 1.983 1.968 1.980 1.990
Ti 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001
Al 0.324 0.443 0.358 0.387 0.320 0.395 0.501 0.509 0.505 0.498 0.451 0.447
Fe3+ 0.119 0.077 0.140 0.137 0.158 0.100 0.089 0.067 0.084 0.099 0.065 0.055
Fe2+ 0.020 0.033 0.006 0.099 0.089 0.046 0.049 0.046 0.038 0.008 0.090 0.106
Mn 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001
Mg 0.547 0.460 0.518 0.411 0.479 0.514 0.382 0.412 0.389 0.416 0.421 0.411
Ca 0.636 0.512 0.584 0.493 0.563 0.550 0.433 0.464 0.439 0.472 0.509 0.504
Na 0.381 0.485 0.424 0.487 0.416 0.424 0.555 0.525 0.556 0.533 0.479 0.483
K 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001
Cr 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.001
Total 4.000 4.000 3.999 4.000 4.000 3.999 3.999 4.000 4.000 3.999 4.000 4.000
a
Total Fe as FeO

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8 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13

through winchite (Si ¼ 7.71e7.72 p.f.u., NaB ¼ 0.60e0.62 p.f.u. and
XMg ¼ 0.73e0.78) to an actinolite rim (Si ¼ 7.58e7.73 p.f.u.,
NaB ¼ 0.35e0.45 p.f.u. and XMg ¼ 0.74e0.82). Locally, the outermost
rim of glaucophane has a composition of Si ¼ 7.75 p.f.u.,
NaB ¼ 1.63 p.f.u. and XMg ¼ 0.69. The glaucophane inclusions in
garnet and omphacite have similar compositional range to those in
the matrix with Si ¼ 7.83e7.92 p.f.u., NaB ¼ 1.82e1.94 p.f.u. and
XMg ¼ 0.75e0.85 (Fig. 7).
In the mica-schist of Choloktor Formation, the matrix amphi-
bole is Na-amphibole (glaucophane) with Si ¼ 7.81e7.94 p.f.u.,
NaB ¼ 1.70e1.86 p.f.u. and XMg ¼ 0.80e0.91 (Fig. 7).
of 6.75e6.95 p.f.u. (based on 22 oxygen) and XNa ¼ Na/
(Na þ K þ Ca) ¼ 0.04e0.12. They are zoned with slightly increasing
Si content from core (Si ¼ 6.80e6.87 p.f.u.; XNa ¼ 0.04e0.12) to rim
(Si ¼ 6.91e6.95 p.f.u.; XNa ¼ 0.04e0.05) and decreasing at the
outermost rim (Si ¼ 6.75e6.79 p.f.u.; XNa ¼ 0.05e0.09). Phengite
inclusions in garnet and omphacite show less content of
Si ¼ 6.70e6.75 p.f.u. and XNa ¼ 0.10e0.11, compare to the matrix
phengite. Si and XNa contents of the matrix paragonite varies of
5.96e6.04 p.f.u. and 0.94e0.97, respectively.

4.5. White micas

In the eclogites, white micas are represented by phengite and

paragonite (Fig. 8; Table 4). The Si content of matrix phengites are

Figure 7. Chemical compositions of amphibole. Figure 8. Chemical compositions of white micas.

Table 3
Representative compositions of amphiboles (oxides in wt.% and others in p.f.u.)

Rock type Eclogites of Choloktor Fm. Mica-schist of Choloktor Fm.

Mineral Gln Gln Brs Act Act Wnch Wnch Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln

