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Chapter 1
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Open channel flow
Significance
-essential for water resources development;
-Rivers management
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CHAP 1: INTRODUCTION to ocf
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Many different types
-Stream; River or creek, canal, flume &
culverts
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Classification of Open-Channel Flows
Human-made systems:
fresh-water aqueducts,
irrigation, cannal, sewers,
drainage ditches, etc.
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Types of Flow Chart
Type of
Open
Channel
Steady Unsteady
Flow Flow
Non-
Uniform
uniform
Flow
Flow
Rapidly Gradually
Varied Flow Varied Flow
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Types of Flow
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In one flow, the flow type may change:
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Uniform Flow
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State of Flow
VR
Reynolds Number Re
-Laminar flow (Re500)
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State of Flow
V
Froude Number Fr
gD
-Subcritical flow, Fr <1
-Critical flow, Fr = 1
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Definition of Geometric Elements
y = depth of flow z = side slope
T = Top width So = channel bottom slope
b @ B = bottom channel v = average flow velocity
width
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Parameters of Open Channels
A = Area of the flow cross-section
Wetted Perimeter
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Geometrical properties
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Freeboard
Vertical distance between the highest water level
anticipated in the design and the top of the retaining
banks. It is a safety factor to prevent the overtopping of
structures.
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Example 1
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Solution
A
Flow depth, y = 1.2m R
P
Top width, T = 2m 2.4
0.545m
4.4
A=yxB
= 1.2 x 2 A
= 2.4m2 D
T
P = 1.2 + 2 +1.2 2.4
= 4.4m 1.2m
2
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Example 2
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Solution
P B 2 y 1 z
2
Flow depth, y = 1.0m
0.5 2(1) 1 (1) 2
Top width, T = B + 2zy
= 0.5 + 2 (1)(1) 0.5 2 2 3.33
= 0.5 + 2
= 2.5m A
R 0.45
A = (B + zy) x y P
= (0.5 + (1)(1) x (1)
A
= 1.5m2 D 0.6
T
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