Linear Function: f(x)= mx + b; m= 0 constant {f(x) = b} | m = 1 & b = 0 {f(x) = x identity [] H-Line: y = b ; V-Line: x

= a [] Slope: m = (y1 – y2) / (x1 – x2) where m=0 H-Line and m=a/0 undefined/V-Line
Standard Form: Ax+By=C
Slope = Average rate of change Linear Equation: mx + b = 0 (m & b = real numbers; m ≠ 0)
Slope intercept form: f(x) = mx + b. y-b=m(x-0) Motion Formula: d = rt
Simple Interest Forumula: I = Prt (t = years)
Temperature formula: F = (9/5)C + 32
Perimeter Rectangle: P = 2(l + w) Area: A = wl Volume: V = LWH Surface Area: S = 2LW + 2LH + 2WH
Perimeter Circle: P = 2πr Area: A = πr2 Volume cyl: V = Ah SA cyl: s=2πr2+2πrh
Perimeter Triangle: P = a + b + c Area: A = (hbb)/2
Square: Area: A = a 2
Surface area: 6•a2
Number i: i = √-1 and i2 = -1 (√-p = √-1•p = √-1•√p = i√p) -- Complex Number: a + bi where a = real part & b = imaginary
√a•√b = √ab when real
Conjugate of a complex number: of a + bi is a – bi - Equation Reducible to Quadratic:
Powers of i:---------i = √-1 - ax4+bx2+c=0 ---> (ax2)2+bx2+c=0
2
i = -1 - –---> au2 +bu+c=0
i3 = i2 • i = (-1)i = -i - Factor au2 +bu+c=0 → (au+x1)(bu+x2)=0 then,
i4 = (i2)2 =(-1)2 = 1 - au=x1 or bu=x2
i5 = i4 • i = (i2)2 • i = 1 • i = 1 • i = I Substitute: x2=x1 or x2=x2
x= ±√x1 or x= ±√x2
2
Quadratic equation: ax +bx+c=0, a≠0 & a, b, c = real numbers (Standard Form) all zeros = all solutions
Quadratic function: f(x) = ax 2+bx+c=0, a≠0 & a, b, c, = real numbers

Equation-Solving Principles:
Principle of Zero Products: If ab = 0 is true, then a=0 or b=0, and if a=0 or b=0, then ab=0
of square roots: if x2 = k, then x = √k or x = -√k
Completing the Square: x2+bx+(b/2)2=(x+(b/2))2
Quadratic Formula: ax2+bx+c=0, a≠0 given by x=(-b±√b2-4ac)/2a

Discriminant:
For ax2+bx+c=0 where a, b, and c are real numbers:
b2-4ac=0--->One real number solutions
b2-4ac>0--->Two different real-number solutions
b2-4ac<0--->Two different imaginary number solutions, complex conjugates
C-Int: x(ax+b)=c; D-Sq: (ax+b) 2-ax2=c; Pyt Theorem: a2+b2=c2

Distance formula: d(P,R)=√(x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2; Midpoint Formula: M=((x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2)

Center Radius: a circle with center (h,k) and radius r (x-h) 2+(y-k)2=r2, with center (0,0) x2+y2=r2
General form of the equation of a circle: x 2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0
Graphing: If c>0, then r2=c, and the graph of the equation is a circle with radius √c
If c=0, then the graph of the equation is the single point (h,k)
If c<0, then no points satisfy the equation, and the graph is nonexistent.

Point Slope Form: y-y1=m(x-x1)

Parallel lines: have equal slope
Perpendicular lines: have a product of -1

Algebraic Tests of Symmetry:

x-axis: If replacing y with -y produces and equivalent equation, then the graph is symmetric with respect to x-axis
y-axis: If replacing x with -x produces and equivalent equation, then the graph is symmetric with respect to y-axis
Origin: If replacing x with -x and y with -y produces an equivalent equation, then the graph is symmetric with respect
to the origin.

Even functions and odd functions:

if the graph of a function f is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, we say that it is an even function. For each x in
the domain of f, f(x)=f(-x).
if the graph of a function f is symmetric with respect to the origin, we say that it is an odd function. For each x in
the domain of f, f(-x)=-f(x). - Reflections: The graph of y=-f(x) is the re-
- flection of the graph of y=f(x) across the
Vertical Translation: - x-axis.
For b>0: the graph of y=f(x)+b is the graph of y=f(x) shifted up b units- The graph of y=f(-x) is the reflection of the
The graph of y=f(x)-b is the graph of y=f(x) shifted down b units. - graph of y=f(x) across the y-axis
- if a point (x,y) is on the graph of y=f(x),
Horizontal Translation: - then (x,-y) is on the graph of y=-f(x), and
for d>0: the graph of y=f(x-d) is the graph of y=f(x) shifted right d units - (-x,y) is on the graph of y=f(-x)
the graph of y=f(x+d) is the graph of y=f(x) shifted left d units.