Mode rim in Grt in Grt in Grt in Omp in Omp rim core core
SiO2 55.86 57.23 52.78 54.47 55.21 54.05 54.41 56.39 58.21 58.26 58.16 57.47 58.02 57.43
TiO2 0.46 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.04
Al2O3 11.00 12.24 6.03 3.48 3.42 5.97 4.05 11.42 12.05 12.15 11.73 8.27 9.10 8.74
FeOa 10.19 9.03 10.59 9.69 10.57 9.64 11.68 9.87 6.63 5.88 7.52 9.86 9.01 8.84
MnO 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.15 0.09 0.03
MgO 10.69 10.63 15.15 16.66 17.28 14.31 15.11 10.63 11.78 12.59 11.78 13.08 12.92 13.49
CaO 2.52 1.02 9.63 10.83 10.48 9.01 9.02 1.63 0.39 0.52 0.44 1.40 0.84 1.45
Na2O 6.23 6.91 2.28 1.48 2.09 3.06 2.18 6.71 7.40 7.09 7.46 6.68 7.07 6.50
K2O 0.07 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.08
Cr2O3 0.08 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00
Total 97.15 97.17 96.88 96.87 99.35 96.36 96.85 96.76 96.64 96.58 97.14 96.99 97.16 96.60
O ¼ 23
Si 7.748 7.824 7.497 7.729 7.641 7.724 7.716 7.799 7.913 7.864 7.887 7.854 7.884 7.835
Ti 0.048 0.003 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.013 0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.003 0.004
Al 1.798 1.971 1.010 0.581 0.558 1.006 0.677 1.861 1.930 1.933 1.875 1.332 1.457 1.405
Fe3+ 0.165 0.232 0.377 0.226 0.446 0.000 0.490 0.246 0.160 0.323 0.255 0.763 0.648 0.759
Fe2+ 1.016 0.801 0.881 0.923 0.778 1.152 0.895 0.896 0.594 0.341 0.598 0.364 0.376 0.250
Mn 0.006 0.002 0.007 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.018 0.010 0.003
Mg 2.210 2.167 3.208 3.524 3.564 3.049 3.195 2.191 2.388 2.533 2.382 2.665 2.617 2.744
Ca 0.375 0.150 1.465 1.647 1.554 1.380 1.371 0.242 0.057 0.075 0.064 0.205 0.122 0.212
Na 1.675 1.833 0.627 0.407 0.561 0.846 0.600 1.799 1.949 1.856 1.961 1.770 1.862 1.720
K 0.013 0.010 0.033 0.021 0.034 0.030 0.030 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.013
Cr 0.009 0.000 0.012 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000
Total 15.063 14.993 15.125 15.075 15.149 15.204 15.000 15.052 15.013 14.938 15.031 14.983 14.993 14.945
a
Total Fe as FeO

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 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13 9

Table 4
Representative compositions of white micas, chlorite and albite (oxides in wt.% and others in p.f.u.).

Rock type Choloktor Fm. Atbashy Fm.

Mineral Eclogite Mica-schist Mica-schist

Mode Phn Phn Phn Pg Pg Chl Phn Phn Chl Phn Phn Phn Phn Chl Chl Ab Ab

in Grt in Omp Core Rim in Ab in Ab Core Rim

SiO2 50.54 50.25 50.81 45.41 46.40 30.53 49.54 52.30 26.11 50.62 53.73 52.95 49.03 24.70 25.49 68.80 69.23
TiO2 0.25 0.19 1.37 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.21 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00
Al2O3 25.96 28.10 26.21 38.38 37.71 19.52 26.19 25.45 20.05 29.08 26.21 24.89 29.77 19.56 19.53 19.70 19.40
FeO 1.93 2.36 1.51 0.96 0.94 17.66 3.88 3.76 22.46 2.86 2.94 2.99 2.53 29.57 26.85 0.03 0.00
MnO 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.43 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.26 0.01 0.03
MgO 3.81 3.68 4.03 0.12 0.38 16.37 3.23 3.98 17.87 2.90 3.82 4.10 2.76 13.29 14.25 0.00 0.00
CaO 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.10
Na2O 0.46 0.64 0.53 7.61 7.63 0.09 0.59 0.20 0.00 0.47 0.19 0.09 0.42 0.00 0.00 11.20 11.44
K2O 10.78 10.28 11.41 0.36 0.55 1.39 10.53 8.28 0.04 10.29 10.61 11.13 10.62 0.04 0.03 0.08 0.06
Cr2O3 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.00
Total 93.92 95.55 95.89 93.21 93.92 86.29 94.32 94.34 86.93 96.52 97.62 96.33 95.37 87.53 86.49 99.99 100.3
O 22 22 22 22 22 28 22 22 28 22 22 22 22 28 28 8 8
Si 6.855 6.694 6.770 5.958 6.043 6.265 6.760 6.988 5.477 6.677 6.992 7.019 6.559 5.365 25.49 2.999 3.010
Ti 0.025 0.019 0.138 0.003 0.006 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.001 0.020 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.004 0.03 0.000 0.000
Al 4.151 4.412 4.116 5.935 5.788 4.720 4.212 4.007 4.957 4.520 4.020 3.889 4.694 5.009 19.53 1.012 0.994
Fe 0.219 0.263 0.168 0.105 0.102 3.031 0.442 0.420 3.941 0.315 0.320 0.332 0.283 5.372 26.85 0.001 0.000
Mn 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.075 0.000 0.001 0.059 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.054 0.26 0.000 0.001
Mg 0.771 0.731 0.801 0.023 0.073 5.007 0.657 0.793 5.587 0.570 0.741 0.811 0.550 4.304 14.25 0.000 0.000
Ca 0.008 0.002 0.000 0.031 0.021 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.009 0.04 0.006 0.005
Na 0.122 0.164 0.138 1.935 1.927 0.037 0.157 0.053 0.001 0.120 0.049 0.023 0.109 0.000 0.00 0.947 0.964
K 1.865 1.747 1.939 0.060 0.091 0.363 1.834 1.412 0.010 1.731 1.761 1.882 1.812 0.012 0.03 0.004 0.003
Cr 0.014 0.003 0.001 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.011 0.006 0.001 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.02 0.001 0.000
Total 14.03 14.04 14.07 14.06 14.06 19.55 14.10 13.71 20.04 13.96 13.89 3.51 3.28 20.13 86.49 4.970 4.977

