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C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
BAND TUNING OF A WAVEGUIDE
ANTENNA USING A REFLECTIVE
METASURFACE
Yelong Wang, Feng Qi, and Weifan Li
Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Processing, Shenyang
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang
110016, China; Corresponding author: ylwang2011@163.com
Received 19 October 2016
torted significantly in the reconfiguring process. Furthermore,
most techniques integrated with complex structures face obvious
challenges in forming the antenna array.
As the 2D analog to volumetric metamaterials, metasurfaces
offer advanced electromagnetic scatterings to tailor transmission
or reflection waves [14–17]. Due to their low loss and subwave-
length thinness, some metasurfaces have been used as the super-
strate or substrate to improve the performance of reconfigurable
antennas [18–21]. These tuning mechanisms are still based on
changing their equivalent electrical length, which requires
extremely high tunability of the metasurfaces. However, the tun-
ability of most metasurfaces is inferior to that of ferroelectric
materials. Hence, designs based on the change of equivalent
electrical length are restricted to get a wide tuning range. If a
continuous cover for the entire band is not required, tailoring
the phase dispersion should be a better choice to obtain a jump-
ing frequency tunability.
This study developed a method to tune the operation band of
a waveguide antenna by introducing abrupt reflective phases.
The metasurface was elaborately designed to generate suitable
reflective phase dispersion and tailor the operation mode when
it was placed at the waveguide bottom. As a result, the frequen-
cy was changed over a wide range. An antenna sample integrat-
ed with the metasurface was fabricated. Simulated and measured
results show good agreements. Eventually, the tunable perfor-
mance of our waveguide antenna demonstrates that tailoring the
abrupt phase is a potential mechanism to obtain higher
tunability.

ABSTRACT: In this article, a new approach was proposed to tune the

operation band of a waveguide antenna over 4 GHz. By loading an
elaborately designed metasurface, the standing-wave field in the wave-
guide was switched to a new distribution. This could shift the operation
band to a new one. A sample antenna integrated with the metasurface
was manufactured and measured. Both simulation and experimental
results demonstrate that using abrupt reflection phases to control the
antenna operation band is an effective approach. Also, the tuning meth-
od proposed here can be applied to other antennas to achieve higher
tunability. V
C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett

