You are on page 1of 20

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Chapter 1

Hidayat Jamal & Zulhilmi


ismail
Hydraulics & Hydrology
Department, FKA, UTM

1
Open channel flow

 Significance
-essential for water resources development;

-Designs of irrigation, navigation, spillways,


sewers, and drainage.

-Rivers management

2
CHAP 1: INTRODUCTION to ocf

What is Open Channel?

Implies flow in channel open to the atmosphere.


Driven by gravity.
Water flow in a river is driven by the elevation
difference.
Depth usually unknown & normally function of
discharge and geometry.

3
Many different types
-Stream; River or creek, canal, flume &
culverts

Many different cross-sectional shapes

4
Classification of Open-Channel Flows

Natural flows: streams,


rivers, creeks, floods, etc.

Human-made systems:
fresh-water aqueducts,
irrigation, cannal, sewers,
drainage ditches, etc.

5
Types of Flow Chart
Type of
Open
Channel

Steady Unsteady
Flow Flow

Non-
Uniform
uniform
Flow
Flow

Rapidly Gradually
Varied Flow Varied Flow

6
Types of Flow

Steady uniform flow-constant depth in time and distance


Steady non-uniform flow-depth varies with distance but not time
Unsteady flow-depth varies with both time and distance

7
In one flow, the flow type may change:

8
Uniform Flow

 Flow in a channel is uniform if the flow depth


remains constant.

9
State of Flow
VR
Reynolds Number Re 

-Laminar flow (Re500)

-Transition flow (if 500 Re 1000)

-Turbulent flow (Re 1000)

10
State of Flow

V
Froude Number Fr 
gD
-Subcritical flow, Fr <1

-Supercritical flow, Fr >1

-Critical flow, Fr = 1

11
Definition of Geometric Elements
 y = depth of flow  z = side slope
 T = Top width  So = channel bottom slope
 b @ B = bottom channel  v = average flow velocity
width

12
Parameters of Open Channels
 A = Area of the flow cross-section

 P = Length of the line of contact between the channel


and the water on the area

 R = A / P (the average flow depth/hydraulic radius)

 D = A / T (hydraulic water depth)


Cross-Section
Area

Wetted Perimeter

13
Geometrical properties

14
Freeboard
 Vertical distance between the highest water level
anticipated in the design and the top of the retaining
banks. It is a safety factor to prevent the overtopping of
structures.

15
Example 1

Given Rectangle channel cross-section


with depth of flow 1.2m, channel width 2m
and freeboard 0.6m. Find T, A, P, R and D?

16
Solution
A
 Flow depth, y = 1.2m  R
P
 Top width, T = 2m 2.4
  0.545m
4.4
A=yxB
= 1.2 x 2 A
= 2.4m2  D
T
 P = 1.2 + 2 +1.2 2.4
= 4.4m   1.2m
2

17
Example 2

Given Trapezoidal channel cross-section


with depth of flow 1.0m, channel width
0.5m, freeboard 0.2m and channel side
slope 1:1. Find T, A, P, R and D?

18
Solution

 P  B  2 y 1 z
2
 Flow depth, y = 1.0m
 0.5  2(1) 1  (1) 2
 Top width, T = B + 2zy
= 0.5 + 2 (1)(1)  0.5  2 2  3.33
= 0.5 + 2
= 2.5m A
 R   0.45
 A = (B + zy) x y P
= (0.5 + (1)(1) x (1)
A
= 1.5m2  D   0.6
T

19
20

You might also like