In the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation, white micas are
phengite, and their Si range of 6.89e7.04 p.f.u. and XNa of 0.03e0.06
(Fig. 8). Generally, the Si content decrease from core (7.04) to rim
(6.89). White micas in the mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation
are also phengite (Fig. 8). Phengites in the matrix have Si content
of 6.62e7.00 p.f.u. and the XNa range of 0.02e0.09. Phengite in-
clusions in the porphyroblastic albite show similar range of
Si ¼ 6.68e6.99 p.f.u. and XNa ¼ 0.03e0.07.
4.6. Other minerals
The YPs ¼ Fe3þ/(Al þ Fe3þ) content of epidote included within
garnet in the eclogites ranges from 0.16 to 0.23. Epidote in the
matrix of the eclogites has YPs ¼ 0.14e0.18. Epidote in the matrix of
mica-schists of Choloktor Formation has higher YPs value of
0.23e0.31. In the mica-schists of Atbashy Formation, YPs content of
matrix epidotes vary from 0.16 to 0.18, whereas those in the por-
phyroblastic albite have YPs ¼ 0.14e0.16 (Table 4).
XMg ¼ Mg/(Fe þ Mg) of chlorite inclusions in garnet of the
eclogites varies of 0.53e0.71, whereas those replacing garnets
characterized by XMg ¼ 0.34e0.41. Chlorite in the matrix of mica-
schist of Choloktor Formation has XMg ¼ 0.56e0.66. XMg ratio of
chlorite in the matrix of mica-schists of Atbashy Formation range of
0.45e0.49. Chlorite inclusions in porphyroblastic albite have
XMg ¼ 0.37e0.47 (Table 4). In the mica-schist of the Atbashy For-
mation, plagioclase is albite (An0e2).
5. Thermobarometry
The mineral paragenesis and metamorphic evolution of each
rock type is summarized in Figs. 9 and 10. The eclogites of the
Choloktor Formation record prograde, peak and retrograde meta-
morphic stages, whereas for the mica-schists of the Choloktor and
Atbashy Formations preserve only peak and subsequent retrograde
stage conditions.
The ‘Average P-T calculation’ mode of THERMOCALC v. 3.26
software (Powell and Holland, 1994) with internally consistent
thermodynamic data set (Holland and Powell, 1998) was applied
for the mineral assemblages that are interpreted to have equili-
brated in each stage of the metamorphic evolution of the studied
rocks. The activities of the minerals were calculated using the AX
program (Holland and Powell, 1998). The activity of H2O and SiO2
was assumed to be unity. The set of independent reactions used in
the calculations and the obtained results of all P-T estimates by
THERMOCALC and other available geothermobarometers are
summarized in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2, respectively.
5.1. P-T conditions of eclogites (Choloktor Formation)
The prograde stage of the eclogites can be deduced from the
mineral inclusions in peak minerals such as garnet and omphacite.
Porphyroblastic garnets are prograde zoned from core to rim
(Fig. 5). Hence, the mineral inclusions of quartz, glaucophane,
phengite (Si ¼ 6.70e6.75 p.f.u.), clinopyroxene (Jd ¼ 28e33 mol.%),
epidote and rutile in the core of the garnets (Fig. 3a) are interpreted
to have crystallized during progressive metamorphism, whereas
those inclusions of quartz, clinopyroxene (Jd ¼ 36e39 mol.%) and
rutile at the garnet rims e during a prograde to close to peak stage
conditions. Omphacite contain also inclusions of glaucophane,
phengite and rutile (Fig. 3b and c). Thus, the prograde stage of
eclogites are characterized by mineral assemblage of garnet-core,
glaucophane, clinopyroxene (Jd ¼ 28e33 mol.%), epidote, phen-
gite (Si ¼ 6.70e6.75 p.f.u.), quartz and rutile, which represents the
mineral paragenesis of blueschist/epidote-blueschist facies meta-
morphism (Evans, 1990).
We have applied THERMOCALC ‘average P-T’ mode calculations
in order to estimate the P-T conditions of prograde and peak
metamorphic stages of the eclogites and mica-schists. For the
prograde stage of eclogites, we have applied the chemical compo-
sitions of garnet core (with lowest Mg and highest Mn contents)
along with compositions of mineral inclusions of glaucophane,
phengite and epidote (sample 15-2) and omphacite, glaucophane
and phengite (sample A-50) (Table S2). The P-T conditions esti-
mated for the prograde epidote-blueschist facies stage are