59:1218–1222, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

DOI 10.1002/mop.30500

Key words: band tuning; metasurface; reflection phases

1. INTRODUCTION
Frequency reconfigurable antennas have gained recent attention
for their potential to integrate multiple wireless standards into a
single wireless system. In the last few years, many techniques
for frequency reconfigurable antennas have been proposed to
reduce complexity of tuning structures or overcome tuning
restrictions. These include PIN switching devices [1,2], variable
capacitances [3,4], mechanically or micromechanically tunable
devices [5,6], and electrically or magnetically tunable materials
[7,8]. However, most reconfigurable antennas are suffering from
narrow tunable ranges due to their resonant structures.
Recently, some new reconfigurable mechanisms have been
developed to expand the tunable bandwidth. The designs
reported in Ref. [9] use two filters to alter the passband of a
Figure 1 Analysis of our waveguide antenna. (a) ZX geometry of the
monopole antenna from 2.88 to 4.62 GHz, achieving a tuning original antenna. Detailed parameters: the waveguide length a 5 16 mm,
ratio of 1.60. Other mechanisms, such as micro fluidic channel b 5 8 mm, h 5 22 mm, d 5 3 mm, and the initial value of g is 7 mm.
control [10,11], rotational MEMS switches [12], and PIN- (b) Theoretical input resistance with different probe heights. (c) Simulat-
varactor switches [13] have also been proposed to achieve wide- ed reflection coefficients of waveguide antennas with various probe
band tunability. Although the tuning ratios of these antennas heights. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1218 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
2. THEORY band will not be considered in our following sections. S11 curves
for other probe heights in Figure 1(c) show some unusual char-
2.1. Operation Principle of the Waveguide Antenna
acteristics. For g 5 6 mm, both of the first and the second band
The antenna proposed here is based on the waveguide structure
get lower return loss. As g increases to 13 mm, both of the reso-
excited by a standard SMA probe, as shown in Figure 1(a). This
nant bands become weak due to their higher return loss. Hence,
rectangular waveguide is shorted at z 5 0 and has a feed current
results in Figure 1(c) indicate a potential tunability from the first
at z 5 g. Higher modes in the cavity are weak, so the reflection
band to the second one.
at the output interface is neglected and the TE01 is assumed to
For tuning purpose, metasurfaces with suitable frequency dis-
be the only dominated mode. Now analyze the field using image
theory, by placing a reversed current at z 5 2g and removing persion can be used here to mimic different performance in the
the PEC wall. If the SMA connector is assumed to have an cases of g 5 6 mm, and g 5 13 mm. Metasurfaces are placed at
infinitesimal diameter, the current on this probe can be approxi- the waveguide bottom to control the stand-wave field as the
mated as: SMA probe does. Theoretically, well designed metasurfaces can
eliminate the first band at 15.0 GHz and generate a second one
sin kðd2xÞ at 20.0 GHz, which means a band switching compared to the
Iðx; y; zÞ5I0 dðy2a=2Þdðz2gÞ (1) case of g 5 7 mm. This is the band-tuning principle for our
sin kd
waveguide antenna, and the design of the required metasurfaces
where k is the wavenumber for the operation frequency, and d will be analyzed as follows.
is the feed length of the probe. Hence, standing wave fields Es,
Hs for 0 < z < g and traveling wave fields Et, Ht for z > g can be 2.3. Mechanism for Manipulating Standing-Wave Fields
deduced as: Figure 1(c) shows that the second band disappears when the
height of SMA probe is adjusted to 13 mm, and appears at the
  
E~s 5A0 Z1 e2jbg sin py ejbz 2e2jbz x^ (2.1)
height of 6 mm. Hence, the metasurface should be designed to
a generate suitable phase dispersion to mimic the standing-wave
s
py  field at 15.0 and 20.0 GHz. Here, a simple formula is deduced
~
H 52A0 e 2jbg
sin e1jbz 1e2jbz x^ (2.2)
a to estimate this mimic effect. If the waveguide bottom is cov-
t
py ered by the metasurface, the effective height g0 of the probe is
~
E 5A0 Z1 2j sin ðbgÞ sin e2jbz x^ (2.3)
a determined by
 