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10 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13
Figure 9. The mineral paragenesis of the Atbashy metamorphic rocks.
17e21 kbar and 450e515  C (Fig. 10). Similar P-T estimation
(P ¼ 21e22 kbar and T ¼ 490e520  C) was also obtained using the
Grt-Cpx-Phn geothermobarometer (Krogh Ravna and Terry, 2004)
for sample 15-2 (Table S2). The temperature estimates using the
garnet-clinopyroxene Fe2þeMg exchange geothermometers of Ellis
and Green (1979), Powell (1985) and Krogh-Ravna (2000) at
20 kbar are 500e570  C, 475e545  C and 440e510  C, respectively
(Table S2). The calculated temperature of 440e510  C by geo-
thermometer of Krogh-Ravna (2000) is consistent with the tem-
perature (450e515  C) obtained using THERMOCALC ‘average P-T’
application. However, the temperatures estimated by geo-
thermometers of Ellis and Green (1979) and Powell (1985) are
30e60  C greater. We have adopted Krogh-Ravna (2000) estimates,
which is based on both experimental and natural data sets, and
incorporates the effect of Mn content of garnet, and thus super-
sedes the previous calibrations. Our estimated P-T conditions
(P ¼ 17e21 kbar and T ¼ 450e515  C) for the prograde stage of
eclogites are consistent with those of previous studies, i.e.
P ¼ 15 kbar and T ¼ 500  C (Tagiri et al., 1995), P ¼ 21 kbar and
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T ¼ 515  C (Volkova et al., 2014) and P ¼ 8e19 kbar and
T ¼ 300e500  C (Hegner et al., 2010), and lie in the stability field of
blueschist/epidote-blueschist facies conditions (Fig. 10).
The peak metamorphic stage of the Choloktor eclogites is
characterized by the coexistence of garnet, omphacite, glauco-
phane, phengite (Si ¼ 6.91e6.95 p.f.u.), quartz and rutile in the
matrix (Fig. 3aed). The mineral inclusions of omphacite
(Jd ¼ 36e39 mol.%), quartz and rutile occurring at the rim part of
garnets with highest Mg and lowest Mn content can be also formed
at peak metamorphic conditions. These textures of minerals and
their compositions suggest mineral assemblage for the peak
metamorphic stage of the eclogites to be garnet, omphacite, glau-
cophane, phengite, quartz and rutile. The application of THERMO-
CALC ‘Average P-T’ mode calculation yielded P ¼ 26e29 kbar and
T ¼ 545e615  C (Fig. 10). The Grt-Cpx-Phn geothermobarometer
(Krogh Ravna and Terry, 2004) show consistent P-T estimation of
25e28 kbar and 545e605  C. The garnet-clinopyroxene geo-
thermometers gives the temperature of 590e680  C (Ellis and
Green, 1979), 565e655  C (Powell, 1985) and 540e610  C (Krogh-
Ravna, 2000) at 25 kbar for the peak eclogite metamorphic con-
ditions (Suppl. Table S2). In this study, the obtained peak pressure
conditions (P ¼ 26e29 kbar) is higher than previous estimates,
except for studies of Tagiri et al. (1995) and Bakirov et al. (1998),
and lies in the coesite stability field (UHP pressure conditions)
(Fig. 10). Our pressure estimates is consistent with the earlier
finding of quartz pseudomorphs after coesite in garnet and
omphacite from the Atbashy eclogites (Tagiri et al., 1995), and
below the proposed pressure conditions of 35e40 kbar of Bakirov
et al. (1998) (Fig. 10). The temperature calculation of 545e615  C
is consistent with the earlier estimated range of 510e600  C
(Simonov et al., 2008; Hegner et al., 2010; Volkova et al., 2014)
(Fig. 10). The temperature estimates of Tagiri et al. (1995) and
Bakirov et al. (1998) show much higher range of 610e790  C
(Fig. 10), and their obtained P-T conditions are based on talc-albite
intergrowth and two pyroxene lamellae textures found in the
eclogites. On the other hand, the estimated temperatures range of
610e705  C at 25 kbar using Grt-Cpx geothermometers (Ellis and
Green, 1979; Powell, 1985) by Tagiri et al. (1995) are similar to
those obtained in this study (T ¼ 565e680  C) using the same
geothermometers (Table S2), suggesting that there are no contra-
dictions in the temperature estimates from both studies.
The retrograde stage of the eclogites in the Choloktor Formation
is represented by zoning of matrix amphibole from glaucophane
cores through winchite to actinolite at the rims, Si content zoning of
phengite from rim (Si ¼ 6.91e6.95 p.f.u.) to outermost rim
(Si ¼ 6.75e6.79 p.f.u.) and by replacement of garnet by epidote and
chlorite. Based on the development of secondary mineral assem-
blages after the peak minerals we can suggest two stages of
retrograde metamorphism for the eclogites, i.e. the epidote-
amphibolite facies conditions (epidote, winchite, phengite
(Si ¼ 6.75e6.79 p.f.u.) and chlorite) followed by greenschists facies
overprint (actinolite and chlorite) (Table S2). In this study, the
application of THERMOCALC ‘Average P-T’ mode calculation to the
mineral assemblage of epidote-amphibolite facies conditions gives
insufficient set of mineral reactions; hence, no absolute P-T esti-
mation can be obtained for retrograde stage. On the other hand, the
proposed retrograde stages, passing through epidote-amphibolite
facies conditions to greenschists facies, are also suggestive by
previous studies (Tagiri et al., 1995) (Fig. 10).
5.2. P-T conditions of mica-schists (Choloktor Formation)
The prograde zoned garnet from the mica-schists contain min-
eral inclusions of quartz and rutile only (Fig. 3e), therefore it is
challenging to constrain prograde stage of the rock. However, the
 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13 11