~t 5A0 2j sin ðbgÞ sin py e2jbz y^
H (2.4) g0 5g1 1ðp2/m Þ=b (4)
a

where A0 is expressed by A0 5 ab I0 12cos kd kg
k sin kd , Z1 5 b is the TE01
wave impedance, b is the propagation constant of the TE01
mode in the z direction, g is the height of the SMA probe, and
a, b, and h are the width, length, and height of the rectangular
waveguide, respectively.
TE01 mode is the dominant propagating mode in the cavity,
carrying most of the electromagnetic power. Therefore, the input
resistance can be deduced as:
ð ð
1 ~s ~s 1 ~t ~t
P5 E 3H  d~
s1 E 3H  d~
s (3.1)
2 2
S S
2P 2kg sin 2 bg kd
Rin 5 5 tan 2 (3.2)
I02 bab k2 2
Theoretical results of the input resistance with different feed
heights are presented in Figure 1(b). Obviously, the resistance
peaks are rather sensitive to the probe height. As g increases,
Peak 2 red shifts to the cutoff frequency at first, then an addi-
tional peak (Peak 3) will rise at a higher frequency. The differ-
ence between Peak 1 and Peak 3 indicates a possible band
tunability over a large scale by changing the probe height.
2.2. Analysis of Simulated Reflection Coefficients
Theoretical results of section (3.2) were based on our sketchy
assumption which neglected higher modes and the reflection at
the output interface. Hence, a precise simulation is required to
analyze the return loss. Here, the initial height of the SMA
probe is optimized at 7 mm, and the simulated reflection coeffi-
cients are shown in Figure 1(c). Obviously, three resonant bands
are generated nearly at 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 GHz, respectively. The
band located at 10.0 GHz is generated by the cutoff effect of
the waveguide, and its tuning range is restricted. Hence, this
where g1 is the physical height of the probe, b is the propaga-
tion constant of TE01 mode in the z direction, and um is the
reflection phase of the metasurface. The metal bottom can be
seen as a perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary, so its
reflective phase should be p. In order to generate a second band
instead of the first one, Eq. (4) indicates that um should be 2p/
18 at 15.0 GHz and 23p/4 at 20.0 GHz.
Our metacell shown in Figure 2(a) is composed of a partially
reflective surface (PRS) and a PEC surface. Additional PEC
strips printed at the top surface of a Taconic TLT substrate
(er 5 2.55, tan d 5 0.0006) is capacitive, and the bottom PEC
strips is inductive. Hence, this PRS component acts as an elemen-
tary resonant cell. In order to obtain a near-unity reflection, a
PEC surface is inserted at the bottom to reflect the electromag-
netic energy. Parameters of the metacell are designed carefully to
obtain the required resonant characteristics. Reflection phase
curves with different width are presented in Figure 2(b). The
green dash-dot line presents the objective dispersion, which pro-
duces 2p/18 and 23p/4 abrupt phases at 15.0 and 20.0 GHz,
respectively. In Eq. (4), um 5 2p/18 indicates that the effective
height g0 of the probe is 13 mm. Compared to the standing-wave
field of the bare PEC bottom, this reflection phase generates a
nearly half-wavelength retardance (12 mm), as shown in Figure
2(c). Hence, this retardance effect eliminates the first band at
15.0 GHz, similar to the performance of g 5 13 mm in Figure
1(c). On the other hand, um 5 23p/4 means that the effective
height g0 of the probe is 6 mm. This abrupt phase produces a
short wavefront delay (1 mm), as shown in Figure 2(d). Hence,
the second band is generated by this abrupt phase, similar to the
20.0 GHz performance of g 5 6 mm in Figure 1(c). As a result,
the first band of the return loss is eliminated, and the second
band is generated meanwhile due to the retardance effect of the
phase dispersion at 15.0 and 20.0 GHz.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017 1219
Figure 2 Characteristics of the metasurface. (a) Single cell of the proposed metasurface. (b) Reflection phase for w varying from 0.5 to 2.5. The
detailed dimensions are: Lx 5 Ly 5 4 mm, t1 5 t2 5 1 mm, g 5 0.5 mm, and p 5 3.5 mm. (c, d) Comparisons of E-field amplitudes at 15.0 and 20.0 GHz.
[Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

3. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
Figure 3(b) shows a schematic of our antenna element sample.
The metasurface can be loaded through a metal sliding frame,
switching from the bare bottom (MS off) to the metasurface bot-
tom (MS on), as shown in the insets of Figure 3(b). Reflection
coefficients at the two states are measured by a vector network
analyzer, and the results are shown in Figure 3(a). It is observed
that the center frequency of the operation band at 15.0 GHz is
changed to 19.0 GHz by switching the state from MS off to MS
on. In other words, the first band is tuned over 4.0 GHz range
by switching the metasurface. As a reference, simulated results
are also provided for comparison. Return loss of the first and
second band in our experiment is lower than the simulated level,
which makes our band-tuning more obvious. These differences
may be caused by our conservative estimation of the unneces-
sary reflection at the air interface. In fact, the center frequency

Figure 3 Measurement of our waveguide antenna. (a) Reflection coefficients of our reconfigurable antenna in two states of MS off and MS on. (b)
Photograph of the antenna element with or without MS. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1220 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 4 Measured radiation patterns of the two states at 15.0 and 19.0 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
of the second band in our experiment is 19.0 GHz which is
expected to be 20.0 GHz. This may be due to the tolerances
produced in the manufacture of the antenna sample or the
metasurface.
Figure 4 shows the measured far-field radiation patterns of
our waveguide antenna, with or without the metasurface at 15.0
and 19.0 GHz. Note that the main directions of radiation pat-
terns remain unchanged during switching the surface, and the
max gain in the mismatch state drops slightly due to the tuning
of the operation band. In addition, there is a higher gain level of
nearly 12 dB at 19.0 GHz after loading the metasurface, as
shown in Figure 4(b). Furthermore, measurement results demon-
strate that both of the operation bands retain moderate gain and
stable radiation.
4. CONCLUSION
In summary, this study demonstrates that it is possible to tune
operation frequency over a large range by switching a suitable
metasurface. Aside from changing the band from 15.0 GHz to
19.0 GHz in the experiment, the tunable mechanism proposed
here just utilizes a small portion of the 2p coverage. This indi-
cates that using abrupt phases has a great potential to obtain a
broader tunable range. Also, the research of active impedance
metasurface [17] can be considered further to improve the tun-
ing performance in this article. In the future, our work will
focus on a more suitable antenna model to enhance the tuning
performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by National Key Research and Devel-
opment Program from China National Center for Biotechnology
Development (No. 2016YFC0102900).
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C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V characteristics in antenna design for wireless communication
DUAL NOTCHED, HIGH GAIN DIVERSITY
ANTENNA FOR WIDE BAND
APPLICATIONS
Vandana Satam and Shikha Nema
Usha Mittal Institute of Technology, SNDT Women’s University,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Corresponding author:
vandana.anerao@gmail.com
Received 20 October 2016
ABSTRACT: A compact microstrip line fed wide band MIMO antenna
with high isolation, dual notch bands with high gain and low correlation
coefficient is proposed in this article. These characteristics makes anten-
na superior for diversity applications. U-shape slots are etched on radi-
ating element and on feed line to achieve decent band rejection
capability. VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett
59:1222–1226, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.
DOI 10.1002/mop.30499
Key words: correlation coefficient; dual notch; isolation; line fed; wide
band
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing demands for MIMO antenna in modern wireless
communication systems have attracted much attention due to its
widespread applications. MIMO antennas are found to be useful
for various applications such as WLAN, WiFi, LTE, Satellite,
RADAR, etc. The performance of MIMO antenna system is
Figure 1 Basic antenna structure for single notch characteristics. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
1222 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 5, May 2017
TABLE 1 Dimensions of Proposed Antenna
Parameter LG WG WF S LP WP
Dimension(mm) 9.79 47 2.8 0.7 13.2 11.6
characterized by the correlation coefficient, channel capacity,
and signals received by MIMO antenna elements.
Wide bandwidth, high gain, and high data rate are essential
applications. Interference from a strong narrowband signals
within wide band can overload the receiver, so filters can be
used to achieve required rejection characteristics. Addition of
filter element will increase size, weight, and complexity of sys-
tem. This can be overcome by modifying antenna design in
such a manner so as to make antenna to behave as band notched
filter for particular frequency spectrum [1]. Large number of
antennas with notched band characteristics has been proposed.
The widely used methods are etching slots on radiating elements
and/or on ground plane [2–4]. Introduction of parasitic strips
near the radiating element or on ground plane is another way to
create notch bands [5]. Different techniques are reported in liter-
ature such as use of stubs, resonator, and slits on radiator for
the designing of band reject (notched) antenna [6–8].
Although, the implementation of notch band structures and
decoupling structures together can degrade the performance of
each other and deteriorate characteristics of antenna. But proper
modification in the design can achieve the desired gain, isolation,
and channel capacity [9]. MIMO antennas are required for high iso-
lation, high gain as well as in various diversity techniques such as
diversity in polarization, space diversity for various communica-
tion systems. Also, there is a need of designing compact wide band
antenna with band reject capability for wireless applications with
high gain and high isolation. Hence, designing band notched diver-
sity antenna with high gain is a challenging task.
In this article, we propose a two element high gain, dual
notched diversity antenna with truncated radiating patch. Pro-
posed novel antenna system gives improvement in both isolation
and gain simultaneously. Dual notches are achieved by etching
DOI 10.1002/mop