Figure 10. Obtained P-T conditions for the metamorphic rocks of the Atbashy complex. P-T boundaries of metamorphic facies [greenschist (GS), epidote-amphibolite (EA), blueschist
(BS), amphibolite (AMP), granulite (LGR and HGR) and subdivision of the eclogite (EC) into amphibolite (Amp) eclogite, epidote (Ep) eclogite, lawsonite (Lw) eclogite and dry
eclogite] are after Liou et al. (2009). Reaction lines: Ab ¼ Jd þ Qtz (Holland, 1983), Qtz 5 Coe (Bohlen and Boettcher, 1982).

presence of glaucophane (Fig. 3f) with inclusions of epidote may
suggest epidote-blueschists conditions before the peak meta-
morphic stage (Fig. 10). The minerals of garnet, glaucophane,
phengite (Si ¼ 6.89e7.04 p.f.u.), epidote, chlorite (XMg ¼ w0.66)
and quartz are regarded as the peak mineral assemblage. The
compositions of these minerals yielded P ¼ 21e23 kbar and
T ¼ 530e580  C (Suppl. Table S2), which belongs to eclogite facies
conditions (Fig. 10). In earlier work, Hegner et al. (2010) suggested
that host mica-schists underwent the same metamorphic devel-
opment as the eclogite boudins. Their interpretation based on the
high-pressure phengite (Si ¼ 6.7e6.9 p.f.u.) relics in the schists,
however, no detailed petrologic evidences were given. In this study,
we provide geothermobarometric calculations suggesting HP
metamorphic conditions for the peak metamorphic stage of Chol-
oktor mica-schists (Fig. 10). The final retrograde stage of schists is
represented by greenschist facies conditions, similarly to the pre-
vious studies (Bakirov, 1978; Bakirov et al., 1984; Hegner et al.,
2010) (Fig. 10).
developed in the matrix of rocks. Furthermore, the slightly curved
inclusions trails in porphyroblastic albite are parallel and contin-
uous to the matrix foliation (Fig. 4a and b). These porphyroblast-
matrix microstructural relationships implies the syn-kinematic
growth of porphyroblastic albite (Johnson, 1999). Hence, the peak
mineral assemblage is characterized by garnet, phengite, albite,
quartz, epidote, chlorite, tourmaline and rutile (Fig. 9). Using the
compositions of these minerals, THERMOCALC ‘Average P-T’ mode
calculation gave P ¼ 11e12 kbar and T ¼ 535e565  C (mineral in-
clusions in porphyroblastic albite) and P ¼ 10e12 kbar and
T ¼ 515e560  C (matrix phases) (Suppl. Table S2). These estimated
values are similar and, therefore, regarded as peak P-T conditions of
epidote-amphibolite facies for the mica-schists of Atbashy Forma-
tion (Fig. 10). The development of chlorite after garnet and biotite
after phengite suggest greenschist facies overprint.
5.4. P-T evolution of the Atbashy metamorphic rocks and
implications

5.3. P-T conditions of mica-schists (Atbashy Formation)
In the mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation, it is difficult to
obtain P-T constraints for the prograde stage of metamorphism,
based on the epidote, quartz and rutile inclusions in garnet. As with
the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation, only constraints on the
peak metamorphic stage can be given. Porphyroblastic albite
contain mineral inclusions of garnet, phengite, quartz, epidote,
calcite, tourmaline, rutile and titanite (Fig. 4a and b). The similar
mineral assemblage of garnet, phengite, epidote and quartz is also
The eclogites of the Choloktor Formation show a prograde
evolution from the epidote-blueschist facies (P ¼ 17e21 kbar and
T ¼ 450e515  C) to the peak eclogite facies UHP conditions
(P ¼ 26e29 kbar and T ¼ 545e615  C) with subsequent retrograde
epidote-amphibolite and greenschist facies overprints (Fig. 10).
The mica-schists of the Choloktor Formation also show a clockwise
P-T path from blueschist/epidote-blueschist facies conditions
through peak eclogite facies conditions (P ¼ 21e23 kbar and
T ¼ 530e580  C) to retrograde epidote-amphibolite and
greenschist facies stages. The difference in the calculated pressure

Please cite this article in press as: Satybaev, M., et al., Petrology of metamorphic rocks from the Atbashy complex, Southern Tien-Shan,
Kyrgyzstan, Geoscience Frontiers (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005
12 M. Satybaev et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2017) 1e13
conditions for eclogites and mica-schists of the Choloktor Forma-
tion is about 6 kbar, but their temperature estimates are consistent.
The similarities between P-T paths inferred for the mica-schists of
Choloktor Formation in this study and previous studies on eclogites
(Simonov et al., 2008; Hegner et al., 2010; Volkova et al., 2014) are
compatible with them having shared their whole P-T history
(Fig. 10). However, the presence of eclogites with various peak P-T
conditions (this study; Tagiri et al., 1995; Bakirov et al., 1998;
Simonov et al., 2008; Hegner et al., 2010; Volkova et al., 2014)
(Fig. 10) may imply a tectonic mix of rocks formed at different
depths of the crust and upper mantle. The newly obtained P-T
conditions for the mica-schists of Choloktor Formation may indi-
cate that some blocks of the originally sedimentary rocks were also
brought to great depths along subduction zone and they meta-
morphosed under eclogite facies UHP conditions. Thus, the eclogite
blocks were amalgamated with mica-schists of Choloktor Forma-
tion in the eclogite facies HP-UHP conditions and they together
experienced isothermal decompression to shallow level of crust
(Fig. 10).
The mica-schists of the Atbashy Formation record medium
pressure peak metamorphism (P ¼ 10e12 kbar and
T ¼ 515e565  C) and they lack of evidence for HP-UHP meta-
morphism (Fig. 10). This may indicate that the highest grade of
regional metamorphism in the Atbashy Ridge experienced in the
epidote-amphibolite facies conditions. During the exhumation, the
eclogites and mica-schists of Choloktor Formation docked with
mica-schists of Atbashy Formation at about 10e12 kbar and
515e565  C, and from this depth (w40 km) the exhumation of
whole sequence is shared (Fig. 10).
Acknowledgments
Editorial handling by Associate Editor Dr. C. Spencer and
constructive comments by three anonymous reviewers are greatly
acknowledged. We thank A. Togonbaeva and I. Bektenov for their
help during the field survey. The members of the Geoscience
Seminar of Shimane University and the Institute of Tibetan Plateau
Research CAS are thanked for their discussion and suggestions. This
study was partly supported by the Project ISTC (No KR-712) to the
Institute of Geology of NAS KR and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Nos.
JP15H05695 for AT and JP12F02026 for RO).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.005.
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